颅脑损伤患者急性胃肠损伤的危险因素分析

目的 分析颅脑损伤患者继发急性胃肠损伤(AGI)的危险因素。方法 回顾分析2010年1月至2013年12月在皖南医学院附属黄山市人民医院重症医学科住院的239例颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,并进行统计学分析。结果 231例患者(96.65%)发生AGI,其中Ⅰ级180例,Ⅱ级49例,Ⅲ级2例;无AGI 8例(3.35%)。合并低灌注153例,合并高血压23例,合并糖尿病4例。格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS评分)是AGI发生的高危因素,合并糖尿病、高血压及低灌注等与AGI关联度不高。结论 颅脑损伤后,AGI的严重程度与颅脑损伤的严重程度有关,GCS评分是发生AGI的独立危险因素。     

急性胰腺炎伴肝损害78例临床分析

目的探讨急性胰腺炎(AP)患者合并肝损害的发病机制、临床特点。方法对128例AP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 128例AP中有78例合并肝损害,发生率为60.9%。其中重型急性胰腺炎(SAP)较轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)肝损害发生率更高,损害程度更明显,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 AP大多伴有肝损害,其损害程度可反映急性胰腺炎严重程度,并与其病程有关。     

糖尿病及糖尿病肾病合并急性肾损伤的诊治分析

急性肾损伤是临床一种常见危重病。糖尿病及糖尿病肾病合并急性肾损伤的常见原因有：①高渗性非酮症糖尿病;②糖尿病肾病;③糖尿病酮症酸中毒等。糖尿病及糖尿病肾病合并急性肾损伤起病比较急,同时病情也比较危重,若不及时进行诊断以及治疗,则很容易影响预后。本文笔者结合临床经验对糖尿病及糖尿病肾病合并急性肾损伤的诊断以及治疗进行探讨与分析。     

非酒精性脂肪肝与2型糖尿病肾损伤关系的研究

目的探讨非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）与2糖尿病肾损伤发生风险之间的关系。方法T2DM患者466例,分为T2DM伴NAFLD组（N组,n=266）及T2DM不伴NAFLD组（NN组,n=200）,测定24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）,比较两组间肾脏损伤发生率。结果N组BMI、DBP、FPG、FCP、FINS、HbAlC、HOMA—IR、TC、TG、ALT、UAER高于NN组（P〈0．05）;N组的肾损伤发生率高于NN组（P〈0．05）;Logistic回归分析显示,NAFLD是2糖尿病肾损伤的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论N组2糖尿病肾损伤的发生率高于NN组,NAFLD是2糖尿病肾损伤的独立危险因素。     

急性冠脉综合征患者冠脉介入术后对比剂肾损伤的危险因素

目的探究急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者行冠脉介入操作后发生对比剂损伤(CI-AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年宣武医院全年经皮冠状动脉造影术1 007例次,资料完整的ACS患者206例次。根据KDIGO标准将患者分为对照组(非CI-AKI组)(195例)和CI-AKI组(11例)。观察指标:年龄、性别、体重指数、既往病史(高血压,糖尿病,脑血管疾病,心功能不全,高尿酸血症/痛风,慢性肾脏病)、术前尿酸、血肌酐和尿素(术前、术后48 h内或7 d内)、手术类型、病变血管数、水化和血容量。通过进行单因素和多因素分析,筛选出ACS患者PCI术后CI-AKI的危险因素。结果 206例次患者中11例次(5.34%)发生CI-AKI。单因素分析显示,年龄、术前肌酐清除率和高尿酸血症病史等差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,急诊手术(OR=4.881)和高尿酸血症病史(OR=5.916)是CI-CKI的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论临床对于CI-AKI的认识不足导致CI-AKI的发病率较低且漏诊率高,PCI术后水化不足。急诊PCI和既往诊断高尿酸血症是CI-AKI的独立危险因素。与术前尿酸水平相比,既往诊断高尿酸血症对于CI-AKI的发生有更强的预测作用。     

Risk of acute liver injury associated with the use of drugs: a multicentre population survey

BACKGROUND: Acute liver injury of uncertain aetiology is often drug related and quantitative information about the associated risk is scarce. AIM: To estimate the risk of acute liver injury associated with the use of drugs. METHODS: In a population survey study, 126 cases of acute liver injury were prospectively assembled from January 1993 to December 1999, in patients over 15 years of age, in 12 hospitals in Barcelona (Spain). We estimated the relative risk for each drug as the ratio between the incidence of acute liver injury among the exposed population to the drug and the incidence of acute liver injury among those not exposed to it. Drug consumption data were used to estimate the exposed population. RESULTS: Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, erythromicin, chlorpromazine, nimesulide, and ticlopidine presented the highest risk (point relative risk > 25). Amoxicillin, metoclopramide, captopril and enalapril, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, fluoxetine, paroxetine, diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, metamizole, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid and salbutamol showed the lowest risk (point relative risk < 5). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a risk estimation of serious liver disease for various drugs that will be useful in its diagnosis and management, and when comparing with the drug therapeutic benefit in each indication. Some observed associations would be worth specific studies.     

