布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼在下肢骨折术后镇痛中的效果分析

目的探讨布托啡诺在下肢骨折术后中的镇痛效果。方法选取2010年6月-2012年6月在本院进行下肢骨折术的患者120例进行回顾性分析,随机分成A、B、C3组,每组40例,A组采用布托啡诺镇痛,B组采用舒芬太尼镇痛,C组采用布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼镇痛,观察3组镇痛效果和不良反应的发生情况。结果术后8、12、24h的VAS、Ramsay评分,C组明显低于A、B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;3组的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼在下肢骨折术后镇痛中的效果显著。     

布托啡诺联合芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛有效性及安全性的 Meta 分析

目的：评价布托啡诺联合芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）的临床效果与安全性。方法计算机检索 PubMed、ISI、CBM、CNKI 和 VIP,收集布托啡诺联合芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛的随机对照试验（RCT）,采用 RevMan 5．2软件对 VAS 评分、RSS 评分、不良反应进行 Meta 分析。结果共纳入20个 RCT,合计1649例患者。Meta 分析结果显示：（1）VAS 评分：与单用布托啡诺组比较,联合用药组在术后12、24及48 h VAS 评分均降低,且均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;与单用芬太尼组比较,联合用药组术后48 h VAS 评分降低[WMD ＝－0．11,95％CI（－0．20,－0．01）,P ＝0．03];（2）Ramsay 评分：与单用布托啡诺组比较,联合用药组在术后48 h RSS 评分较高,且有统计学意义;与单用芬太尼组比较,联合用药组术后 RSS 评分仅12 h 有统计学意义;（3）安全性：联合用药组术后恶心呕吐、头晕、皮肤瘙痒及总发生率较布托啡诺组或芬太尼组明显降低。结论与单用布托啡诺组或芬太尼相比,布托啡诺联合芬太尼用于术后 PCIA 均能获得良好的镇痛镇静效果,患者术后不良反应的发生率降低,临床应用更安全。     

布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术术后皮下镇痛的临床观察

目的观察布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术术后皮下镇痛效果和不良反应发生情况。方法40例择期腹部手术的患者,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ2组。2组术毕前静脉缓注布托啡诺0．75mg,手术结束后于患者三角肌处埋针置管连接镇痛泵：Ⅰ组给予布托啡诺4mg＋舒芬太尼50μg＋2％利多卡因200mg,Ⅱ组给予芬太尼1．0mg＋2％利多卡因200mg;每组均用生理盐水稀释至200ml,背景剂量3ml／h,患者自控镇痛（PCA）2ml,锁定时间为15min。分别记录术后4、12、24和48b的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、氧饱和度（SpO2）、患者平静时的视觉模拟（VAS）疼痛评分,统计不良反应,并在镇痛结束后统计患者对镇痛治疗的总体满意度。结果2组患者术后各时间点MAP、HR及SpO2、VAS评分不良反应发生率和患者满意度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术术后皮下镇痛效果是满意的,是一种安全有效的术后镇痛的方法。     

舒芬太尼联合布托啡诺用于静脉术后镇痛

目的比较舒芬太尼、布托啡诺、舒芬太尼联合布托啡诺用于术后病人自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的临床效果。方法120例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级腹部或下肢手术的全麻病人,随机均分为舒芬太尼联合布托啡诺组（SB组）、舒芬太尼组（s组）、布托啡诺组（B组）,术毕按三种方案实行PCIA。在PCIA开始后4．8、12、24、48h观察并记录镇痛镇静效果,监测数据及不良反应情况。结果三组PCIA方案均能达到良好的镇痛效果,B组在4、8、12h的VAS高于SB组和S组（P〈0．01）,SB组在8、12、24hRamsay评分低于B组和S组（P〈0．05）。SB组不仅镇痛镇静效果满意,恶心、呕吐和头晕的发生率较低。结论舒芬太尼与布托啡诺联合应用是一种理想的术后镇痛方法。     

不同时间给予布托啡诺预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后早期急性疼痛的效果分析

目的分析不同时间给予布托啡诺预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后早期急性疼痛的效果。方法按就诊顺序号将我院2013年1月至2014年6月收治的于全身麻醉下行腹腔镜手术的96例患者分为A组（手术结束前静脉注射布托啡诺0．02mg／kg）、B组（手术结束时静脉注射布托啡诺0．02mg/kg）和C组（于气管拔管后静脉注射布托啡诺0．02mg,k）,每组32例。比较三组患者的VAS评分和镇痛效果。结果A组术后10min、20rain和30min的VAS评分分别为（3．63±0．36）分、（3．95±0．53）分和（4．06±0．41）分,B组分别为（3．19±0．33）分、（2．23±0．59）分和（2．16±0．52）分,C组分别为（3．69±0．38）分、（4．60±0．56）分和（4．35±0．54）分,其中B组各时点的VAS评分明显低于其他两组,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组术后镇痛有效17例,无效15例,镇痛有效率为53．13％;B组术后镇痛有效26例,无效6例,镇痛有效率为81．25％;C组术后镇痛有效15例,无效17例,镇痛有效率为46．88％;B组镇痛有效率明显高于其他两组,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论于手术结束时给予布托啡诺预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后早期急性疼痛的效果优于其他时点,临床上可加以借鉴和推广。     

