胰岛素纳米粒温敏凝胶的制备及体外释药性能

目的:制备胰岛素壳聚糖温度敏感型原位凝胶(INS-CS-NP-TISG)并进行体外释药动学考察。方法:采用离子凝胶化法制备胰岛素壳聚糖纳米粒;均匀设计法优化其处方及制备工艺,观察形态,测定粒径、表面电位、包封率和载药量;冷法配液的方法制备温度敏感型原位凝胶,改进透析袋-恒温水浴法研究胰岛素壳聚糖纳米粒温度敏感型原位凝胶溶液的体外释药动学。结果:优化制得的纳米粒呈类球形,均匀圆整,分散性好;平均粒径为(255.3±143.5)nm,在175.2~349.6nm范围内的纳米粒子达99.4%,大小均匀,分布较窄;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定胰岛素壳聚糖纳米粒平均包封率和载药量分别为75.84%与58.52%;表面电位(ζ)为+32.67;在人工鼻黏液中,胰岛素壳聚糖纳米粒温度敏感型原位凝胶的体外释药符合双相动力学方程,且持续释药24h。结论:选用合适的处方制备胰岛素壳聚糖纳米粒温度敏感型原位凝胶,方法简便,药物载药量高,具有较好的生物黏附性,并有一定的缓释作用。     

海藻酸包衣的季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒用于胰岛素口服给药的研究

本研究的目的是开发海藻酸包衣的壳聚糖纳米粒口服递送胰岛素。采用三聚磷酸钠（TPP）离子交联作用将N-[（2-羟基-3-三甲基铵）丙基]壳聚糖氯化物（HTCC）制备得到季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒（HTCC-T纳米粒）,然后在温和搅拌条件下滴加入海藻酸钠溶液,进一步形成海藻酸包衣季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒（HTCC-A纳米粒）。分别采用粒度仪、透射电镜和HPLC分析对HTCC-A纳米粒进行了粒径、zeta电位、表面形态、载药量和包封率的表征。结果表明,HTCC-A纳米粒为均匀的球形颗粒,大小为（322.2±8.5）nm,表面带有正电荷（（14.1±0.6）mV）。体外释放结果表明,在不同p H值的释放介质中,HTCC-A纳米粒的释放行为与HTCC-T纳米粒（未用海藻酸包衣）有很大的不同,这表明海藻酸包衣可以显著改善纳米粒中胰岛素的释放行为。同时,体外酶解试验和圆二色散图谱进一步证实,海藻酸包衣可以显著改善纳米粒中胰岛素结构稳定性。HTCC-A纳米粒十二指肠给药的相对药理生物利用度为8.0%±2.5%。与HTCC-T纳米粒口服给药相比,HTCC-A纳米粒的相对药理生物利用度显著增加（P〈0.05）,是HTCC-T纳米粒的2.2倍。由此可见,海藻酸包衣季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒（HTCC-A纳米粒）将可能成为一种有效的口服递送载体系统用于提高胰岛素的体内口服吸收效果。     

载基因壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其相关性质的初步研究

目的制备壳聚糖载基因纳米粒,并对其体外相关性质进行初步研究。方法采用复凝聚法制备载基因纳米粒;用纳米粒度仪测量粒度分布、多分散性和Zeta电位;用透射电镜观察粒子的形态;用荧光分光光度法和比色法测定包封率和载药量,并对主要影响因素进行考察;用凝胶阻滞分析和电性结合分析对载药方式进行初步推测。结果所制备的载基因纳米粒形态规则,大多呈球形,平均粒径约150nm,PDI＜0．2,Zeta电位约20mV;包封率大于90％,载药量约30％;凝胶阻滞和电性结合分析结果表明,pDNA与壳聚糖分子间可通过电性结合作用而完全结合。结论采用复凝聚法可制备粒度分布均匀,形态规则,具有较高包封率和载药量的载基因壳聚糖纳米粒;电性结合作用是载基因壳聚糖纳米粒载药的主要方式。     