Needlestick injury in acute care nurses caring for patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the incidence and assess the risk of needlestick injury (NI) in nurses caring for patients with diabetes mellitus.METHODS: A total of 400 nurses caring for patients with diabetes in 381 different hospitals throughout the United States over a period of at least 1 year voluntarily completed an Internet-based data collection instrument. The nurses self-reported comprehensive data on their experience with NI, focusing on those occurring within the past year. If respondents experienced multiple NI during this period, detailed data were collected on the most recent event.RESULTS: Of the 400 nurses, 313 (78.3%) reported experiencing at least one NI, 110 (27.5%) reported at least one NI within the last 12 months, and 44 (40% of 110) reported multiple NI. Nearly two-thirds of these injuries (n = 73/110; 66.4%) were punctures that drew blood, resulting in one case of contracted hepatitis C. The cumulative annual incidence of NI events was 448 NI per 1000 nurses. Nurses reported the injury in adherence with existing regulations and policies in only 21.8% of the cases. Disposable syringes were involved in 88 (80%) of the NI events. In half of the injuries (n = 55), the needled device was equipped with a safety feature that was ineffective, primarily because it was not fully activated (n = 47/55; 85.5%) or it malfunctioned (n = 2-5; 3.6-9.1%). NI most commonly occurred while nurses were injecting insulin (n = 33; 30%). In the 2 weeks following their NI, 60.1% of nurses noted that they were more afraid of needled devices than before the injury and 41.8% felt anxious, depressed, or stressed. As a direct result of the NI, nurses missed 77 days of work.CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show the relatively high risk both of NI and of NI that draws blood among nurses injecting insulin with a disposable syringe and confirms previous incidence estimates of NI among nurses. Additionally, this study reveals significant post-NI emotional distress, suggests significant under-reporting of NI to hospital officials, and demonstrates the need for a more effective needle safety device.     

Needlestick injury in acute care nurses caring for patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study

ABSTRACT

Objective: To quantify the incidence and assess the risk of needlestick injury (NI) in nurses caring for patients with diabetes mellitus.

Methods: A total of 400 nurses caring for patients with diabetes in 381 different hospitals throughout the United States over a period of at least 1 year voluntarily completed an Internet-based data collection instrument. The nurses self-reported comprehensive data on their experience with NI, focusing on those occurring within the past year. If respondents experienced multiple NI during this period, detailed data were collected on the most recent event.

Results: Of the 400 nurses, 313 (78.3%) reported experiencing at least one NI, 110 (27.5%) reported at least one NI within the last 12 months, and 44 (40% of 110) reported multiple NI. Nearly two-thirds of these injuries (n = 73/110; 66.4%) were punctures that drew blood, resulting in one case of contracted hepatitis C. The cumulative annual incidence of NI events was 448 NI per 1000 nurses. Nurses reported the injury in adherence with existing regulations and policies in only 21.8% of the cases. Disposable syringes were involved in 88 (80%) of the NI events. In half of the injuries (n = 55), the needled device was equipped with a safety feature that was ineffective, primarily because it was not fully activated (n = 47/55; 85.5%) or it malfunctioned (n = 2–5; 3.6–9.1%). NI most commonly occurred while nurses were injecting insulin (n = 33; 30%). In the 2 weeks following their NI, 60.1% of nurses noted that they were more afraid of needled devices than before the injury and 41.8% felt anxious, depressed, or stressed. As a direct result of the NI, nurses missed 77 days of work.

Conclusions: This study is the first to show the relatively high risk both of NI and of NI that draws blood among nurses injecting insulin with a disposable syringe and confirms previous incidence estimates of NI among nurses. Additionally, this study reveals significant post-NI emotional distress, suggests significant under-reporting of NI to hospital officials, and demonstrates the need for a more effective needle safety device.     

