阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星及头孢曲松钠治疗下呼吸道感染的药学分析

目的：针对下呼吸道感染分别采用阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星及头孢曲松钠进行治疗,探究疗效。方法：选择140例下呼吸道感染患者作为观察对象,均为2014年7月～2015年7月本院收治的患者,以随机投掷法作为分组依据分成A、B、C、D四组,分别采用阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星及头孢曲松钠进行治疗。结果：A、B、C、D组的总有效率分别是88.57%、85.71%、88.57%与88.57%,组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;A组与B组的成本分别为510.8元与508.9元,明显高于C组（152.1元）与D组（131.5元）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星及头孢曲松钠四种药物治疗的效果无明显差异,但左氧氟沙星与头孢曲松钠的成本少,经济有效,可作为首选。     

4种抗菌药物方案治疗下呼吸道感染的成本一效果分析

目的从经济学角度分析4种抗菌药物下呼吸道感染治疗方案,为安全、合理、经济用药提供依据。方法将375例下呼吸道感染患者随机分为阿奇霉素组（A组）;左氧氟沙星组（B组）;头抱曲松组（C组）,头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠组（D组）。对4种方案进行成本．效果分析。结果A、B、C、D组成本分别为90．30元、421．40元、129．50元、406．00元。有效率分别为：89．47％、92．47％、90．43％、93．55％。成本．效果比分别为1．01、4．56、1．43、4．34。结论从药物经济学角度分析阿奇霉素治疗下呼吸到感染较好。     

3种治疗方案治疗呼吸道细菌感染的成本-效果分析

目的:评价3种治疗方案治疗呼吸道细菌感染的成本-效果。方法:对120例呼吸道细菌感染患者分别应用A(头孢曲松钠)、B(头孢曲松钠 左氧氟沙星)、C(阿奇霉素)3种方案进行治疗,观察疗效,并应用药物经济学成本-效果分析法进行评价。结果:A、B、C组成本分别为191.20元、210.72元、265.60元;有效率分别为80.00%、93.33%、86.67%;成本-效果比分别为2.39、2.26、、3.06;B、C组相对于A组的增量成本-效果比分别为1.46、11.15。结论:B组是更经济的选择。     

左氧氟沙星,头孢曲松钠,阿奇霉素单纯治疗下呼吸道感染的比较

目的针对下呼吸道感染患者,研究分析左氧氟沙星,头孢曲松钠,阿奇霉素单纯对其进行治疗的疗效和成本。方法从我院的下呼吸道感染患者中选择90例作为研究对象,随机分为三组,标记为A,B,C三组。其中对A组患者采用左氧氟沙星治疗,B组患者选择头孢曲松钠治疗,给予C组患者阿奇霉素治疗。三组患者均采用单纯用药治疗,最后对比三组的治疗效果。结果对比三组患者治疗疗效,无显著差异(P>0.05),但是综合考虑,从经济角度上讲,在同样的治疗疗效下左氟沙星和头孢曲松钠较阿奇霉素具有较优的经济性(P<0.01)。结论通过三种抗生素单纯的临床治疗方案,表明左氧氟沙星和头孢曲松钠较阿奇霉素是具有更高性价比的抗生素,是治疗下呼吸道感染的首选考虑药物。     

下呼吸道感染采用不同抗生素方案治疗药学探讨

目的：进行不同抗生素方案在下呼吸道感染治疗工作中的药学分析,为临床用药提供正确的指导。方法：选取收治的140例下呼吸道感染患者,根据不同的治疗方案分为4组,每组35例。接受头孢曲松钠治疗者定为观察组A,接受左氧氟沙星治疗者定为观察组B,接受头孢唑肟钠治疗者定为观察组C,接受阿奇霉素治疗者定为观察组D,观察并比较各组治疗效果及治疗成本。结果：观察组A、B、C、D患者临床疗效、不良反应发生率的差异对比均为P＞0.05,无统计学意义,但观察组A（1021.4±12.8）元、B （1013.6±18.8）元的治疗成本显著低于观察组C和D（P＜0.05）。结论：不同抗生素方案治疗下呼吸道感染均可获得较好疗效,头孢曲松钠、左氧氟沙星的治疗成本更低,具有较高的性价比,值得临床推广。     

阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松钠治疗下呼吸道感染的药学研究

目的:对阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松钠治疗下呼吸道感染的药学展开研究。方法:随机纳入2016年3月~2017年3月期间在本院接受诊治的120例下呼吸道感染患者作为观察对象,根据患者入院顺序将其随机分为A、B、C、D四个小组,每组中30例患者,分别给予阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松钠治疗,观察对比四组患者的治疗有效率。结果:A、B、C、D四组的治疗总有效率分别为90.0%、86.7%、86.7%、90.0%,各组间进行比较得出的差异不明显(P0.05),但C组、D组成本要明显更低,与另外两组进行比较得出的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阿奇霉素、头孢唑肟钠、左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松钠治疗下呼吸道感染的效果均较好,其中左氧氟沙星成本更低,更加经济划算,值得推广应用。     

3种抗菌药物方案治疗下呼吸道感染的成本-效果分析

目的 讨论不同治疗方案治疗下呼吸道感染的药物的成本-效果.方法 将12 0例下呼吸道感染患者随机分为阿奇霉素静脉滴注(A组)、莫西沙星静脉滴注(B组)、头孢曲松静脉滴注(C组),对3种方案进行药物经济学成本-效果分析.结果 A、B、C组成本分别为:716.10、2014.60、679.70元;有效率分别为:85.00%、93.00 %、82.00%;成本-效果比分别为:8.40、21.66、8.29.结论 3 种抗菌药物方案治疗下呼吸道感染B组方案较好.     

下呼吸道感染采用不同抗生素方案治疗药学分析

目的：对采用不同抗生素方案治疗下呼吸道感染的药学分析进行探讨和评价。方法：选择100例于2012年1月～2013年6月间在我院进行下呼吸道感染治疗的患者资料进行回顾性研究与分析,将全部患者随机分为对照l组、对照2组、治疗1组和治疗2组四组,每组各有25例患者,对全部患者分别采用阿奇霉素、左氧氟沙星、头孢唑肟钠和头孢曲松钠,比较和分析四组患者的治疗效果。结果：分别采用阿奇霉素、左氧氟沙星、头孢唑肟钠和头孢曲松钠进行治疗的四组患者疗效差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0．05）,对照2组和治疗2组患者药物成本支出明显低于对照1组和治疗1组患者,综上所述,对照2组和治疗2组患者治＇;I亍方案优于对照1组和治疗1组患者的治疗方案,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松钠两种抗生素用于下呼吸道感染治疗明显优于阿奇霉素和头孢唑肟钠,不但能够取得理想的治疗效果,而且具有更高的性价比．值得被推广和应用到临床治疗中去。     

3种药物治疗生殖道衣原体感染的成本-效果分析

目的评价阿奇霉素、盐酸多西环素和莫西沙星治疗生殖道衣原体感染的成本-效果。方法将212例生殖道衣原体感染患者随机分为A组、B组、C组3组,分别选用阿奇霉素片、盐酸多西环素肠溶胶囊和莫西沙星胶囊治疗,观察其疗效和不良反应,并运用药物经济学方法进行成本-效果分析。结果 A组、B组、C组的成本分别为46.86元、50.00元、203.00元;有效率分别为45.07%,96.39%,91.38%;成本-效果比(C/E)分别为1.04,0.52,2.22;B组和C组相对于A组的增量成本-效果比(ΔC/ΔE)分别为0.06和3.37。结论盐酸多西环素肠溶胶囊为生殖道衣原体感染的最佳治疗药物。     

阿奇霉素治疗呼吸道感染的成本-效果分析

目的比较阿奇霉素的不同给药方案治疗呼吸道感染的经济效果。方法选择150例呼吸道感染者,随机分为3组。A组口服阿奇霉素片,B组静脉滴注阿奇霉素注射液与口服序贯疗法,C组静脉滴注阿奇霉素注射液。采用药物经济学中的成本-效果分析方法比较3组疗效。结果3种方法的总成本依次为297.63、400.8、428.33元,其有效率分别为81.65%、95.62%、97.45%。结论A组方案为最佳治疗方案。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.