半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒的制备及其质量评价

目的:制备半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒,并考察了其形态、粒径、载药量、包封率和体外释药特性.方法:采用相分离法制备阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒,并在其表面偶联半乳糖苷,使之成为半乳糖化白蛋白纳米粒.激光扫描电子显微镜观察纳米粒的形态,马尔文激光粒度仪测定其粒径分布.采用紫外分光光度法测定纳米粒的载药量和包封率,并初步研究其体外释药特性.结果:电镜结果显示阿霉素纳米粒呈类球型,平均粒径为316.3 nm,纳米粒载药量为3.12%,包封率达91.82%,48 h体外累积释药率为55.71%.结论:本方法制备阿霉素纳米粒工艺简单且包封率较高.体外释药结果显示半乳糖化阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒具有明显的缓释作用.     

盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其体外释药特性研究

目的:优化盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒的制备参数,考察纳米粒体外释药特性。方法:以壳聚糖为辅料,采用离子交联法制备盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒,以包封率、载药量、粒径为参考指标设计试验,确定优化制备参数,以透射电镜观察其表观特征,考察纳米粒体外释药程度。结果:以优化参数制备的盐酸吉西他滨壳聚糖纳米粒包封率为(78.93±1.52)%,载药量为(11.71±0.88)%,纳米粒的平均粒径为(169±24)nm,体外释放试验表明纳米粒中盐酸吉西他滨的释放过程符合Higuchi方程。结论:盐酸吉西他滨可以通过离子交联法制备壳聚糖纳米粒,其粒径、包封率、载药量可控,具有缓释效果。     

吡喹酮-硬脂酸固体脂质纳米粒的制备及性能评价

目的：制备吡喹酮-固体脂质纳米粒,考察其理化性质和体外释放度。方法：以硬脂酸为脂质材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为乳化剂,利用热熔乳化超声法制备吡喹酮-固体脂质纳米粒,扫描电镜观察纳米粒形态和均匀度,纳米粒度仪测定其粒径、分散指数、Zeta电位、包封率和载药量,并进行体外释放试验。结果：制备的固体脂质纳米粒为类圆球状,粒径分布较均匀、表面光滑。纳米的平均粒径、分散指数、电位、包封率和载药量分别为（316.5±22.8）nm、0.23±0.05、（-25.3±0.7）mV,（92.64±5.12）%和（18.45±1.34）%。药物在制剂的过程中稳定性良好。体外释放表明吡喹酮-硬脂酸固体脂质纳米粒在生理盐水中具有一定程度的突释和显著的缓释效果。结论：本试验制备的吡喹酮-硬脂酸固体脂质纳米粒具有较好的均匀度和高载药量,并具有良好的缓释性能。     

载基因壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其相关性质的研究

目的：制备壳聚糖载基因纳米粒，并对其体外相关性质进行初步研究。方法：采用复凝聚法制备载基因纳米粒；用纳米粒度仪测量粒度分布，分散性和Zeta电位；用透射电镜观察粒子的形态；用紫外分光光度法和比色法测定包封率和载药量，并对主要影响因素进行考察。用凝胶阻滞分析和电性结合分析对载药方式进行初步推测。结果：所制备的载基因纳米粒形态规则，大多呈球形，纳米粒平均粒径为263．2nm，粒径分布较窄，多分散度为0．213，Zeta电位为19．8mV；包封率大于90％，载药量约30％；凝胶阻滞和电性结合分析结果表明，非甲基化胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤的寡核苷酸链（CPG-ODN）与壳聚糖分子间可通过电性结合作用而完全结合。结论：采用复凝聚法可制备粒度分布均匀，形态规则，具有较高包封率和载药量的载基因壳聚糖纳米粒；电性结合作用是载基因壳聚糖纳米粒载药的主要方式。     

