Participants' exposure to PM2.5 and gaseous/particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the Ma-tsu Goddess parade

The Ma-tsu Goddess parade is a very special religious tradition in Taiwan attracting thousands of believers every year. This parade is an 8-day-and-7-night event and the entire walking distance is about 280 km. This study assesses participants' exposure to PM(2.5), and gaseous and particulate PAHs. The contribution of various exposure factors was also evaluated. Sampling was conducted during the entire parade period in 2001. Exposures of participants who were riding motorcycles or driving cars were assessed. Personal environmental monitors mounted with Teflon filters and polyurethane foams were used for particulate and gaseous sampling. PAHs were analyzed with GC-FID. Stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of various factors, including the number of temples visited each day, the duration of temple visits, the number of temple co-visitors, visitors riding motorcycles or driving cars, etc. During the Ma-tsu Goddess parade, the mean PM(2.5), particulate and gaseous PAH exposures were around 119 +/- 60.8, 0.36 +/- 0.23 and 0.86 +/- 0.48 microg/m(3), respectively. Participants' PM(2.5) and particulate PAH exposures were about two to three times the exposure during daily routines. The profiles of 16 PAH species in the particulate and gaseous phases for participants' and normal daily exposures were also different. Incense smoke and vehicle exhaust were two important sources. Worshippers would be exposed to 0.096 microg/m(3) more PM(2.5) for every incremental minute in temples. In addition, motorcyclists were exposed to 0.21 microg/m(3) higher particulate PAHs than the car drivers.     

天津市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃人群健康风险评估

目的检测天津市冬季大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染水平并对城乡人群进行健康风险评估。方法采用大气中流量采样器在天津城区和农村地区分别采集PM_(2.5)样品,用称重法和气相色谱质谱联用法分别检测PM_(2.5)的质量浓度和16种多环芳烃的浓度,并对其人群健康风险进行评估,进一步比较不同地区人群的健康风险。结果天津市城区PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃总浓度为180.93 ng/m3,总毒性等效浓度为16.583 ng/m~3;农村PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃总浓度为1 510.47 ng/m~3,总毒性等效浓度为81.027 ng/m~3。城区和农村大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染所致成人和儿童非致癌风险均较低,致癌风险农村地区(2.2×10-5)高于城区(4.6×10~(-6)),农村地区致癌风险成人(2.2×10~(-5))高于儿童(1.0×10~(-5))。结论天津市农村地区大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳污染较为严重,但致癌和非致癌风险均处于可接受水平。     

淄博市城区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

目的 了解淄博市城区大气PM2.5中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平及特征,分析PAHs来源。方法 2017年采集淄博市城区大气中PM2.5颗粒物,用HPLC分析PM2.5颗粒样品中16种PAHs的含量水平,分析其变化规律,利用比值特征法解析PAHs来源。结果 除苊烯外,PM2.5中15种PAHs均有检出,全年PM2.5的平均值为0.087 mg/m3,范围为0.011～0.309 mg/m3;PAHs总含量范围为1.11～361 ng/m3,平均为33.7 ng/m3。 PM2.5和ΣPAHs的含量随季节的变化规律一致。全年中4环多环芳烃的含量随月份增加呈现下降的趋势;2～3环多环芳烃的含量相对稳定。5～6环多环芳烃含量先逐渐上升,在8月份达到峰值,8月份以后含量逐渐下降。淄博为石油化工为主的工业城市,大气PM2.5中多环芳烃受石油化工源及煤来源的综合影响。结论 淄博市大气PM2.5中PAHs冬季污染最为严重,对健康有较高的潜在风险。2017年经过秋冬大气污染治理,大气状况有了明显改善。     

徐州市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃人群健康风险评估

目的 调查徐州市大气颗粒物中的细颗粒物(PM2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平并对人群进行健康风险评估。方法 采用大气中流量采样器在徐州市泉山区采集PM2.5样品,用液相色谱法定量分析2016年徐州市PM2.5中16种PAHs的质量浓度,并对人群健康风险进行评估。结果 2016年徐州市大气PM2.5中PAHs月平均总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)范围为0.85～94.8 ng/m3,16种致癌性PAHs的等效致癌浓度(BEQ)范围为0.00011～6.81 ng/m3;儿童、成年男性、成年女性PAHs的致癌超额危险度年平均值分别为1.10×10-6、1.67×10-6、1.59×10-6。结论 徐州市区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染较为严重,但致癌风险处于可接受水平。     