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B or colistin methanesulfonate sodium

Polymyxin B (PMB) and colistin, administered as the prodrug colistin methanesulfonate sodium (CMS), are increasingly used to treat carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting adverse effect of both polymyxins. A retrospective cohort study of 132 patients was conducted to evaluate risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI), classified according to Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria, in patients treated with ≥48 h of intravenous PMB or CMS, with particular focus on potential differences between each polymyxin. The overall incidence of AKI was 25.8% (34/132) [20.8% (20/96) and 38.9% (14/36) in patients treated with PMB and CMS, respectively; P = 0.06]. In the Cox regression model, doses ≥2 million International Units (MIU) of PMB or >9 MIU of CMS were the only variable independently associated with AKI [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–4.41; P = 0.04]. Vancomycin co-administration was strongly associated with AKI, although this was not statistically significant (aHR = 2.22, 95% CI 0.98–5.04; P = 0.058). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of AKI between patients treated with PMB or CMS in the multivariate model (aHR = 1.74, 95% CI 0.82–3.69; P = 0.15). High dose was the main risk factor for AKI regardless of the polymyxin administered. Vancomycin co-administration likely increases the risk of AKI. Although there was a higher overall incidence of AKI in patients treated with CMS compared with PMB, CMS was not significantly associated with this outcome after adjusting for the above variables.     

口服降糖药罗格列酮在临床应用中的危险因素分析

根据最新药品说明书中的相关用药风险内容，对中日友好医院目前使用口服降糖药罗格列酮的过程中可能存在的危险因素进行分析与讨论。收集近两年在中日友好医院住院患者中使用罗格列酮的病例，通过查阅病历分析与罗格列酮可能相关的不良反应、用药禁忌症及联合用药相关问题的发生情况，并针对这些问题进行进一步讨论。本次所调查的398例患者中，1型糖尿病患者3例（占0．75％），2型糖尿病患者395例（占99.25％）。9例患者（占2．26％）在用药过程中存在外周水肿；1例患者（占0．25％）在用药前存在黄斑水肿；1．51％（6例）患者在住院过程中存在心功能异常，其中心功能Ⅰ级2例，心功能Ⅱ级3例，心功能Ⅳ级1例；住院过程中存在肝功能异常（ALT异常）患者占19．85％（79例），其中ALT高于正常上限1—2．5倍的患者70例，ALT高于正常上限2．5—3倍的患者3例，ALT高于正常上限3倍以上的患者6例。使用罗格列酮的同时联合使用胰岛素、二甲双胍、硝酸酯类药物、吉非罗齐和利福平的患者分别占30．90％（123例）、41．46％（165例）、26．13％（104例）、0．75％（3例）和0．25％（1例）。对罗格列酮使用过程中可能存在的各种危险因素的发生情况进行分析，发现了目前罗格列酮临床应用中存在的潜在风险，提出了相应的建议，以促进临床合理用药。     

万古霉素相关急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的:对万古霉素相关急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素进行分析,为临床提供安全用药数据。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,收集2012年1月-2015年6月某院使用万古霉素成人患者的数据,根据2012年发布的KDIGO AKI临床指南标准,对使用万古霉素前后的患者血肌酐进行比较,分为AKI组和非AKI组,对比2组患者基础生理、病理状态、疾病程度、感染部位、是否入住重症监护室(ICU)、万古霉素谷浓度、用药剂量、用药疗程、联合用药等多种因素,分析发生AKI的危险因素。结果:373名使用万古霉素的患者中有62例发生AKI,发生率为16.62%,采用单因素方差分析比较AKI组和非AKI组,发现万古霉素谷浓度、用药疗程、是否联合使用呋塞米、患者是否有心功能不全(IV级)、呼吸衰竭(I/II型)、休克、是否入住ICU,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),以上因素通过Logistic回归分析进一步得到万古霉素谷浓度、联合使用呋塞米、是否入住ICU以及休克是引起万古霉素相关AKI的独立危险因素。经ROC曲线分析得到本研究中万古霉素发生AKI的血药谷浓度折点为19.50 mg·L^-1,在此基础上,分析万古霉素谷浓度10~20 mg·L^-1和>20 mg·L^-1亚组结果显示:2组的独立危险因素略有差别,10~20 mg·L^-1亚组万古霉素相关AKI的独立危险因素是联合使用呋塞米,而>20 mg·L^-1亚组中万古霉素谷浓度则为独立危险因素。结论:万古霉素谷浓度监测是避免发生万古霉素相关AKI的重要防治措施之一,临床药师应协助临床医师全程监护该药使用情况,尤其关注高龄、入住ICU患者、以及联合应用呋塞米的患者,保证临床用药安全。     

Clinically significant liver injury in patients treated with natalizumab

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31 , 1028–1035

Summary

Background Natalizumab is a recombinant monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis and patients with Crohn’s disease. Because of its immunosuppressive effects, natalizumab has been associated with a number of atypical and opportunistic infections. Aim To describe and summarize six spontaneously reported post‐marketing cases of clinically significant drug induced‐liver injury associated with natalizumab use. Methods The FDA maintains a database of adverse event reports (AERS). We searched the AERS database for reports of serious liver injury associated with natalizumab use from November 2004, when the drug was approved, through 30 June 2008. Results The search resulted in six spontaneously reported post‐marketing cases of severe drug‐induced liver injury. Four of six patients developed liver injury with elevations of serum transaminases and hyperbilirubinemia after only a single infusion of natalizumab. One of these patients experienced repeated increases of aminotransferases and bilirubin when natalizumab was re‐administered. Conclusions Serious hepatic injury may occur in association with natalizumab use. Health professionals should be alerted to possible serious liver injury in patients receiving natalizumab.     