口服藻酸双酯钠纳米粒的制备、体外释药特性及其药效学研究

目的为了提高藻酸双酯钠(PSS)口服制剂的稳定性及其生物利用度,制备藻酸双酯钠的口服纳米粒(PSS-NP),并对其理化性质、体外释药特性及其药效学进行考察。方法采用改进的双乳化溶剂蒸发法(W1/O/W2)制备藻酸双酯钠纳米粒并设计正交试验筛选最优处方;透射电镜观察纳米粒形态;粒度及表面电位分析仪测量纳米粒的粒径及zeta电位;氧瓶燃烧法测定载药纳米粒的包封率与载药量;超速离心法考察载药纳米粒的体外释药特性;正常小鼠灌胃给药测定降血糖效果。结果与结论优化的口服藻酸双酯钠纳米粒为规则的圆球形,其粒径大小为181.8 nm,包封率为75.80%,载药量为10.83%,zeta电位为-17.3 mV;12 h内PSS-NP累积释药百分率为60.37%;PSS-NP对正常小鼠具有显著的降血糖效果。     

羧甲基壳聚糖-聚乙二醇作为胰岛素载体的研究

目的：制备胰岛素-羧甲基壳聚糖-聚乙二醇纳米粒。方法：利用红外光谱（FTIR）和核磁共振氢谱（¹H-NMR）对羧甲基壳聚糖-聚乙二醇的结构进行表征,用粒度分析仪测定纳米粒的粒径分布及电位,采用动态透析法考察纳米粒的释药性能,用CCK-8试剂盒检测纳米粒细胞毒性,以糖尿病小鼠为模型,研究纳米粒的降血糖作用。结果：聚乙二醇成功接枝到羧甲基壳聚糖上,包埋胰岛素的纳米粒的平均粒径为（257.5±12.1）nm,Zeta电位为（-15.2±0.3）mV,负载胰岛素的羧甲基壳聚糖-聚乙二醇纳米粒在中性释放介质中,5 h内胰岛素的释放速度较快,之后8 h趋于平稳,胰岛素的累计释放量可达到80%,CCK-8试剂盒显示纳米粒对L929细胞基本无细胞毒性,50 U·kg^-1的纳米粒溶液经灌胃给药后,血糖浓度明显降低。结论：胰岛素-羧甲基壳聚糖-聚乙二醇纳米粒基本无毒性,具有良好的生物相容性,对糖尿病小鼠有效发挥降血糖作用。     

载柚皮素壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及其体外细胞评价

目的：制备柚皮素壳聚糖纳米粒,初步探讨其对人肺腺癌细胞A549的细胞毒性和细胞摄取。方法：以壳聚糖和鱼精蛋白作为载体材料,采用离子胶凝法制备柚皮素壳聚糖纳米粒,透射电镜（TEM）观察其形态,马尔文激光粒度仪测定其粒径、分散度（PDI）和Zeta电位,离心法测定其包封率和载药量,采用恒温振荡水浴法对柚皮素壳聚糖纳米粒进行体外释放度研究,最后采用人肺癌细胞系A549细胞进行了细胞毒性、细胞摄取研究。结果：柚皮素壳聚糖纳米粒为球形或类球形粒子,结构完整,大小均一、球形度好,分散均匀,PDI、粒径、Zeta电位和包封率分别为0.268,139 nm、+15.7 mV和83.34%,柚皮素壳聚糖纳米粒体外释放呈缓释,24 h累积释放量达到了80%以上,体外释药过程用Higuchi方程拟合较好。MTT试验显示不同浓度的壳聚糖纳米粒和细胞作用72 h后,细胞活力均大于95%,本文所制备的壳聚糖纳米粒无细胞毒性。细胞摄取试验表明载FITC的壳聚糖纳米粒和A549细胞作用3 h后,可明显看到大量带绿色荧光的纳米粒穿过细胞膜进入细胞。结论：离子凝胶法成功制得粒径较小的柚皮素壳聚糖纳米粒,具有缓释性好,毒性小,壳聚糖纳米粒摄取率较高,可大大提高药物的利用率,具有广泛的应用前景。     

