维拉帕米与地尔硫减弱气管拔管心血管反应的比较

钙拮抗药地尔硫(艹卓)(diltiazem)可用于减弱气管拔管时的心血管反应。为了评估维拉帕米(verapamil)是否也能减弱拔管反应,作者选择妇科择期手术80例(ASA Ⅰ级)病人随机分为四组,每组20例:对照组(Ⅰ组),地尔硫(艹卓)0.2mg/kg组(Ⅱ组);维拉帕米0.05mg/kg组(Ⅲ组)及维拉帕米0.1mg/kg组(Ⅳ组)。麻醉诱导前30min肌注阿托品0.5mg。静注硫戊比妥(thiamylal)5mg/kg、芬太尼2μg/kg、维库溴铵0.2mg/kg后气管插管。     

地尔硫(艹卓)在非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术围术期的心肌保护作用

目的 探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCABG)围术期输注地尔硫(艹卓)对心肌的保护作用.方法 40例择期手术患者,随机分为地尔硫(艹卓)组(D组)与硝酸甘油组(C组),每组20例.D组静脉给予地尔硫(艹卓)0.1 mg·kg-1·h-1至术后24 h,C组常规给予硝酸甘油0.1μg·kg-1·h-1至术后24 h.分别在术毕、术后1、3、6、12和24 h记录血流动力学参数,并采集血样测定血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI).结果 与C组比较,D组的心率术后1、3、6、12、24 h均较慢(P＜0.05).C组房颤4例,D组1例;C组室上性心动过速5例,D组1例.术后6 h的cTnI,D组显著低于C组(P＜0.05).结论 OPCABG围术期持续输注地尔硫(艹卓)有比硝酸甘油更好的抗缺血和抗心律失常的保护作用.     

冠脉搭桥术病人用地尔硫对咪达唑仑和阿芬太尼的药动学影响

咪达唑仑和阿芬太尼在体内经细胞色素P4503A酶(CYP3A)酶解代谢。钙通道阻滞药地尔硫(艹卓)(硫氮(艹卓)酮diltiazem)则抑制这些同工酶,因此可能影响麻醉的苏醒。 作者选择30例冠脉搭桥术(CABG)病人随机等分为地尔硫(艹卓)组(诱导前口服60mg并继续静滴地尔硫(艹卓)0.1mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),共23h)和对照组(只用安慰剂)。两     

低温缺血-再灌注对心房肌电稳定性的影响

目的观察低温缺血-再灌注对离体大鼠心房肌电稳定性的影响,以此探讨电稳定性在低温缺血-再灌注促进房性心律失常中的作用。方法将制备成功的Langendorff离体大鼠心脏灌注模型,随机分为对照组(C组)和缺血-再灌注组(IR组),每组8例。C组K-H液(37℃)平衡灌注120 min。IR组K-H液(37℃)平衡灌注30 min后停止,注射Thomas液(4℃,20 ml/kg)使心脏停搏60 min,心脏周围用低温(4℃)Thomas液保护,停搏30 min时半量复灌Thomas液(4℃,10 ml/kg),停搏60 min时再次灌注K-H液(37℃)30 min。记录平衡灌注30 min(T_0)、C组平衡灌注105 min/IR组再灌注15 min(T_1)和C组平衡灌注120 min/IR组再灌注30 min(T_2)时右心房单相动作电位复极90%时程(MAPD_(90))。记录T_2时右心房有效不应期(ERP)、ERP与MAPD_(90)比值(ERP/MAPD_(90))、诱发房颤的最大起搏周长(AF-PCL _(max))和房颤诱发率。记录C组平衡灌注90 min/IR组再灌注即刻后房性早搏、房性心动过速、心房颤动等房性心律失常发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_1—T_2时IR组MAPD_(90)明显延长(P0.05)。T_1—T_2时IR组MAPD_(90)明显长于C组(P0.05)。T_2时IR组ERP、AF-PCL_(max)明显长于C组(P0.05),ERP/MAPD_(90)明显小于C组(P0.05),房颤诱发率明显高于C组(P0.05)。在C组平衡灌注90 min/IR组再灌注即刻后,IR组房性心律失常发生率明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论低温缺血-再灌注通过增加心房肌单相动作电位复极90%时程、有效不应期和诱发房颤的最大起搏周长,降低有效不应期与单相动作电位复极90%时程的比值,使心房肌电稳定性降低,从而增加房性心律失常的发生风险。     