Evaluation of worker exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A sampling and analytical method was selected to determine the physical and chemical nature of worker exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It consists of filter and sorbent tube sampling followed by benzene extraction and analysis of 12 different PAHs with a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer. This method has undergone extensive field trials. Sampling temperature, inorganic and organic interferences have an effect on the results as they do on the standard gravimetric method of benzene-solubles. A combination of the gravimetric method and the particulate and gaseous concentration profile of 12 PAHs is necessary to obtain an informative evaluation of worker exposure. This approach was used to demonstrate that workers in paving and roofing operations and on some worksites in the steel and silicon carbide industries show an exposure profile that suggests minimal health risk and is largely different from the exposure of workers in aluminum refineries, refractory brick laying and most other worksites in the silicon carbide industry.     

广州市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的季节变化特征及健康风险评价

目的了解广州市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的季节污染特征和来源,评价人群健康风险。方法于2015年1—11月采集了广州市市区3个行政区的采样点的大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析16种PAHs的含量,利用特征比值法识别其主要来源,应用苯并[a]芘(Ba P)毒性当量因子和美国EPA推荐的模型评价人群健康风险。结果 3个采样点PM_(2.5)中PAHs总质量浓度范围为1.35~43.13 ng/m~3,平均为8.33 ng/m~3,其中Ba P的平均浓度为0.91 ng/m~3;16种PAHs总浓度呈明显的季节变化规律,冬季秋季夏季春季;4个季节PAHs的组成均以5~6环PAHs为主。特征比值法判断出PAHs的主要来源为机动车尾气和煤燃烧。总致癌等效浓度(TEQ)和总致突变等效浓度(MEQ)的平均值分别为2.29 ng/m~3和2.13 ng/m~3,季节变化特征与PAHs相一致;PAHs通过呼吸暴露对成人和儿童造成的终身致癌超额危险度分别为0.78×10~(-6)和0.55×10~(-6)。结论广州市大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的污染水平较低,主要来源为机动车尾气和煤燃烧,PM_(2.5)中PAHs的人群健康风险处在可接受范围内。     

重庆市某区小学女生多环芳烃内暴露水平及其与青春发动时相的关系

目的建立同时测定尿中4种多环芳烃(PAHs)代谢物的检测方法,研究重庆市某区女童青春发动时相提前与体内多环芳烃暴露水平的关系。方法研究对象采用目的性抽样,对重庆市某区4所小学1~4年级女生进行一般情况的问卷调查、生长发育的体格检查、并收集尿液,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(HPLC-MS)对样品中4种PAHs代谢物进行定性和定量检测。结果 4种PAHs代谢物标准曲线相关性高,方法检出限为0.1 ng/mL。研究共调查女童737名,青春发动时相提前组209人,正常组528人。尿液检测结果显示4种PAHs代谢物检出率为100%,4种代谢物的检出浓度范围分别为1-羟基芘0.01~4.77 ng/mL,2-羟基萘0.15~50.00ng/mL,2-羟基芴0.06~12.59 ng/mL及9-羟基菲0.29~23.17 ng/mL。青春发动时相提前组和正常组在2-羟基芴(Z=-1.996)和9-羟基菲(Z=-3.161)暴露水平上差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),控制了肥胖因素后,青春发动时相提前组9-羟基菲(Z=-3.012)暴露水平仍高于正常组(P<0.05)。结论该方法适用于4种PAHs代谢物的同时检测,研究地区女童青春发育早期均有PAHs暴露,且PAHs暴露可能是女童青春发动时相提前的因素之一。     

