二维超声联合四维超声检查产前胎儿畸形的应用效果及对妊娠结局的影响

目的 观察二维超声联合四维超声检查产前胎儿畸形的应用效果及对妊娠结局的影响.方法 选取2014年3月至2016年5月我院行产前检查的74例中晚孕期孕妇作为研究对象,先行二维超声检查,再联合四维超声检查,比较两种检查方法产前胎儿畸形检出率,观察妊娠结局情况.结果 本组孕妇分娩出92个胎儿,引产或胎儿娩出后随访调查显示,共124处胎儿畸形,28处胎儿体表畸形;联合超声检查的胎儿畸形确诊率95.16％、体表畸形确诊率92.86％,均比单独二维超声82.26％、64.29％高(P＜0.05);妊娠结局:74例孕妇共检出68例畸形胎儿,漏诊4例,39例畸形胎儿终止妊娠,29例畸形胎儿继续妊娠.结论 产前胎儿畸形检查应用二维联合四维超声诊断可提高诊断准确性,可检查出胎儿畸形类型,对孕妇是否继续或终止妊娠结局具指导意义.     

二维超声联合四维超声对产前诊断胎儿畸形的临床研究

目的探讨二维超声与四维超声联合诊断产前胎儿畸形的临床价值。方法选取本院2011年1月～2012年1月采用二维超声进行产前筛查的中晚期孕妇2193例,诊断为疑似胎儿畸形的孕妇联合使用四维超声检查,待胎儿出生后对二维超声与联合诊断的检查结果进行对比评价。结果在胎儿畸形诊断中,二维超声与四维超声联合诊断的诊断准确率（95.3%）明显高于二维超声单独诊断的诊断准确率（80.4%）。在胎儿体表畸形诊断中,二维超声与四维超声联合诊断的诊断准确率（96.2%）明显高于二维超声单独诊断的诊断准确率（78.8%）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论二维超声是四维超声的基础,经济且安全。四维超声能更好地动态观察胎儿的体表畸形部位,可弥补二维超声的不足。二维超声与四维超声联合诊断产前胎儿畸形可明显提高诊断的准确率。     

研究二维超声联合四维超声在产前筛查胎儿畸形中的应用

目的:探究在产前胎儿畸形筛查中应用二维超声联合四维超声的临床价值。方法:将在某院接受产前筛查的中晚期孕妇3462例中,针对疑似胎儿畸形的孕妇行单独二维超声诊断、二维联合四维超声诊断,并与引产或胎儿出生后结果对比。结果:3462例中晚期孕妇共娩出胎儿3485个,二维超声与四维超声联合检查诊断符合率明显高于单纯二维超声(P0.05);经临床证实173处畸形中,有99处为体表畸形,二维超声与四维超声联合检查诊断符合率明显比单纯二维超声诊断符合率高(P0.05)。结论:在产前胎儿畸形筛查中应用二维超声联合四维超声临床价值显著。     

二维与四维超声成像技术在胎儿肢体畸形诊断中的临床价值

目的：研究二维与四维超声在胎儿肢体畸形诊断中的应用。方法：对4756例胎儿进行产前二维及四维超声检查,并与引产及出生随访结果相对照。结果：发现胎儿肢体畸形18例、26处,单纯二维超声诊断异常17处（65．4％）,二者联合超声诊断23处（88．5％）,二者比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：四维超声成像立体、直观地显示胎儿四维活动情况及多角度观察手和足整体情况,在原有二维基础上．四维超声提供更加完整和准确的信息,优于单纯使用二维超声,对胎儿肢体畸形的产前诊断提供更多重要的参考信息。     

二维联合四维超声检查对胎儿畸形的诊断作用评估

目的评估二维联合四维超声检查胎儿畸形的诊断作用。方法选取我院2017年6月至2019年6月收治的孕产妇642例,采用二维超声和四维超声进行产前筛查,胎儿分娩后根据临床证实结果对比分析二维超声、四维超声及二维+四维超声诊断胎儿畸形的敏感性、特异性、准确性。结果 642例孕产妇分娩胎儿653例,临床证实胎儿畸形45例。二维+四维超声诊断胎儿畸形的敏感性、特异性、准确性为97.8%、99.7%、99.5%,显著高于二维、四维超声(P <0.05)。结论二维联合四维超声检查能够提高胎儿畸形诊断的准确率。     