雷公藤内酯醇固体脂质纳米粒的制备及理化性质

目的：以聚乙二醇单硬脂酸酯表面修饰材料结合到固体脂质纳米粒（solid lipid nanoparticles,SLN）,以雷公藤内酯醇（triptolide,TPL）为模型药,制备一种具有良好亲水亲脂性的雷公藤内酯醇固体脂质纳米粒。方法：采用熔融-乳化法制备固体脂质纳米粒。通过单因素考察、中心复合设计（central composite design,CCD）,考察脂质材料、聚山梨醇酯-80和PEG-stearate（PEG-SA）三个因素对TPL-SLN粒径、包封率和载药量的影响。通过透射电镜、热分析和X-射线衍射考察TPL-SLN的理化性质,并考察其固体脂质纳米粒的稳定性以及体外释放情况。用MTT法测定其对人正常肝L02细胞和肝癌细胞HepG2的增殖抑制作用并计算其IC₅₀。结果：最优的处方：脂质材料为7.5%,聚山梨醇酯80（Tween 80）为2%和PEG-SA为2%,其粒径（193.43±6.07）nm,包封率（87.63±0.09）%,载药量（0.33±0.01）%。透射电镜观察所制备的纳米粒的形态近似于球形,DSC分析和X-射线衍射证实TPL以非晶型的形式存在于固体脂质纳米粒中。稳定性考察发现纳米粒粒径在一个月的贮存期基本没有变化（P>0.05）,体外释放表明TPL-SLN具有体外缓释特性。TPL-SLN对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用强于正常肝细胞。结论：雷公藤内酯醇聚乙二醇修饰固体脂质纳米粒有望开发为临床口服用药新剂型。     

以叶酸修饰的乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物为载体的紫杉醇靶向纳米粒的构建与评价

目的 以叶酸修饰的生物可降解材料乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA-PEG-FOL)为载体,构建紫杉醇靶向纳米粒并进行评价。方法 采用乳化-分散法,以溶液稳定性、粒径和包封率为评价指标,通过考察乳化剂的用量、有机相种类、水相与有机相比例、聚合物分子量、药载比、剪切速度等因素对纳米粒制备的影响,确定最优处方和制备工艺,并对纳米粒的形态、粒径、Zeta电位、包封率及载药量进行评价。结果 合成了载体PLGA-PEG-FOL;制备的紫杉醇靶向纳米粒为均匀球形粒子,粒径为(88.2±6.7)nm,Zeta电位为(56.5±4.2)mV,包封率为(92.9±3.2)%,载药量为(4.8±1.3)%。结论 纳米粒制备方法简便易行,重现性好。制备的纳米粒大小均匀,粒度分布较窄,包封率和载药量较高。     

胰岛素乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物纳米粒的制备及口服药效学研究

目的探索可生物降解乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物［poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA］纳米粒作为大分子蛋白质类口服给药系统的可能性。方法用复乳溶剂挥发法制备了胰岛素乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物纳米粒(INS-PLGA-NPs);光子相关光谱法测定了平均粒径;HPLC法测定了胰岛素的包封率;放射免疫法研究了纳米粒的载药方式;考察了INS-PLGA-NPs的体外释放特性;评价了口服给予纳米粒对糖尿病大鼠降血糖作用。结果以1% poloxamer 188为乳化剂制备的纳米粒,平均粒径为149.6 nm,多分散度为0.09,包封率为42.8%;同时抗体捕捉实验发现纳米粒主要以吸附方式载药;胰岛素的体外释放分为两相;以10 u·kg^-1的剂量给予该纳米粒,4 h后血糖浓度显著降低(P<0.05),10 h血糖降至最低,药理相对生物利用度(10.3±0.8)%。结论PLGA-NPs可能成为大分子蛋白质药物口服给药的新型载体。     

