Prevention of pancreatic fistula after cephalic duodenopancreatectomy]

A pancreatic fistula occurs in about 10% of cases after Whipple's procedure. This complication is associated with a mortality rate ranging from 7% to 30%. The main predisposing factor of pancreatic fistula is a soft pancreatic parenchyma. Several procedures have been proposed to decrease the rate of this complication. Occlusion of the residual stump is infrequently used and does not clearly reduce the rate of this complication. Pancreaticojejunostomy is the technique most frequently used. No alternative technique is clearly superior to pancreaticojejunostomy. Pancreaticogastrostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy have equivalent early results. Superiority of transient intubation of the Wirsung duct and mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis is not demonstrated. Among the 7 controlled randomized studies which tested somatostatin or its analogs, many have methodological insufficiencies which prevent definite conclusions. Meanwhile, most studies suggest that these drugs decrease the rate of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Further evaluation in high-risk patients (soft pancreatic parenchyma) is advisable.     

Use of octreotide for the prevention of pancreatic fistula after elective pancreatic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of octreotide in preventing postoperative pancreatic fistula. Pancreatic fistula is one of the most common complications after elective pancreatic surgery. Several clinical trials have evaluated the use of octreotide to prevent the development of pancreatic fistula after pancreatic surgery with conflicting recommendations.

Methods

We undertook a meta-analysis of 7 identified randomized controlled trials, reporting comparisons between octreotide and a control. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula, and the secondary outcome was the postoperative mortality.

Results

Seven studies, involving 1359 patients, met the inclusion criteria for this review. In these studies, sample sizes ranged from 75 to 252 patients. In total, 679 patients were given octreotide and 680 patients formed the control group. Perioperative octreotide is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of pancreatic fistula after elective pancreatic surgery, with a relative risk of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.41–0.85, p = 0.004). However, this risk reduction was not associated with a significant difference in postoperative mortality (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The review revealed that perioperative octreotide is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of pancreatic fistula after elective pancreatic surgery. However, this risk reduction was not associated with a significant difference in postoperative mortality; further studies are warranted to confirm the results of this metaanalysis and to define which patient subgroups might benefit the most from prophylactic octreotide administration.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的原因及其防治方法。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年11月收治的76例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,对其术后发生胰瘘的14例患者进行临床分析。结果 76例胰十二指肠切除患者共发生术后胰瘘14例,发生率18.4%。该14例胰瘘患者中12例经保守治疗后痊愈,有效率为85.7%,2例患者经二次手术治疗,其中1例患者死亡（7.1%）。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生率和病死率仍较高。术中及术后对患者的恰当处理是减少术后胰瘘的关键因素。     

胰腺切除术后胰瘘研究进展

近年来胰腺疾病的发病率不断上升,胰腺切除主要涉及胰腺十二指肠切除术（pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD）和胰体尾切除术（distal pancreatectomy,DP）两种标准术式。术后胰瘘（postoperative pancreatic fistula,POPF）是最常见和最严重的胰腺切除术后并发症,发现或处理不及时甚至会导致患者死亡。最近,随着对POPF的共识定义的发展,已经有大量的报告研究了各种风险因素、预测模型以及针对这一系列复杂问题的缓解策略。尽管采取了这些策略,但POPF的发生率并没有显著下降。我们回顾了大量关于POPF的危险因素、预测、预防及管理方面的文献资料并作一综述。     

胰体尾切除术后胰瘘防治研究进展

胰体尾切除术(DP)较胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率更高,胰瘘的有效防治是保障胰体尾切除术后安全的关键。诸多危险因素可以导致DP术后胰瘘的发生,具体划分为非技术因素和技术因素两个部分。但目前关于DP术后胰瘘危险因素的分析多为回顾性研究,且研究结果差异性较大,目前尚无统一的DP术后胰瘘的危险因素或预测模型。胰瘘的预防和治疗一直是胰腺外科关注的热点和焦点。预防DP术后胰瘘包括诸多措施,如胰腺断面处理方式及主胰管结扎等,胰瘘发生后的基础治疗主要有抑酸,抑酶,抗炎等。DP术后如何减少胰瘘,仍然是一个挑战。     

Pancreatic fistula following cephalic duodenopancreatectomy. Directed fistulization or total pancreatic exeresis?

