危重病患儿急性颅内高压及脑水肿的病因和病死危险因素分析

目的　调查儿科重症监护病区 (PICU)危重病患儿发生急性颅内高压及脑水肿的原因、流行病学特点和病死危险因素。方法　总结 1999年 1月 - 2 0 0 3年 12月 ,我院PICU危重病患者中 ,急性颅内高压及脑水肿患儿的病因、预后与多器官功能不全综合征 (MODS)的关系。利用队列研究对患者病死危险因素进行分析。结果　 14 4 6例危重病患儿中 ,2 16例发生急性颅内高压及脑水肿 ,病死率2 9 2 %。 5年间病死率无明显变化 (χ2 =0 371,P =0 985 )。神经系统与非神经系统原发疾病病死率差异无统计学意义 (χ2 =0 5 4 6 ,P =0 4 6 0 )。神经系统感染、意外伤害和败血症是常见病因 ,分别占2 7 8%、2 2 4 %和 10 2 %。对 12个死亡因素进行统计学分析 ,显示合并器官衰竭数目、年龄小、入科当日危重评分值、有基础疾病、呼吸衰竭和瞳孔大小改变与病死率显著相关 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 0 1)。结论　 1999年以来 ,颅内高压及脑水肿患儿的病死率依然很高。神经系统感染、意外伤害和败血症是主要发病危险因素 ;患病年龄小于 1岁、低危重评分及合并MODS是病死主要危险因素。     

Emergency management of increased intracranial pressure

Primary neurological injury in children can be induced by diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors including brain trauma, tumors, and intracranial infections. Regardless of etiology, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) as a result of the primary injury or delays in treatment may lead to secondary (preventable) brain injury. Therefore, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of increased ICP is vital in preventing or limiting secondary brain injury in children with a neurological insult. Present management strategies to improve survival and neurological outcome focus on reducing ICP while optimizing cerebral perfusion and meeting cerebral metabolic demands. Targeted therapies for increased ICP must be considered and implemented as early as possible during and after the initial stabilization of the child. Thus, the emergency physician has a critical role to play in early identification and treatment of increased ICP. This article intends to identify those patients at risk of intracranial hypertension and present a framework for the emergency department investigation and treatment, in keeping with contemporary guidelines. Intensive care management and the treatment of refractory increases in ICP are also outlined.     

Neonatal abstinence syndrome: management and current concepts

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a constellation of predominantly autonomic, neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms, is caused by neonatal withdrawal from in utero exposure of maternal misuse of illicit or prescribed drugs. The severity of NAS depends on time, type and combination of drugs taken and the feto-maternal metabolic rate. The physical and psychological consequences of NAS are manifold, contributing to the difficulty in its diagnosis and management. Most babies exposed to opioids in utero require some form of treatment, either supportive or pharmacological treatment. Treatment is guided using standardised clinical scoring systems the most common being the Modified Finnegan Score. Although NAS is diagnosed clinically other possible diagnoses must be considered and toxicological confirmation is often helpful. The long-term neurodevelopmental side effects of NAS are yet to be fully explored. Early multidisciplinary intervention is required, and family integrated care should be actively encouraged. This paper summarises the symptomatology, investigations and current proposed management of NAS.     

儿童肝移植术后监护

经过半世纪发展,肝移植成为解决终末期儿童肝病的重要手段,明显改善患者预后.术后监护和治疗是肝移植的重要部分,并且具有一定的特殊性,如需要保持血管内等容量状态和正常血压以维持移植肝脏的供血,需要适当抗凝抗血栓保持肝脏血管通畅,早期抗排斥药物的应用和监测等,本文就儿童肝移植术后各脏器监护和各种并发症诊治进行综述和总结.     

Emergency department management of the pediatric patient with supraventricular tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most common tachyarrhythmia that necessitates treatment in children. It is characterized by a rapid and regular heart rate, which generally exceeds 180 beats per minute in children and 220 beats per minute in adolescents. Supraventricular tachycardia results from conduction of electrical impulses along an accessory connection from the atrium to the ventricle (atrioventricular reentry tachycardias: orthodromic or antidromic) or conduction within the atrioventricular node (atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia). Emergency department management of SVT depends on the patient's clinical status. Treatment of a stable patient with SVT includes vagal maneuvers and adenosine, whereas treatment of an unstable patient requires synchronized cardioversion. This article presents an overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of SVT and discusses the emergency department management of an infant or child with SVT.     