2019年西宁市城区PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征及健康风险评价

目的 了解西宁市城区PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平,并对其致癌风险进行评价。方法 2019年每月10 - 16日在西宁市城北区和城东区采集PM2.5样品,对其16种美国环保署优控PAHs的质量浓度及其组成特征进行分析,运用毒性当量浓度及终身超额致癌风险(ECR)进行毒性评价。结果 城北区和城东区PM2.5年平均浓度分别为3.10×10 - 2 mg/m3和2.50×10 - 2 mg /m3,均低于国家标准。城北区、城东区PAHs总浓度年均值分别为16.53(1.62～259.25) ng/m3和10.96(0.55～88.45) ng/m3,且2个区春季、夏季、秋季和冬季均以4～6环PAHs为主。PAHs的主要来源有燃煤及薪柴燃烧、汽油排放。毒性评价结果表明,16种PAHs以BaP为参照物的等效质量浓度(BaPeq)范围为2.00×10 - 5～3.32 ng/m3,城北区、城东区中ΣBaPeq分别为4.27 ng/m3、2.97ng/m3,BaP毒性最强,对ΣBaPeq的贡献率占75%以上; 城北区、城东区中Σ16PAHs的总ECR分别为3.72×10 - 4和2.58×10 - 4。结论 西宁市城区PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)终身呼吸性患癌风险（ECR）大于10 - 4,对西宁市城区居民具有潜在健康风险。     

Environmental exposure of small children to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the intake (by various routes of exposure) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by children living in a Czech city, and its effect on excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in summer and winter periods. Methods: Four groups of children (3–6 years old) were chosen: (1) two groups from a kindergarten situated in the city center with a higher traffic density (“polluted” area); (2) two groups from a kindergarten situated in a green zone of the same city (“non-polluted” area). Food consumption was recorded in all children and PAH intake from foodstuffs was estimated. Ambient air samples were collected from the playground and inside the kindergartens. Soil samples were collected too. Morning and evening urine samples were collected during sampling days. Results: In both seasons, the mean outdoor total PAH concentration (sum of 12 individual PAH) in the “polluted” area was approximately three-times higher than that in the “non-polluted” area. Indoor concentration in the “polluted” area was more than six-times higher than that in the “non-polluted” area in summer, and almost three-times higher in winter. The same trend was observed for pyrene and for the sum of carcinogenic PAH. The contribution to the total pyrene absorbed dose from food consumption was much more important than that from inhalation and from ingestion of soil dust. Significantly higher urinary concentrations of 1-OHP (evening samples) were found in children from the “polluted” kindergarten in both seasons. The number of significant relationships between 1-OHP and pyrene absorbed dose was weak. Conclusions: Food seems to be the main source of total pyrene and total PAH intake in small children, even under relatively higher air PAH exposure in the city. Estimated pyrene ingestion from soil had a negligible contribution to the total pyrene absorbed dose. Urinary 1-OHP seems to be an uncertain (non-sensitive) marker of the environmental inhalation exposure to pyrene (PAH) if the pollution of air by pyrene (PAH) is not excessive and the pyrene (PAH) dose by this route is much less than by ingestion. Usefulness of the urinary 1-OHP as an indicator of overall environmental exposure to PAH needs further investigation. Received: 18 September 2000 / Accepted: 20 February 2001     

Health risks of residential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A disease prevalence study and follow-up health surveillance were conducted among residents of an African-American community situated at the site of a former creosote wood-treatment facility contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Household interviews were conducted among 214 residents living around the hazardous waste site (target population) and 212 comparison residents in a neighborhood 2.4 km away from the site. Target area residents reported a higher prevalence of skin rashes than comparison residents (relative risk [RR] = 5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0, 10.9). The prevalence of reported rashes increased with increasing levels of anthracene detected in yards (test for linear trend, p = 0.02). With adjustment for environmental worry, reports of chronic bronchitis and difficulties becoming pregnant did not differ significantly between target and comparison residents (p > 0.05).     

PM2.5中16种多环芳烃的液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器测定方法研究

目的建立PM2.5中16种多环芳烃同时测定的液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(PDA)分析方法。方法PM2.5中多环芳烃收集于玻纤滤膜,经乙腈超声提取,以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱,经多环芳烃专用色谱柱分离,PDA检测器进行测定。结果 PM2.5中16种多环芳烃化合物在0.1～2.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.999 2～0.999 8,样品加标回收率为73.3%～108.6%,RSD为3.7%～5.3%。结论方法能满足PM2.5中16种多环芳烃类化合物的同时测定,方法快速简单,准确度和重复性较好,线性范围宽。     

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and genotoxic effects on nonsmoking Swedish road pavement workers.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from asphalt fumes among Swedish road pavement workers and determine whether any effects could be detected with genotoxic tests. METHODS: The study included 28 nonsmoking road pavers and 30 nonsmoking referents. The concentration of PAH was determined in the breathing zone of the road pavers. 1-Hydroxypyrene was analyzed before and after shifts of asphalt work and during the afternoon for referents. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) were determined in peripheral lymphocytes. RESULTS: Several 3- or 4-ring PAH were found, and the analysis indicated that they occurred in bitumen fumes rather than in traffic fumes. The average total concentration of PAH was 2.3 (range 0.2-23.8) microg/m3. The concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine was higher for the road pavers than for the referents, but there was no significant difference between the pre- and postshift values of the road pavers. The road pavers had no significant increase in SCE or MN. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that Swedish road pavers have an increased exposure to PAH from bitumen fumes, but no genotoxic effects could be detected by SCE or MN tests.     