叶酸偶联壳聚糖载多西他赛纳米粒的制备

目的:探索靶向叶酸受体的多西他赛(DTX)纳米粒的制备方法。方法:利用叶酸活性酯与壳聚糖分子上的氨基反应,制得叶酸偶联壳聚糖(FA-CTS);再通过离子交联法,将DTX作为模型药物,制备叶酸偶联壳聚糖载DTX(FA-CTS/DTX)纳米粒。以载药量、包封率、粒径和跨距为指标,采用星点设计-效应面法优化搅拌速率、DTX加入量、壳聚糖-三聚磷酸钠(CTS-STPP)的质量比,并进行验证。利用激光粒度分析仪测定纳米粒粒径大小及分布,在磷酸盐缓冲液中对载药纳米粒进行体外释药试验。结果:最优处方(处方量为2.5 mg)为搅拌速率为1 300 r/min、DTX加入量为0.58μg,CTS-STPP的质量比为5.55。所制备的FA-CTS/DTX纳米粒平均粒径为(232.8±0.43)nm、包封率为(86.74±0.60)%、载药量为(25.29±3.21)%、跨距为0.039±1.02;30 min内累积释药40.22%,随后缓慢释放,24 h内累积释药80.25%。结论:成功制备具有缓释作用的FA-CTS/DTX纳米粒。     

PEG–lipid–PLGA hybrid nanoparticles loaded with berberine–phospholipid complex to facilitate the oral delivery efficiency

The natural product berberine (BBR), present in various plants, arouses great interests because of its numerous pharmacological effects. However, the further development and application of BBR had been hampered by its poor oral bioavailability. In this work, we report on polymer–lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs) loaded with BBR phospholipid complex using a solvent evaporation method for enhancing the oral BBR efficiency. The advantage of this new drug delivery system is that the BBR–soybean phosphatidylcholine complex (BBR–SPC) could be used to enhance the liposolubility of BBR and improve the affinity with the biodegradable polymer to increase the drug-loading capacity and controlled/sustained release. The entrapment efficiency of the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC was observed to approach approximately 89% which is more than 2.4 times compared with that of the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on using polymer material for effective encapsulation of BBR to improve its oral bioavailability. The prepared BBR delivery systems demonstrated a uniform spherical shape, a well-dispersed core-shell structure and a small particle size (149.6?±?5.1?nm). The crystallographic and thermal analysis has indicated that the BBR dispersed in the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs matrix is in an amorphous form. More importantly, the enhancement in the oral relative bioavailability of the PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC was ～343% compared with that of BBR. These positive results demonstrated that PEG–lipid–PLGA NPs/BBR–SPC may have the potential for facilitating the oral drug delivery of BBR.     

槲皮素固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的: 制备槲皮素固体脂质纳米粒并对其理化性质进行考察。方法: 采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备槲皮素固体脂质纳米粒,以正交设计优化处方和制备工艺,超滤法测定包封率,透射电子显微镜对其粒子形态进行观察,并使用激光粒度分析仪测定其粒径和Zeta电位。结果: 经处方优化制备的固体脂质纳米粒平均粒径为(124.2±0.371) nm,Zeta电位为(-22.3±0.315) mV,粒子形态均匀,无粘连,平均包封率为(89.3±1.209)%。结论: 制备槲皮素固体脂质纳米粒的工艺简便可行,包封率较高且纳米粒质量优良。     

Studies on binary lipid matrix based solid lipid nanoparticles of repaglinide: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

The purpose of present study is to examine effect of binary lipid matrix (combination of lipids) on the entrapment and storage stability of repaglinide (RG) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by modified solvent injection method for oral delivery to improve the bioavailability of RG, an antidiabetic drug. The stearic acid and tristearin were used to form lipid core materials, and Pluronic-F68 was used as a stabilizer. Nanoparticles were characterized by evaluating their particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, solid-state studies (differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction), in vitro drug release, particle surface (transmission electron microscopy analysis with electron diffraction pattern), stability study in gastrointestinal fluids (GIFs) and storage stability at 30 °C/65% RH for 3 months. The characterization of SLN suggested that binary lipid matrix based nanoparticles had better drug entrapment and loading, desired release characteristics, stable in GIFs and significantly higher storage stability compared with single lipid formulations. Pharmacodynamic (blood glucose, blood cholesterol, blood triglyceride levels) and pharmacokinetic (AUC, T(max), peak plasma concentrations, K, t(1/2), mean residence time and relative bioavailabilities) studies were performed for the selected formulations. These studies indicate that the formulation based on binary lipid matrix significantly improves the oral bioavailability of RG.     