Non-operative management of benign intracranial hypertension presenting with complete visual loss and deafness

Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) may lead to blindness and rarely deafness. We describe the case of a rapidly deteriorating 14-year-old African girl who presented with headaches associated with complete visual and hearing loss due to BIH. This was managed non-operatively with lumbar cerebrospinal fluid tap, weight reduction, nicotinic acid and acetazolamide. Response to treatment was quite dramatic with resolution of severe headaches and regaining of light perception 8 days after commencing treatment. By 3 months hearing recovered to normal and there was resolution of vision. This to the best of our knowledge is the first reported case of complete visual and hearing loss occurring in a patient with BIH, which was managed successfully non-operatively. When indicated, non-operative management is an effective treatment option even in malignant BIH.     

儿童重症监护病房急性颅内出血病因和预后分析

目的调查儿童重症监护病区(PICU)急性颅内出血的病因和预后。方法对2000年1月~2004年12月我院PICU危重病患儿中,急性颅内出血患儿临床资料进行回顾性病因和预后分析。结果近5年来共收治急性颅内出血患儿58例,病因是迟发性维生素K(VitK)缺乏症28例,颅脑外伤16例,脑血管畸形6例,病毒性脑炎2例,血友病、血小板减少症、脑肿瘤破裂各1例,不明原因3例。其中15例放弃治疗,9例并发继发性脑梗塞。8例死亡(病死率13.8%)。结论迟发性VitK缺乏症和颅脑外伤是PICU小儿颅内出血的主要原因,预防性应用VitK或改变喂养方式可能降低婴儿早期颅内出血发病率。颅内出血预后较差,重在预防。     

儿科重症监护病房颅内出血66例

目的 加强对颅内出血的早期诊断和防治，减少误诊的发生。方法 对1993—2002年5月因颅内出血而收治儿科重症监护病房(PICU)的患儿临床资料进行分析，包括病因、临床表现、辅助检查及预后等。结果 66例住院患儿中迟发性维生素K缺乏症50例，脑血管畸(AVM)8例，白血病致颅内出血、血小板减少症各1例，不明原因6例。其中19例放弃治疗，10例死亡(病死率为15．2％)。误诊1例。结论 颅内出血严重危及小儿生命，是不容忽视的临床问题。     

Cholestasis in neonatal intensive care unit: incidence, aetiology and management

Aim:  Prevalence, aetiology, management and outcome of cholestasis were evaluated in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Methods:  Medical records of all infants admitted to two Italian level III NICUs from January 2005 to August 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. The role of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy was also investigated.
Results:  Twenty-seven of 1289 enrolled infants developed cholestasis. In 25 infants, cholestasis had a multifactorial basis, while in two, no aetiology was found. UDCA did not significantly affect clinical and biochemical course of cholestasis. During a period of 12 months, eight cholestatic infants died, one underwent liver transplantation and 18 fully recovered.
Conclusion:  Infants admitted in NICU have a rate of cholestasis higher than that reported in the general population of live births; in most cases, cholestasis is associated to multiple risk factors and shows a favourable outcome. UDCA does not seem to affect clinical course of cholestasis in this setting.     

Emergency management of the paediatric patient with generalized convulsive status epilepticus

The present guideline paper addresses the emergency management of generalized convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in children and infants older than one month of age. It replaces the previous statement from 1996, and includes a new treatment algorithm and table of recommended medications, reflecting new evidence and the evolution of clinical practice over the past 15 years. The document focuses on the acute pharmacological management of CSE, but some issues regarding supportive care, diagnostic approach and treatment of refractory CSE are discussed.     

Sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant management in Spanish paediatric intensive care units

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to define the strategies for the use and monitoring of sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant medication in Spanish paediatric intensive care units (PICU).Material and methodsA questionnaire with 102 questions was sent by e-mail to all Spanish PICUs.ResultsReplies were received from 36 of the 45 PICUs (80%). A written protocol for sedation and analgesia was used in 64%; this medication was adjusted according to the diagnosis and clinical status of the patient in 30% of the units. Midazolam was the most widely used drug for sedation, followed by ketamine and propofol. Fentanyl was the most widely used drug for analgesia, followed by paracetamol and metamizole. The combination of midazolam and fentanyl in continuous infusion was used most frequently in patients on mechanical ventilation (MV), followed by propofol. Scales to monitor sedation and analgesia were employed in 45% of PICUs, most used the Ramsay scale. The bispectral index (BIS) was used in 50% of PICUs. Muscle relaxants were administered to 26% of patients on MV; the most common indications for MV were head injury and severe respiratory disease. The principal methods for avoiding withdrawal syndrome were a progressive withdrawal of the drugs and morphine chloride.ConclusionsAlthough there is insufficient scientific evidence to determine the ideal drugs for sedation and analgesia in the critically ill child and the methods for monitoring and control, the production of guidelines and written treatment and monitoring protocols could help to improve the management and control of sedation and analgesia.