Influences of inorganic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the sources of PM2.5 in the Southeast Asian urban sites

PM_2.5 released from urban sources and regional biomass fire is of great concern due to the deleterious effect on human health. This study was conducted to determine the chemical compositions andsource apportionment of PM_2.5. Twenty-four-hour PM_2.5 samples were collected at two urban monitoring sites in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 12 November 2013 to 15 January 2014 using a high volume air sampler (HVS). The source apportionment of PM_2.5 was determined using positive matrix factorization (PMF) version 5.0. Overall, the PM_2.5 mean concentrations ranged from 16 to 55 μg m^?3 with a mean of 23 ± 9 μg m^?3. The results of enrichment factor (EF) analysis showed that Zn, Pb, As, Cu, Cr, V, Ni, and Cs mainly originated from non-crustal sources. The dominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (I[cd]P), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F). PMF 5.0 results showed that the secondary aerosol coupled with biomass burning was the largest contributor followed by combustion of fuel oil and road dust, soil dust source and sea salt and nitrate aerosol, accounting for 34, 25, 24 and 17% of PM_2.5 mass, respectively. On the other hand, biomass and wood burning (42%) was the predominant source of PAHs followed by combustion of fossil fuel (36%) and natural gas and coal burning (22%). The broad overview of the PM_2.5 sources will help to adopt adequate mitigation measures in the management of future urban air quality in this region.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定大气PM2.5中15种欧盟优控多环芳烃

目的 采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测技术,建立大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）中15种欧盟优控多环芳烃（EU - PAHs）的同时测定方法。方法 利用超声波辅助乙腈提取PM2.5样品中的EU - PAHs,经0.45 μm滤膜过滤,用Waters PAH色谱柱分离,用乙腈 - 水作流动相梯度洗脱,荧光检测器检测,峰面积标准曲线法定量。结果 方法线性范围为 0.30～84 ng/m3,相关系数均大于0.999,方法精密度为4.6%～10.2%,回收率83.2%～95.6%。结论 该方法灵敏度高,准确度高,线性范围宽,适用于大气PM2.5中15种欧盟优控多环芳烃的同时检测。     

湘潭市冬季大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的点位分布特征和健康风险评价

目的了解湘潭市冬季大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及其对居民健康的风险。方法于2015年12月至2016年2月采集湘潭市环境保护监测站(交通干线)、工程学院(工业区)、江麓广场(商业、交通、居民混合区)3个采样点的大气PM_(2.5)样品,定量分析PM_(2.5)样品中的16种PAHs含量,采用苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌等效浓度(TEQ)、致突变等效浓度(MEQ)、终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失等指标评价湘潭市PM_(2.5)中PAHs导致的人群健康风险。结果湘潭市3个采样点大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的浓度分别为13.59、29.35、14.99 ng/m3,均值为19.31 ng/m3;其中,菲(Phe)、苯并(b)荧蒽(Bb F)、苯并(k)荧蒽(Bk F)和Ba P浓度较高。利用化合物特征比值法对湘潭市PM_(2.5)中PAHs进行源解析,可判断出监测站和江麓广场以机动车尾气为主,工程学院以燃煤来源为主。3个采样点的TEQ分别为3.40、7.41和3.31 ng/m3,MEQ分别为2.44、4.71和2.79 ng/m3;成人和儿童的终身致癌超额危险度分别为0.13×10-5和0.08×10-5、0.28×10-5和0.17×10-5、0.12×10-5和0.08×10-5;PAHs通过呼吸暴露对成人造成的预期寿命损失分别为8.1、17.4和7.5 min,对儿童造成的预期寿命损失分别为5.0、10.6和5.0 min。结论湘潭市不同功能区的大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs污染程度和来源不同,大气中PAHs污染对居民造成的健康风险较低。