痰热清注射液治疗老年肺部感染的疗效观察及护理

目的观察痰热清注射液治疗老年肺部感染患者的临床疗效，旨在探讨并总结有效的临床护理方法。方法回顾性分析63例老年肺部感染患者的临床资料，所有患者均给予痰热清注射液治疗，观察临床治疗效果，总结临床护理经验。结果63例老年肺部感染患者经痰热清注射液治疗后，痊愈46例（73．0％），显效8例（12．7％），有效6例（9．5％），无效3（4．8％）例。患者用药治疗期间未出现严重不良反应，耐受性较好。结论痰热清注射液治疗老年肺部感染患者的疗效满意，对患者加强护理能够进一步保证疗效和用药安全。     

痰热清注射液治疗中晚期肝硬化合并肺部感染的疗效观察

目的：观察痰热清注射液治疗中晚期肝硬化合并肺部感染的临床疗效。方法 选择中晚期肝硬化合并肺部感染患者170例，随机分为痰热清治疗组和对照组，观察其治疗前后的临床疗效。结果 痰热清注射液治疗中晚期肝硬化合并肺部感染的临床疗效，明显优于对照组（p〈0．05），具有统计学意义。结论 痰热清注射液治疗中晚期肝硬化合并肺部感染疗效确切，未发现明显毒副作用。     

痰热清联合抗生素治疗老年肺部感染60例分析

目的观察痰热清注射液联合抗生素治疗住院老年患者肺部感染的临床疗效及其安全性。方法将60例老年肺部感染患者随机分为两组,常规对照组和加用痰热清注射液的治疗组。结果治疗组的效果优于常规对照组,且不良反应相当,安全性好。结论痰热清联合抗生素治疗老年患者肺部感染安全有效。值得推广。     

痰热清联合抗菌药物治疗老年肺部感染的疗效观察及护理体会

目的观察痰热清注射液联合抗菌药物治疗老年肺部感染的疗效及安全性。方法选取2011年1月～2012年6月我院收治的90例住院老年肺部感染患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,各45例。两组均给予止咳、化痰、解痉、吸氧、去热、纠正水电解质平衡等常规治疗及敏感抗菌药物治疗,观察组患者在此基础上另外增加痰热清注射液超声雾化吸入治疗。7d～10d为1个疗程,1个疗程后观察两组患者的临床疗效及不良反应情况。结果观察组总体有效率(84.4%)明显高于对照组(64.4%),无效率(15.6%)明显低于对照组(35.6%),差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前后均未见发生严重的不良反应。结论在常规抗菌药物治疗基础上联合雾化吸入痰热清注射液治疗老年肺部感染疗效好,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

痰热清注射液在治疗急性脑出血伴肺部感染中的疗效观察与护理

目的探讨痰热清注射液在治疗急性脑出血伴肺部感染的疗效与护理方法。方法选择本院脑外科急性脑出血伴肺部感染患者50例,随机分为治疗组25例与对照组25例;对照组采用常规抗感染治疗,治疗组在常规抗感染治疗上加用痰热清注射液,比较两组观察疗效,并探讨护理要点。结果治疗组痊愈率为80.0%,对照组为40.0%,两组之间有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论痰热清注射液在治疗急性脑出血伴肺部感染的疗效显著,值得临床推广。     

痰热清注射液辅治高血压性脑出血行血肿清除术后并发肺部感染疗效观察

目的：观察痰热清注射液治疗高血压性脑出血行血肿清除术后并发肺部感染的临床疗效。方法将46例高血压性脑出血行血肿清除术后并发肺部感染患者随机分为试验组23例与对照组22例。对照组给予头孢曲松钠,试验组加用痰热清注射液治疗。治疗后观察2组临床疗效。结果试验组总有效率为95．65％高于对照组的81．82％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论痰热清注射液是一种安全有效的治疗高血压性脑出血行血肿清除术后继发肺部感染的辅助药物。     

痰热清联合头孢哌酮钠/他唑巴坦钠治疗开胸术后肺部感染的临床疗效

目的：探讨痰热清注射液联合头孢哌酮钠/他唑巴坦钠治疗开胸术后肺部感染的临床疗效。方法：随机将136例开胸术后肺部感染患者分成两组,每组68例。观察组给予痰热清+头孢哌酮钠/他唑巴坦钠进行静脉滴注治疗,对照组给予头孢哌酮钠/他唑巴坦钠静脉滴注治疗。结果：观察组患者总有效率为95.59%,对照组患者总有效率为79.41%。比较两组总有效率,观察组显著优于对照组（P<0.05）,差异具有统计学意义;观察组发热、咳嗽、咳痰等病情改善及胸片好转情况显著优于对照组（P<0.05）,差异具有统计学意义。结论：痰热清联合头孢哌酮钠/他唑巴坦钠治疗开胸术后肺部感染的临床疗效显著,并发症少,安全性高,值得临床推广。     

痰热清治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的临床观察

目的对痰热清注射液治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期的临床疗效进行观察。方法将入选患者随机分为治疗组与对照组各49例,常规给予西医常规治疗,治疗组加用痰热清注射液。结果治疗组总疗效优于对照组。结论痰热清治疗COPD急性加重期疗效满意,无明显不良反应。     

痰热清注射液治疗腹部术后并发肺部感染疗效观察

目的观察痰热清注射液治疗腹部术后并发肺部感染的疗效。方法将58例腹部术后并发肺部感染患者随机分为两组,治疗组32例,对照组26例,两组均采用治疗原发病并给予敏感抗生素和对症处理,治疗组加用痰热清注射液．并对治疗结果进行对比分析。结果治疗组总有效率97％,对照组总有效率72．8％（P〈0．05）且未见明显不良反应。结论痰热清注射液治疗腹部术后并发肺部感染疗效确切、安全。     

痰热清注射液治疗急性肺炎34例临床疗效观察

目的：观察痰热清注射液治疗急性肺炎的临床疗效，并与头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对照比较。方法：68例急性肺炎患者随机分为治疗组与对照组各34例。两组分别静脉给予痰热清注射液20ml和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦4g，qd，（12±3）d为1疗程。结果：治疗组总有效率为61．76％，对照组为64．71％，两组比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：痰热清注射液治疗急性肺炎与头孢哌酮／舒巴坦具有相似的疗效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.