术后镇痛与无术后镇痛对开胸术后应激反应的临床观察

目的观察术后镇痛与无术后镇痛对胸部手术患者应激激素的影响。方法42例肺癌手术患随机分为全麻复合硬膜外腔阻滞并术后镇痛（GEA）组和全麻（GA）无术后镇痛组，每组24例，分别测定麻醉诱导前，手术2h、术毕、术后1d的血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、内皮素、C-反应蛋白、皮质醇的水平。结果GEA组的血浆去甲肾上腺素、内皮素和血清皮质醇，术中、术后差异无显著性（p〉0．05），与GA组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。两组血浆去肾上腺素，术中、术后差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。两组血清C-反应蛋白，术中、术后均显著升高（P〈0．01），组间比较差异无显著性。结论全麻复合硬外腔阻滞可以减轻胸部手术的应激反应，促进呼吸功能的恢复。     

腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞与腰硬联合麻醉用于单侧大隐静脉剥脱术的效果比较

目的比较腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞与腰硬联合麻醉用于单侧大隐静脉剥脱术的麻醉效果。方法 50例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行单侧大隐静脉剥脱术患者,随机分为腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞组（N组）和腰硬联合麻醉组（SEA组）。记录两组注药前后不同时间点的心率（HR）、血压（BP）及感觉、运动神经阻滞起效、完善、维持时间,并评价麻醉效果。结果两组病人麻醉效果优良。N组术中血流动力学较SEA组平稳;麻醉起效与完善时间无明显差异,N组感觉、运动神经阻滞维持时间明显延长（P〈0.01）。结论神经刺激定位腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞用于单侧下肢手术具有定位精确和对术中血流动力学影响小、术后并发症少等优点,尤其适用于老年患者。     

布比卡因和罗哌卡因在下肢手术腰-硬联合麻醉中的应用比较

目的：比较布比卡因和罗哌卡因在下肢手术腰一硬联合麻醉中的应用效果,以供参考。方法：选择2010年5月-2013年4月我院下肢手术患者90例作为研究对象,均行腰-硬联合麻醉,随机分组。A纽麻醉用药为布比卡因,B纽麻醉用药为罗哌卡因。对比两组患者感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间、不良反应发生率的差异。结果：对比两组患者感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间发现,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对比两组患者不良反应发生率发现,B组明显低于A组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：布比卡因和罗哌卡因在下肢手术腰-硬联合麻醉中均可取得良好的效果,罗哌卡因对循环系统影响更小,术后恢复更好。     

老年下肢骨折患者应用硬膜外麻醉与腰-硬联合麻醉的效果评析

目的探究老年下肢骨折患者应用硬膜外麻醉与腰-硬联合麻醉的效果。方法采集90例2016年2月至2017年3月老年下肢骨折患者,根据随机表分组。硬膜外组采取硬膜外麻醉;腰-硬联合组实施腰-硬联合麻醉。比较两组患者老年下肢骨折麻醉效果;麻醉平均起效时间、阻滞完善时间、术中局麻药用量、止痛药应用量;血压升高、低血压、恶心呕吐、呛咳、心动过缓等并发症发生率;手术过程平均动脉压监测水平和心率。结果腰-硬联合组患者老年下肢骨折麻醉效果比硬膜外组高,P <0.05;腰-硬联合组麻醉平均起效时间、阻滞完善时间、术中局麻药用量、止痛药应用量比硬膜外组少,P <0.05;腰-硬联合组血压升高、低血压、恶心呕吐、呛咳、心动过缓等并发症发生率比硬膜外组低,P <0.05。腰-硬联合组手术过程平均动脉压监测水平和心率优于硬膜外组,P <0.05。结论老年下肢骨折患者应用腰-硬联合麻醉的效果确切,优于硬膜外麻醉,起效快,阻滞完善,可减少局麻药和止痛药使用,维持术中血压、心率平稳,减少并发症的出现,安全性高,值得推广。     

盐酸右美托咪定对老年椎管内麻醉手术患者术中应激反应的影响研究

目的：探讨盐酸右美托咪定对老年椎管内麻醉手术患者术中应激反应、血流动力学及术后躁动的影响。方法选择择期行下肢骨科手术的老年患者80例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,麻醉方式均为腰硬联合麻醉,患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。观察组于切皮前给予0摀．5μg／kg的盐酸右美托咪定泵注,维持剂量0．4μg· kg－1· h－1;对照组给予等量0．9％氯化钠溶液泵注。比较2组患者用药前（T1）及用药后10 min（T2）、20 min（T3）、30 min（T4）、60 min（T5）、术毕（T6）的应激反应及血流动力学指标变化情况。结果观察组T2～6时平均动脉压（MAP）均低于对照组,T5、T6时心率（HR）均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）;观察组T5、T6时血清去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）、皮质醇（Cor）水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）;观察组术后躁动发生率为12．5％显著低于对照组的32．5％,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。结论盐酸右美托咪定减轻了老年椎管内麻醉手术患者术中应激反应程度,有利于维持血流动力学稳定,减少了术后躁动的发生,值得临床重视。     