四维超声用于胎儿畸形产前诊断的价值分析

目的:对四维超声用于胎儿畸形产前诊断的价值进行评价分析,为今后的临床诊断工作提供可靠的参考依据。方法:抽取在2012年1月~2014年12月间某院收治的接受产前畸形筛查的孕妇2108例,产前产妇均接受了二维超声和四维超声检查,以胎儿分娩、引产结果为依据,对单独二维超声、四维超声检查结果与二维超声联合四维超声检查结果进行评价。结果:经统计发现,四维超声在胎儿畸形诊断中的特异性、准确性均较二维超声高,但是无明显统计学意义(P0.05);二维超声与四维超声联合应用的诊断特异性、敏感性和准确性均较两者单独应用时高(P0.05)。结论:在胎儿畸形的产前筛查中,二维超声、四维超声及其联合应用的临床价值显著,值得关注并推广。     

胎儿畸形超声筛查应用在产前诊断中的临床价值分析

目的 分析胎儿畸形超声筛查在产前诊断中的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析行孕期保健检查的孕妇共计5 014位临床资料及随访资料。所有孕妇均严格按照孕期保健检查规范进行不同妊娠阶段二维超声及四维超声检查，均随访至新生儿出生。以胎儿流产病理诊断结果、新生儿分娩后健康检查结果为金标准，分别计算二维超声、四维超声检查及二维超声联合四维超声在孕期保健检查中诊断胎儿畸形的诊断效能指标，分析漏诊畸形胎儿类型。结果 5 014位孕妇中有75位孕妇胎儿经二维超声、四维超声检查被诊断为疑似畸胎后，均行人工流产，流产胎儿经病理检查其中74例确诊为畸胎；另4 939位孕妇分娩出的新生儿经健康检查，共计6例先天性畸形新生儿；即共计80例畸胎；产前二维超声检查确诊为畸胎72例，流产后其中1例病理诊断为非畸胎；四维超声检查诊断为畸胎74例，病理检查均诊断为畸胎；二维超声联合四维超声检查诊断为畸胎74例。经四格表计算，二维超声联合四维超声产前检查胎儿畸形的诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确度均明显高于单纯二维超声检查及四维超声检查，误诊率及漏诊率均低于单纯二维超声检查及四维超声检查。漏诊的6例先天性畸形新生儿中心血管畸形2例、消化系...     

三维超声与二维超声在胎儿畸形检查中的应用

目的探讨三维超声与二维超声检查产前胎儿畸形的临床诊断价值。方法 2010～2011年我院门诊及住院超声检查1105位孕妇进行产前超声检查,采用三维超声和二维超声联合筛查胎儿是否存在畸形。结果检出35例胎儿畸形中,均经引产后证实,且无一例漏诊。三维超声的检出率为98%。结论二维超声及三维超声在观察胎儿畸形上各有其临床价值和优势,我们需综合分析评价,以做出正确的判断。产前三维超声诊断胎儿畸形,对预后的判断及优生优育有重要的临床价值。     

高龄孕妇产前超声筛查的临床意义

目的探讨对高龄孕妇实施系统产前超声筛查的诊断价值及临床意义。方法统计10630例接受胎儿畸形产前超声检查孕妇资料,对其中712例高龄孕妇（预产期年龄〉35周岁）实施系统产前超声筛查,并随访所有高龄孕妇妊娠结果,胎儿畸形以产后最终诊断为标准,同时以非高龄孕妇筛查作为对照组进行比较,评估产前超声诊断的价值。结果712例高龄孕妇中,产前超声诊断胎儿畸形32例（4．49％）,单发畸形15例,复合畸形17例,漏诊4例,畸形检出率88．88％（36／32）。对照组9918例孕妇产前超声诊断胎儿畸形243例（2．45％）。结论高龄孕妇畸形发生率高于低龄孕妇,对高龄孕妇根据超声筛查结果行产前诊断,可以能有效地降低畸形儿的出生率及漏诊率。     

实时四维超声成像产前诊断胎儿畸形的研究

目的探讨实时四维超声在产前胎儿畸形筛查中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析1586例孕18～38周时胎儿的二维及四维超声检查结果,分析二维及四维超声诊断胎儿畸形的准确性及直观性,并随访观察。结果本组资料中发现胎儿畸形41处,四维符合率97.6%。结论四维超声能动态直观立体显示胎儿在宫内的活动状况,安全简便无损伤,具有很高的敏感性及准确性,在产前胎儿畸形的筛查中具有广阔的发展前景和应用价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.