白藜芦醇预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探究白藜芦醇(resveratrol, Res)预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, MIRI)的影响。方法将42只健康成年雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为4组:假手术组(Sham组, 12只)、心肌缺血再灌注损伤组(IR组, 12只)、白藜芦醇组(Res组, 12只)和地尔硫卓组(阳性对照组, 6只)。IR组、Res组和阳性对照组大鼠均采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支30 min再灌注2 h的方法建立MIRI模型, Sham组大鼠只穿线不结扎。建立MIRI模型前, Res组和阳性对照组大鼠连续7 d、每天分别腹腔注射1次Res(20 mg/kg)和地尔硫卓(5 mg/kg), Sham组和IR组大鼠每天腹腔注射1次等容量二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)溶液。4组大鼠于再灌注2 h时取腹主动脉血, 采用ELISA法测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzyme, CK-MB)浓度;取心肌组织测定...     

1,6-二磷酸果糖预先给药对大鼠急性心肌缺血时缝隙连接蛋白43的影响

目的 探讨1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)预先给药对大鼠急性心肌缺血时缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)的影响.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠36只,体重220～280 g,周龄8～12周,随机分为3组(n=12):假手术组(S组)开胸前即刻经股静脉注射生理盐水5 ml,仅游离血管穿线不结扎;缺血组(I组)在心肌缺血前10 min经股静脉注射生理盐水5 ml;FDP组(F组)在心肌缺血前10 min经股静脉注射10%FDP 100 mg/kg (5 m1).I组和F组采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支30 min的方法制备大鼠急性心肌缺血模型,记录结扎后30 min内心律失常的发生情况,评价心律失常严重程度.结扎30 min后快速摘取心脏.测定左心室面积(LVA),缺血区面积(AAR)和梗死区面积(IA),计算AAR/LVA和IA/AAR.测定心肌Cx43表达.结果 与S组比较,I组和F组心肌Cx43表达下调,心律失常严重程度升高(P<0.05).与I组比较,F组心肌Cx43表达上调,IA/AAR降低,心律失常严重程度降低(P<0.05).结论 FDP预先给药可减轻大鼠急性心肌缺血损伤,其机制与上调心肌Cx43表达有关.     

钙通道阻滞药在围手术期应用的进展

近十年来,新的钙通道阻滞药(CCBD)不断出现并广泛地用于治疗多种心血管病,围手术期接受CCBD 治疗的病人也日益增多。目前常用的CCBD 有维拉帕米(异搏定)、硝苯啶及地尔硫(艹卓)(硫氮(艹卓)酮)。还有尼卡地平、尼群地平、尼莫地平尼索地平及氟苯桂嗪等正在临床试用。这些药物的药代动力学参数见附表。本文重点介绍在围手     

地尔硫在冠脉搭桥术中的应用

地尔硫卓在冠脉搭桥术中的应用吴新民，杨振民，杜怀清近年钙通道阻滞药已广泛应用于围手术期，能有效地处理术中和术后高血压，控制心律失常和脑血管痉挛，以及在非心脏手术患者术中应用能减少心肌缺血的发生率［１，２］。为此我们观察了冠心病患者冠脉搭桥术中静脉给予...     

胺碘酮治疗快速心律失常36例临床疗效观察

目的:观察快速心律失常患儿静脉注射胺碘酮的疗效.方法;对36例快速心律失常患儿,首次静脉注射胺碘酮2.5-5mg/kg,若心律失常控制的不理想者,可隔15-30min追加1.5-3.0mg/kg的负荷量,继以10mg/kg.day持续静点12或24小时.结果:胺碘酮有效率为91.66%,不良反应发生率5.55%.结论:胺碘酮治疗小儿快速性心律失常转复成功率高,起效快,安全性高,在临床上可优先使用.     

温血或冷晶体心脏停搏液对体外循环术后房性心律失常发生的影响

目的　了解不同的心肌保护方法是否对体外循环 (ECC)术后房性心律失常有影响。　方法　将 12只成年杂交犬随机分为两组 ,A组 :6只犬 ,用持续温血心脏停搏液灌注 ;B组 :6只犬 ,用冷晶体心脏停搏液灌注和局部低温。两组动物主动脉阻断时间均为 30分钟。记录术前及术后 1～ 5天 2 4小时动态心电图 ,计算标准化房性心律失常 ,标准化室性心律失常和 2 4小时平均心率。　结果　 ECC后两组动物均未出现心房颤动。尽管术后 A组标准化房性心律失常率高于 B组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但两组动物术前、术后标准化房性心律失常率无明显变化 ,标准化室性心律失常率亦无明显变化。此外 ,两组动物术后 2 4小时平均心率亦升高 ,且 B组高于 A组 (P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　不同的心肌保护方法对 ECC术后房性心律失常的发生无明显影响。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.