蛛网膜下腔麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉在高龄患者股骨头置换术中的应用

目的观察蛛网膜下腔麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉（腰硬联合麻醉）在高龄患者股骨头置换术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法选择2009年1月至2013年1月于陕西省榆林市第一医院骨科择期行人工股骨头置换术80例患者,采用随机数字表法随机分为腰硬联合麻醉组和硬膜外麻醉组,各40例。分别评定2组患者麻醉效果,记录术侧感觉阻滞起效时间和局部麻醉药物使用剂量,观察记录麻醉后各时点的平均动脉压和心率。结果腰硬联合麻醉组术侧感觉阻滞起效时间（45±14）S明显短于硬膜外麻醉组[（261±57）S]（P〈0．05）,腰硬联合麻醉组椎管内左旋布比卡因使用总剂量为（10±4）mg,明显少于硬膜外麻醉组[（86±24）mg]（P〈0．05）,腰硬联合麻醉组患者麻醉效果达到优的患者比例90．0％（36例）明显高于硬膜外麻醉组50．0％（20例）（P〈0．05）。结论腰硬联合麻醉用于高龄患者人工股骨头置换术,起效迅速,镇痛完善,是一种较安全有效的麻醉方法。     

腰硬联合麻醉在剖宫产术中的应用效果观察

目的探究腰硬联合麻醉在剖宫产术中的应用效果。方法选取2011年2月～2013年10月期间在本院行剖宫产的178例孕妇,将其均分为观察组（腰硬联合麻醉组）与对照组（单纯硬膜外麻醉组）。并分别观察两组孕妇术中的生命体征,将由于两种治疗方法孕妇的基本效用（包括：术中麻醉镇痛效果、麻醉效果、麻醉前后的血压心率、麻醉的起效时间、术后麻醉并发症的发生几率、麻醉期间的不良反应等）均详细记录下来。结果所有患者手术过程均比较顺利,就镇痛疗效而言,治疗组患者的术后并发症发生率明显降低（P〈0.05）,疗效显著优于对照组患者（P〈0.05）。结论在剖宫产手术中应用腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉可以显著提高手术疗效,降低术中及术后的不良反应发生率。     

不同方法的椎管内麻醉在子宫全切术中的应用比较

目的观察比较分析硬膜外麻醉与腰-硬联合麻醉下行子宫全切术的效果。方法择期手术60例ASAI-Ⅱ级子宫肌瘤的病人,随机均分为单纯硬膜外麻醉组（I组）,腰-硬联合麻醉组（Ⅱ组）。观察并记录麻醉前、麻醉后5min、10min、进腹探查和牵拉宫颈时HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2、ECG的变化和手术牵拉反应、术中麻醉效果、术后麻醉并发症等。结果两组患者的血压均较麻醉前降低,其中Ⅱ组患者的SBP、DBP下降明显;I组部分患者手术牵拉时心率减慢,诉疼痛伴恶心、呕吐、鼓肠、腹肌紧张等内脏牵拉反应：Ⅱ组患者骶神经阻滞完善．牵拉时无恶心、呕吐等牵拉反应。Ⅱ组麻醉起效快,局麻药总量和需要辅助静脉用药的病例数明显少于I组,两组均无明显不良反应。结论腰一硬联合麻醉用于子宫全切术,具有麻醉起效快,效果好。肌肉松驰．内脏牵拉反应轻的优点。     

腰椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻对髋关节置换术患者血清COR、NE、E水平的影响

目的探讨腰椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻对髋关节置换术(HR)患者血清皮质醇(COR)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)水平的影响。方法选取2017年1月～2018年12月本院HR患者100例,依据随机数字表法分为两组,每组50例,单麻组给予全麻,腰阻组在此基础上给予腰椎旁神经阻滞,比较两组的麻醉效果、应激反应和血流动力学。结果腰阻组麻醉后10min(T1)、髋关节置换时(T2)、术毕(T3)的COR、NE、E、MAP、HR明显低于单麻组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);腰阻组镇痛优良率明显高于单麻组,腰阻组全麻药物用量、不良反应率明显低于单麻组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论腰椎旁神经阻滞联合全麻可有效改善HR患者应激反应、血流动力学,有利于提高患者的麻醉效果及减少药物不良反应。     

腰硬联合阻滞在妇产科手术中的应用效果分析

目的观察腰硬联合阻滞应用于妇产科手术的安全性和有效性。方法本院218例妇产科手术患者用随机数字表法分成观察组和对照组，各109例，分别行腰硬联合阻滞和硬膜外阻滞麻醉。观察两组患者收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）和血氧饱和度（SpO2）的变化以及不良反应发生情况。结果2l8例患者均顺利完成手术，观察组患者的麻醉起效时间、Bromage评分、阻滞完善时间、用药总量、镇痛30min后VAS评分均优于对照组，差异有统计学意义。麻醉后，观察组患者血压显著高于对照组患者，差异有统计学意义；两组患者心率和血氧饱和度比较差异无统计学意义。对照组恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率高于观察组，差异有统计学意义。结论腰硬联合阻滞在妇产科手术中应用安全有效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.