吗丙嗪的药物动力学研究

按75mg/kg给家兔灌胃吗丙嗪,体内药物动力学呈开放性二室模型。将每组数据按Marquardt法迭代拟合,多项指标帮助选择最佳模型。模型分析得其参数为:T_(1/2)α=0.19h,T_(1/2)β=4.96h,K_(21)=2.94h~(-1),K_(10)=0.69h~(-1),K_(12)=3.75h~(-1),AUC=98.91h·mg/L,CLs=0.76L·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),V/f(c)=1.09L·kg~(-1),Vss=1.51L·kg~(-1),分析结果表明:吗丙嗪主要分布于血流丰富的大循环和组织,肝脏为主要消除器官,肾脏及胃肠道均有排泄。     

谷氨酸锌溶液剂在兔体内的药物动力学研究

谷氨酸锌溶液剂给兔口服后的药物动力学符合二室模型:k_a=1.25 h~(-1),α=0.64 h~(-1),β=0.37h~(-1),T_(max)=2.85 h,C_(max)=6.43μg/ml。谷氨酸锌溶液的相对生物利用度为66%。谷氨酸锌溶液、硫酸锌溶液和葡萄糖酸锌糖浆药物动力学的比较表明,谷氨酸锌为一种较好的补锌剂。     

阿霉素的药物动力学与临床观察

本文报告应用荧光分光光度法测定6例肿瘤患者在接受国产阿霉素(50mg/次)后血药浓度的结果,血药浓度峰值在0.75-1.97μg/mL之间,肿瘤肿块缩小或不增大。未见心脏毒性。药物动力学主要参数:T_(1/2α)(分布相)=1.3h,T_(1/2β)(消除相)=34h,K_(el)=0.78h~_(-1),K_(12)=3.43h~(-1),K_(21)=0.11h~(-1)。表明国产阿霉素具有国外同类产品的特点。     

稳定同位素结合GC-MS法测定大鼠体内川芎哚的药物动力学参数(英文)

目的:测定川芎哚(川芎Ⅲ号碱,perlolyrine)的药动学参数。方法:以[2-~(15)N]川芎哚为内标准及GC-MS的SIM(选择性离子监测)为检测手段,定量测定大鼠体内川芎哚的含量及其药代动力学参数。结果:大鼠灌胃给予川芎哚2mg·kg~(-1)后,川芎哚在大鼠体内呈二室模型分布,其药代动力学参数为:T_((1/2)α)=0.33h,T_((1/2)β)=4.52h,T_(1/2)(ka)=0.14h,T_(max)=0.35h,C_(max)=18.84μg/L,K_(12)=0.88h~(-1),K_(21)=0.42h~(-1),K_(10)=0.32h~(-1),V/F=109.22 L·kg~(-1),AUC=112.68μg·h·L~(-1)。结论:本法灵敏度高、特异性强且准确性好,为测定川草哚药代动力学参数提供了实用的分析方法。本研究为川芎哚临床应用提供了重要的参考资料。     

双黄连粉针中绿原酸在大白鼠中的药物动力学

目的:研究双黄连粉针在大鼠体内的药物动力学.方法:采用HPLC法测定大鼠血浆中双黄连粉针中绿原酸的血药浓度.流动相甲醇:磷酸缓冲液(pH2.7)(10:90),色谱柱ERC-ODS-1161(6mm×100mm),紫外检测波长274nm,柱温55℃,流速1ml/min.结果:当剂量为60mg/kg时,药物动力学参数为Vc=0.09L,Ke=0.68/h,K_(12)=2.66/h,K_(21)=1.67/h,T_(1/2)=1.14h,α=4.77h~(-1),β=0.55h~(-1),AUC=1.73μg·h/ml.结论:双黄连粉针中绿原酸在大白鼠体内呈二室模型分布.     

血卟啉单甲醚（PsD—044）在家兔体内的药物动力学

用荧光分光光度法测定血卟啉单甲醚(PsD-044)的血药浓度激发光波长为395nm;发射光波长为613nm。PsD-044血浆浓度为10和20μg/ml时,测定回收率分别为98.31±1.17％(cv=1.19％)和97.76±6.35％(cv=6.80％)。PsD-044在家兔体内的药物动力学按三房室拟合。其主要药物动力学参数分别为:π=16.60h~(-1);α=0.546h~(-1);β=0.0303h~(-1);t_(1/2π)=0.0427h;t_(1/2α)=1.31h;t_(1/2β)=28.08h;V_c=0.0704L/kg;V_(area)=16.19L/kg;V_(ss)=6.26L/kg;Cl=0.487L/kg·h。     

葡萄糖酸钙片的人体药物动力学研究

用原子吸收分光光度法测定人体口服葡萄糖酸钙片后的血钙浓度,其体内过程符合一室模型。主要动力学参数为:k_a=2.874 h~(-1);k_e=2.396 h~(-1);T_(2ke)~1=0.291 h;T_(max)=1.175 h;C_(max)=8.995μg/ml;AUC=9.638mg/(L·h);V=0.135 L;CL=0.333 Lh~(-1);T_(lag)=0.768 h;初步认为缺钙患者的临床给药方案应为每次 Ca~(2 )3 mg/kg,每1.5 h一次。     

盐酸小檗胺在小鼠体内的药代动力学

给小鼠iv[~3H]盐酸小檗胺([~3H]BA)后的全血浓度——时间曲线符合二房室开放模型,其药代动力学参数为:T_(1/2a) 0.36h,T_(1/2)β57.19h,K_(12)1.54h~(-1),K_(21)0.33h~(-1),K_(10)0.07h~(-1),Vc 0.88L/kg,Vd 5.14L/kg,AUC 1875×10~4dpm—h/ml。放射性在小鼠体内的分布以肝和脾为最高,其次是肺、肾、肠、心和脑。iv后96h尿与粪中的排泄量分别为所给剂量的58%和23%。     

国产卡莫氟在犬体内的药动学及片剂绝对生物利用度研究

按随机交叉实验设计法,用反相高效液相色谱法测定血清药物浓度。对5只犬po和iv卡莫氟(10mg/kg)的药动学及其片剂绝对生物利用度进行了研究。结果表明,静注给药的药时曲线符合二室开放模型,T_(1/2α)=1.67min,T_(1/2β)=34.55min,Vc=0.2525 L/kg,Cl=0.3205 L/kg·h~(-1),AUC_(iv)=1.9375 mmol·min/L;口服卡莫氟片的药时曲线符合一室开放模型,T_(1/2ka)=12.13min,T_(1/2ke)=38.51min,T_(mix)=28.46min,C_(max)=8.1396×10~(-3)mmol/L,AUC_(po)=1.5856 mmol·min/L;由AUC_(iv)和AUC_(po)算得绝对生物利用度F=82.14%。     

头孢氨苄血药浓度的荧光法测定及药物动力学研究

本文研究了荧光法测定头孢氨苄的血药浓度及其药物动力学。实验结果表明,血清浓度在1～20μg/ml范围内,荧光强度与浓度有较好的线形关系,r=0.9975。回收率为94.7%±2.3%(n=5),CV=2.39%。浓度时间曲线(头孢氨苄0.5g,PO)显示为一室模型。平均药物动力学参数(n=8):Ka=1.7500(h~(-1)),K=0.7365(h~(-1)),T_(1/2)=0.9401(h),T_(max)=1.18(h),C_p=19.64(μg/ml),V_a/F=13568.2(ml)。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.