低分子肝素与银杏达莫注射液联合改善急性心源性脑栓塞患者神经功能缺损的效果分析

目的探讨低分子肝素与银杏达莫注射液联合改善急性心源性脑栓塞患者神经功能缺损程度的临床效果。方法抽选我院2012年1月至2013年月收治的急性心源性脑栓塞患者共56例,随机数字表法分为观察组(28例)以及对照组(28例)。对照组患者给予常规治疗+低分子肝素治疗,观察组患者在上述治疗基础上添加银杏达莫注射液,对比两组患者治疗效果,测定两组患者治疗后神经功能缺损程度。结果观察组患者治疗有效率92.9%,对照组患者治疗有效率75.0%,对比差异显著(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗前神经功能缺损程度评分(20.8±7.2)分、治疗后(14.2±3.5)分;对照组患者治疗前神经功能缺损程度评分(20.8±7.3)分、治疗后(18.4±6.1)分。两组患者治疗后神经功能缺损程度评分相较于治疗前均有显著下降,对比差异显著(P<0.05)。且观察组下降程度高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论低分子肝素联合银杏达莫注射液治疗急性心源性脑栓塞患者效果良好,能有效改善患者神经功能缺损程度,对患者痊愈有重要作用。     

观察低分子肝素联合银杏达莫治疗急性心源性脑栓塞的疗效

目的探讨低分子肝素联合银杏达莫治疗急性心源性脑栓塞的临床效果。方法选取于2012年8月至2013年8月来我院收治的38例急性心源性脑栓塞患者,将其随机分为两组,对照组18例采用低分子肝素治疗,治疗组20例采用低分子肝素联合银杏达莫治疗,观察两组患者的治疗效果。结果治疗组的总有效率高于对照组,且治疗后两组患者的神经缺损评分存在差异,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论急性心源性脑栓塞给予低分子肝素联合银杏达莫治疗效果显著,可有效改善临床症状,值得推广应用。     

银杏达莫联合低分子肝素治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的：观察银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法：来本科治疗的87例急性脑梗死患者被随机分为对照组43例和观察组44例,对照组给予复方丹参注射液及肠溶阿司匹林治疗;观察组给予银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素钙进行治疗,2周后比较两组的临床疗效。结果：观察组总有效率为93.2%,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组治疗后神经功能缺损程度改善情况与对照组相比,差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：银杏达莫注射液联合低分子肝素可显著改善脑梗死患者的临床症状,促进神经功能恢复。     

银杏达莫联合低分子肝素治疗脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察银杏达莫注射液与低分子肝素联合治疗脑梗死的临床疗效。方法86例急性脑梗死患者随机分为两组,观察组44例,采用银杏达莫注射液与低分子肝素联合治疗,对照组42例,采用低分子右旋糖酐加复方丹参注射液,比较观察两组的临床疗效及对神经功能缺损评分（NDS）的影响。结果观察组的有效率为90．7％明显高于对照组的72．1％（P〈0．05）。两组治疗后7、14d的NDS均较治疗前明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。观察组治疗后14d的NDS明显低于同期对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但治疗后7d的NDS比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论银杏达莫注射液与低分子肝素联合治疗脑梗死能够明显提高临床疗效,改善神经功能缺损程度,是较理想的急性脑梗死治疗方案之一。     

依达拉奉联合低分子肝素治疗急性进展性脑梗死86例临床观察

目的：观察依达拉奉联合低分子肝素治疗急性进展性脑梗死的疗效。方法：将急性进展性脑梗死患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组应用低分子肝素,治疗组应用依达拉奉联合低分子肝素,比较治疗后神经功能受损程度评分和临床疗效。结果：治疗14 d后,治疗组神经功能缺损程度评分为（14.55±11.32）分,显著低于对照组的（19.27±10.89）分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;治疗组总显效率为62.79%,显著高于对照组的44.18%（P〈0.05）。结论：依达拉奉联合低分子肝素治疗急性进展性脑梗死疗效显著。     

银杏达莫联合低分子肝素钙在慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期治疗中的应用

目的 探究银杏达莫与低分子肝素钙联合应用于慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期的临床治疗效果.方法 50例急性加重期的慢性肺源性心脏病患者按数字表法随机分为对照组与观察组各25例,对照组使用常规方法进行治疗,观察组患者在常规治疗基础上加用银杏达莫以及低分子肝素钙进行治疗.对比两组患者的治疗效果,并观察药物的不良反应.结果 与对照组相比,观察者临床治疗总有效率明显优于对照组（x2=6.349,P=0.025）.结论 对慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期患者应用银杏达莫联合低分子肝素钙进行治疗,有安全、高效等优点, 值得临床推广.     

低分子肝素钙联合阿司匹林治疗早期急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的：探讨急性脑梗死患者早期采用低分子肝素钙联合阿司匹林治疗的临床效果。方法选取急性脑梗死患者120例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组60例,对照组给予阿司匹林治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予低分子肝素钙治疗,两组均治疗1个月,观察两组的治疗效果和不良反应。结果观察组总有效率96．7％（58／60）,显著高于对照组的76．7％（46／60）,两组差异有统计学意义（χ2＝12．051,P ＝0．019）;治疗后观察组神经功能缺损评分（16．21±2．05）分,显著低于对照组的（26．04±1.03）分,两组差异有统计学意义（t ＝10．372,P ＝0．027）;两组不良反应差异无统计学意义（χ2＝6．052,P ＝0．105）。结论急性脑梗死患者早期应用低分子肝素钙联合阿司匹林具有较好的临床疗效,能显著促进患者神经功能恢复。     

银杏达莫注射液与东菱克栓酶联合治疗急性脑梗死43例

目的探讨银杏达莫注射液与东菱克栓酶联合治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法74例急性脑梗死患者随机分为两组;观察组43例,采用银杏达莫注射液＋东菱克栓酶治疗;对照组31例,采用东菱克栓酶治疗。分别在治疗前及治疗后对两组患者的神经功能缺损程度及生活状态进行评分。结果观察组有效率为83．7％,明显高于对照组的67．7％;观察组治疗后的神经功能缺损程度及生活状态的改善明显优于对照组。结论银杏达莫注射液与东菱克栓酶联合治疗急性脑梗死安全有效。     

恩必普联合银杏达莫治疗急性缺血性卒中疗效观察

目的观察恩必普联合银;哿达莫治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法对50例急性脑梗死患者给予恩必普联合银杏达莫（联合组）治疗,并与单纯应用银杏达莫（银杏达莫组）治疗的患者进行临床疗效、治疗前后神经功能缺损评分（NDS）比较。结果治疗后联合组显效率（72％）显著高于对照组（40％）,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）;NDS减少幅度与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论恩必普联合银杏达莫治疗急性脑梗死能显著提高疗效,是临床治疗急性脑梗死的有效方法。     

40例奥扎格雷钠与银杏达莫注射液联合治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察奥扎格雷纳与银杏达莫注射液联合治疗对急性脑梗死患者的疗效。方法将80例急性脑梗死患者随机分组为治疗组40例和对照组40例,治疗组采用奥扎格雷钠与银杏达莫注射液静滴治疗,对照组采用银杏达莫注射液治疗,15天为一疗程,观察2组间的疗效差别。结果两组患者疗效间的差别有显著意义（P〈0．05）;两组患者治疗前后15天时神经功能缺损评分差别均有显著意义（P〈0．01）。结论奥扎格雷钠与银杏达莫注射液联合治疗急性脑梗死效果较单用银杏达莫注射液效果明显。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.