Genistein-loaded poloxamer 403/407 mixed micelles: preparation and pharmacokinetic study in rats

In the present study, we aimed to prepare poloxamer 403/407 mixed micelles in order to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of genistein.Genistein was incorporated in the mixed poloxamer micelles by thin-film hydration method, and its physicochemical properties, including particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and drug loading, were investigated.In vitro release of genistein from the mixed micelles was monitored by dialysis method, and pharmacokinetic study of genistein loaded mixed micelles was carried out in rats. We found that the particle size and zeta potential of mixed micelles were (20.31±0.43) nm and (–8.94±0.35) mV, with encapsulation efficiency 90.59%±0.67% and drug loading 7.74%±0.05%. Solubility of genistein in mixed micelles reached 3.80 mg/mL, which was about 130 times higher than that in water.Genistein-loaded mixed micelles showed sustained release characteristics in vitro with no burst release phenomenon, but it was faster than suspension.The AUC_0–t andAUC_0–∞ of mixed micelles were 196.74% and 204.62% greater than that of genisein suspension, respectively.Consequently,poloxamer 403/407 mixed micelles significantly improved the solubility and oral bioavailability of genistein, which could be used as an effective drug delivery system for oral administration of poorly soluble drugs.     

肠溶包衣胰岛素-壳聚糖复合物纳米粒的制备及体内外性质

目的制备肠溶包衣的胰岛素壳聚糖复合物纳米粒,并对其理化性质、体外释药以及在糖尿病模型大鼠体内的降血糖效果进行研究。方法采用离子交联法制备胰岛素壳聚糖复合物纳米粒,使用羟丙基甲基纤维素酞酸酯(HP55)对其进行肠溶包衣;通过扫描电子显微镜观察其表观形态,用激光粒度测定仪测定其粒径大小,用Zeta电势测定仪测定其Zeta电势,使用HPLC法测定离心上清夜中胰岛素浓度,计算包封率。结果制备得到的纳米粒均匀、圆整,包衣前后粒径分别为(281±10)nm和(328±13)nm,Zeta电势分别为(30.4±6.97)mV和(33.7±6.69)mV,包封率分别为78.5%和74.3%;肠溶包衣纳米粒在人工胃液和肠液中的释药速率均明显低于未包衣纳米粒,突释效应显著减小;未包衣复合物纳米粒能够显著降低糖尿病模型大鼠的血糖浓度,其降糖效果能持续20 h以上,肠溶包衣后,降糖效果明显增强;肠溶包衣前后在模型大鼠体内24 h相对生物利用度分别为11.12%和16.29%。结论肠溶包衣胰岛素壳聚糖复合物纳米粒可以有效抑制胰岛素的突释,促进其吸收,显著降低模型大鼠的血糖浓度,能够作为胰岛素口服给药的有效载体。     

Self-assembly pH-sensitive chitosan/alginate coated polyelectrolyte complexes for oral delivery of insulin

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) provide new opportunities for controlled release system of drugs, and have potentials to address challenges on the way to effective oral insulin delivery. Here, an innovative pH-sensitive PEC for insulin oral administration was developed, which was formed by self-assembly of two oppositely charged nanoparticles (chitosan-coated nanoparticles and alginate-coated nanoparticles) through electrostatic interaction via optimised double emulsion method. The encapsulation efficiency of insulin-loaded alginate-coated and chitosan-coated nanoparticles were 81.5?±?7.4% and 55.2?±?7.0%, respectively, and the particle size of these nanoparticles were in 200–300?nm range. The pH-dependent morphology of PEC was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The PEC exhibited insulin release profile triggered by pH in vitro and was non-cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cell. The insulin-loaded PEC could decrease blood glucose levels effectively and prolong insulin release after oral administration to diabetic rats. The results illustrated that the as-prepared PEC may be employed as a potential oral insulin delivery system.