布托啡诺与吗啡用于前列腺电切术后患者硬膜外自控镇痛比较

目的比较布托啡诺与吗啡用于前列腺电切术后患者自控硬膜外镇痛效果及不良反应。方法40例择期行前列腺电切术患者,随机分为布托啡诺组（B组）和吗啡组（M组）。每组20例,分别接受硬膜外自控镇痛（PCA）治疗。观察两组术后48h镇痛VAS评分和镇静Ramesay评分及不良反应。结果两组患者术后各时段VAS评分B组略低于M组,但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。Ramesay评分B组优于M组,不良反应发生率B组明显低于M组（P〈0．05）。结论布托啡诺用于前列腺电切术后PCA可取得满意镇痛和镇静效果,而不良反应发生率低于吗啡。     

布托啡诺用于剖宫产术后患者自控静脉镇痛的临床研究

目的研究布托啡诺用于剖宫产术后患者自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的效果和安全性。方法80例剖宫产全麻术后患者随机分为布托啡诺（B）组和芬太尼（F）组，各35例。分别使用布托啡诺或芬太尼进行PCIA。记录术后4、8、12、24、36h的疼痛评分、镇静评分，并发症和患者的满意度。结果两组各时间点VAS评分无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；B镇静评分显著大于F组（P〈0．05）；两组并发症发生率低，无统计学差异（P〉0．05）；患者对PCIA满意率B组显著大于F组（P〈0．05）。结论布托啡诺用于剖宫产术后PCIA安全有效。     

布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于上腹部手术后静脉自控镇痛的观察

目的比较布托啡诺、舒芬太尼、布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于上腹部术后患者自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）的临床效果。方法 60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级的上腹部全麻患患者,随机分为布托啡诺（B）组、舒芬太尼（S）组、布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼（BS）组,每组20例,术毕按三种方案实行PCIA。在PCIA开始后2、6、12、24、48h观察记录镇痛、镇静效果、患者PCIA给药次数、监测数据及不良反应情况。结果 3组PCIA方案均能达到良好的镇痛和镇静目的,但12h内B组的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）高于S和BS组（P〈0.05）,0～12hB组需要更多的PCA给药次数,BF组不仅镇痛、镇静效果满意,恶心、呕吐和头晕的发生率也较低。结论布托啡诺与舒芬太尼联合应用是一种较理想的术后镇痛方法。     

氯诺昔康与布托啡诺用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术后镇痛效果

目的：对比观察氯诺昔康和布托啡诺用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后镇痛的临床效果。方法：90例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期在全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者，随机分为氯诺昔康、布托啡诺和生理盐水3组，每组30例。各组患者于术毕伤口疼痛时，分别静注氯诺昔康8mg、布托啡诺1mg和生理盐水2mL，观察并记录各组注药后1、6、12、24h的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS值）、镇静评分、舒适评分、生命体征的变化和不良反应的发生情况。结果：氯诺昔康、布托啡诺组术后各时点VAS评分、镇静评分、舒适评分与生理盐水组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），术后镇痛期间生命体征变化组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），氯诺昔康组术后恶心、呕吐发生率低于生理盐水组（P〈0．05），注药后1h布托啡诺组头晕和嗜睡的发生率明显高于氯诺昔康组（P〈0．05）。结论：氯诺昔康和布托啡诺对LC患者均具有良好的术后镇痛效果，术后不良反应发生率低。     

布托啡诺复合舒芬太尼对老年关节置换术患者自控镇痛的临床效果探究

目的分析布托啡诺复合舒芬太尼对老年关节置换术患者自控镇痛的临床效果与安全性。方法以2017年1月～2018年9月,我院收治择期老年关节置换术患者60例入组,根据随机把患者分为对照组及观察组,每组各30例,分别采用舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛以及布托啡诺复合小剂量舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛,对比疼痛水平以及不良事件发生情况。结果观察组术后第4h、8h、12h VAS疼痛水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05),观察组术后24h疼痛VAS水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。在恶心呕吐、不良事件合计发生率对比中,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论布托啡诺复合舒芬太尼用于老年关节置换术患者自控镇痛,可以降低不良事件发生风险,减少恶心呕吐。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.