A frequent complication (8.5 to 52.8%) of pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for cancer, pancreatic fistula (PF) is difficult to treat, and an analysis of 30 cases of PD (27 for cancer, 3 for chronic pancreatitis) is used to determine risk factors and most effective therapy. Fistula developed in 6 cases (20%) and three risk factors were determined: preoperative renal impairment and hypoalbuminemia and ligature of pancreatic stump. Although not statistically significant, other factors--cancer, emergency surgery, fragile pancreatic tissue, thin Wirsung, pancreatojejunal anastomosis, absence of decompression of the raised jejunal loop--in this small series nevertheless provoked a marked increase in PF. One patient recovered after medical treatment, all five patients operated upon by whatever technique failing to survive. This agrees with literature data indicating heavy mortality (44.4 to 100%) after surgery. This should therefore be reserved for cases of PF failing to respond to adequate medical treatment, or with hemorrhage or intra-abdominal sepsis not controlled medically. The most effective therapy for PF is prophylactic, combining selection of patients as a function of risk factors, and treatment of pancreatic stump adapted to caliber of Wirsung and quality of remaining pancreatic tissue.     

静脉输注奥曲肽预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘

目的　评价静脉输注奥曲肽对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防效果。方法　回顾性分析近 7年来施行的 74例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料 ,其中对照组 3 6例 ,奥曲肽治疗组 (奥曲肽组 ) 3 8例。从手术当日至术后 7d奥曲肽组每天静脉输注奥曲肽 0 .5 μg/(kg·h) ,观察临床症状、体征、腹腔引流情况及胰液的分泌量。结果　奥曲肽组临床胰瘘的发生率、平均住院日以及术后 1,3 ,5d胰液的分泌量均显著低于对照组 ,奥曲肽组停用奥曲肽后胰液的分泌量较停药前显著增加。结论　静脉输注奥曲肽能显著降低胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生率     

Risk factors, predictors and prevention of pancreatic fistula formation after pancreatoduodenectomy

Background/Purpose Although the operative mortality and morbidity associated with pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) has been decreasing, pancreatic fistula remains a potentially fatal complication. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors and predictors of pancreatic fistula formation, and ways to prevent this in a consecutive series of PD patients in a single institution. Methods The association between pancreatic fistula formation and various clinical parameters was investigated in 50 patients who underwent PD at Kochi Medical School from January 1991 through February 2006. Results The incidence of pancreatic fistula in these patients was 28%. Multivariate analysis identified three independent factors correlated with the occurrence of pancreatic fistula: (1) absence of fibrotic texture of the pancreas examined intraoperatively (relative risk [RR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.0; P = 0.01); (2) serum amylase concentration greater than 195 U/l (1.69 times the normal upper limit) on the first postoperative day (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0–5.7; P = 0.01); and (3) not having early postoperative enteral nutrition (RR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2–9.0; P = 0.004). Conclusions Soft texture of the pancreas and increased serum amylase the day after PD are both risk factors with predictive value for pancreatic fistula. The incidence of fistula formation is reduced by early postoperative enteral nutrition.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防

目的 总结胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防经验.方法 回顾性分析1992年1月至2010年11月97例行胰十二指肠切除术的病例资料.结果 本组术后无胰瘘发生,术后肺部感染9例,腹部伤口感染6例(其中伤口裂开2例,右胸腔积液2例,胰腺残端出血、腹腔脓肿形成、胃排空延迟各1例),术后因高渗性昏迷死亡1例.结论 完全性胰液外引流...     

胰腺损伤性胰瘘35例临床分析

目的:探讨胰腺损伤性胰痿的防治原则与措施.方法:回顾性分析131例胰腺外伤患者的临床资料,对术后35例并发胰瘘患者行"损伤控制性"手术(damage control surgery,DCS)并实施围手术期综合治疗方案.结果:35例胰瘘患者中3例经引流管造影显示形成内瘘自愈,9例术后形成胰腺假性囊肿行Roux-on-Y囊肿空肠内引流术,2例因MODS、腹腔感染死亡,其余患者均治愈.随访3个月～5年,出院患者无因胰瘘并发症等相关因素死亡者.结论:胰腺损伤性胰瘘的防治需全方位考虑实施DCS及围手术期综合治疗方案,既要有效控制原发损伤,又要积极预防并发症.