Risk of oral antifungal agent-induced liver injury in Taiwanese

Aim

Oral antifungal agent-induced liver injury is a common safety concern that may lead to patients'' hesitation in treating fungal infections such as onychomycosis. This study evaluated risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by oral antifungal agents in Taiwanese populations.

Methods

A population-based study was conducted by analyzing who used oral antifungal agents from 2002 to 2008 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. A comparison control group was randomly extracted from the remainder of the original cohort.

Results

Of the 90 847 oral antifungal agents users, 52 patients had DILI. Twenty-eight DILI cases used ketoconazole, 12 fluconazole, eight griseofulvin, three itraconazole and two terbinafine. The incidence rates (IR) of DILI per 10 000 persons were 31.6, 4.9, 4.3, 3.6 and 1.6 for fluconazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole and terbinafine, respectively. Longer exposure duration increased the risk of DILI, with IR for exposure duration ≥ 60 defined daily dose (DDD) of 170.9, 62.5, and 36.1 per 10 000 persons for ketoconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine, respectively. Patients taking antifungal agents had higher incidences of developing DILI compared with those in the control group after adjusting for age, gender and co-morbidities (relative risk 2.38, P < 0.001). All of the six patients with fatal DILI used fluconazole. Old age and fluconazole increased the risk of oral antifungal-induced fatal DILI.

Conclusions

Oral antifungal agents are associated with low incidence of acute liver injury, but which may be fatal, especially for the elderly. Longer treatment duration may increase the risk of antifungal agent-induced liver injury, especially ketoconazole.     

中重度颅脑外伤患者继发急性外伤性脑梗死的危险因素和预后分析

目的 探索中重度颅脑外伤患者继发急性外伤性脑梗死(PTCI)的危险因素及预后。方法 选择1 108例中重度颅脑损伤患者,分析年龄、性别、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、脑疝、低血压或休克、感染、蛛网膜下腔出血、颅底骨折、糖尿病、实施去骨瓣减压术等对PTCI发生的影响,并采用格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评估患者预后。结果 1 108例中重度颅脑外伤患者中,共有138例并发PTCI,发生率为12.45%。患者年龄、GCS评分、颅底骨折、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑疝、低血压或休克、感染、糖尿病、去骨瓣减压术等因素与中重度颅脑外伤患者继发PTCI有密切相关性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而患者性别与中重度颅脑外伤患者继发PTCI关系不大,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。中重度颅脑外伤继发PTCI患者预后不良率为69.56%,较无继发PTCI组患者明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 中重度颅脑外伤患者继发PTCI发生率高,对患者预后影响较大,而患者年龄、GCS评分、颅底骨折、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑疝、低血压或休克、感染、糖尿病、去骨瓣减压术等均是并发PTCI的危险因素,应引起高度重视。     

MRI前瞻性研究在急性腕关节损伤患者X片阴性中的应用研究

目的 前瞻性研究X片阴性的急性腕关节损伤患者磁共振成像(MRI).方法 所有患者均来自于本院骨科,受试者入选时间2012年1月至2014年10月.共155例患者纳入研究,其中男85例,女70例,平均年龄28岁.受伤机制分为两类:低能量损伤(从站立或者更低的高度处摔倒手腕部撑地而损伤腕关节)和高能量损伤(人体站立位高度或者是某些高强度运动中造成的腕关节损伤).对所有患者进行标准的X片拍摄和MRI检查.结果 80％女性和38％男性在腕关节撑地后出现外伤,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但高能量和低能量造成的损伤情况差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).155例患者中,25例MRI检查阴性,其余130例(83.87％)在MRI上共有303处异常表现,包括54例骨折,56例骨挫伤,15例TFCC损伤及5例舟月韧带损伤等.按照事先拟定的治疗策略,大部分患者接受了正规保守治疗,取得了较好的效果,7例TFCC或SL损伤的患者需要手外科医生进一步处理,其中2例最后接受了手术治疗以重建撕裂的TFCC韧带.结论 MRI应被视为早期调查的一部分,尤其是当腕关节疼痛确实的前几个星期.