烟雾病的临床特点及影像学分析(附28例报告)

目的探讨烟雾病的临床特点及影像学特征。方法对28例烟雾病患者的临床资料和影像学表现进行分析。结果本组病例中脑出血18例(64.3%),脑缺血10例(35.7%)。20例行磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查。28例均行数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)检查。结论烟雾病的临床表现多样,以脑出血多见。DSA是诊断该病的金标准,对临床疑似病例应尽早行DSA检查。     

儿童和成人烟雾病临床及磁共振表现对照分析

目的 探讨儿童和成人烟雾病的临床和磁共振成像表现的异同.方法 回顾分析18例儿童烟雾病和12例成人烟雾病患者的临床、MRI和MRA资料,分析对比其发病诱因、临床症状、MRI和MRA表现.结果 儿童烟雾病以上呼吸道感染为主要诱发因素,成人则以情绪激动和过度劳累为主要诱发因素;临床上儿童以惊厥型和TIA发作型表现为主,成人则以出血型和缺血型表现为主;MRI显示儿童患者脑梗死部位以大脑皮质和皮质下为主,成人患者则以基底节区和放射冠为主;成人患者脑出血发生率明显高于儿童;MRA显示儿童和成人患者颈内动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑前动脉受累几率相似,但成人颈内动脉和大脑中动脉狭窄程度稍重于儿童;成人患者大脑后动脉受累多于儿童;儿童患者颅底侧支血管形成情况优于成人.结论 儿童和成人烟雾病在发病原因、磁共振成像及临床表现上均有一定差别,磁共振成像表现与临床表现具有良好的相关性和一致性.     

烟雾病的MRI和MRA诊断

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)和磁共振动脉成像(MRA)对烟雾病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析22例烟雾病患者的临床和影像资料,全部行MRI和MRA(3D-TOF法)检查,其中10例进行了DSA检查。结果MRI上脑实质内均出现异常信号,其中脑梗死8例,脑出血7例,脑萎缩3例,脑软化4例,8例患者在基底节区有血管流空现象。MRA均良好显示病变血管狭窄或闭塞,呈多支受累,与DSA所见相似。结论MRI结合MRA是诊断烟雾病的无创和有效手段。     

30例烟雾病的临床及影像学特征分析

目的研究烟雾病的临床特点、影像表现及其两者之间关系。方法对30例经磁共振血管成像(MRA)和数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)确诊的烟雾病患者,分析其临床和影像学特征。结果(1)烟雾病发病年龄在35～45岁左右,发病以脑缺血为主,临床表现以单侧肢体无力或偏瘫最为常见。(2)CT和MRI提示,脑出血11例(36.7%),脑梗死10例(33.3%),脑出血合并梗死灶5例。MRA和DSA均发现大脑前、中、后动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变,双侧病变均多于单侧病变,烟雾状异常血管网分别为5例(45.5%)和29例(100.0%);DSA发现动脉瘤3例(10.3%);后交通动脉增粗13例、前交通动脉增粗7例、眼动脉增粗6例及软脑膜吻合支增多4例。4例大面积脑梗死侧枝循环差。结论烟雾病发病高峰为35～45岁;本病临床表现多样,但以脑缺血常见;MRI和MRA为无创伤性,为本病筛选、诊断、随访的重要方法。对临床疑似病例应及早行DSA检查。     

儿童烟雾病临床和影像学特征

目的探讨儿童烟雾病的临床和影像学特征。方法详细询问患儿病史,进行体检和影像学检查。对儿童烟雾病患者的病因、临床特征、影像学等进行分析总结。结果发病年龄2岁2个月～12岁。6例临床表现为肢体无力或偏瘫,其中3例以此为首发症状;惊厥4例,头痛2例,头晕2例,感觉障碍1例。2例行头颅CT检查者均显示有缺血性改变。6例均行头颅磁共振成像(MRI)检查,4例显示急性脑梗死或小腔隙灶或软化灶,2例无脑实质无异常。6例头颅磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查,均显示颈内动脉虹吸部末端和大脑前或中动脉狭窄或闭塞,脑基底部有异常血管网形成。结论儿童烟雾病多表现为短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA),临床以肢体无力或偏瘫、惊厥为常见症状。MRI联合MRA检查是诊断儿童烟雾病的主要方法之一。     

成人烟雾病17例临床表现和影像学特点分析

目的探讨成人烟雾病的临床和影像学改变特点。方法回顾性分析17例经常规数字减影血管造影(DSA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)和/或MRI检查确诊的成人烟雾病患者的临床和影像学资料。结果 17例患者中表现为缺血性脑卒中12例(70.6%),主要表现为偏瘫、失语、头痛及智能减退,还可表现为短暂性脑缺血发作;出血性脑卒中5例(29.4%),主要表现为头痛、意识障碍、偏瘫及抽搐。MRI检查发现缺血性脑卒中累及额叶8例,底节区3例,深部脑白质3例,枕叶3例,颞叶1例;累及单侧半球4例,双侧半球8例;脑萎缩6例。环池内烟雾血管影1例,双侧大脑中动脉累及10例。出血性脑卒中患者中单纯脑室出血2例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,脑室出血并脑干出血1例,脑室出血并丘脑出血1例。MRA均发现双侧颈内动脉或其分支狭窄或闭塞。全脑DSA检查7例,其中双侧颈内动脉狭窄、闭塞5例,双侧大脑前动脉狭窄或闭塞4例,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞3例。结论成人烟雾病临床表现多样,临床特点与责任病灶及支配血管相关;MRI和/或MRA有助于烟雾病的早期诊断,确诊需行全脑DSA检查。     

25例烟雾病临床影像特点观察

目的探讨烟雾病的临床特征、影像学特点。方法对25例烟雾病患者首发症状、临床表现及影像学结果进行分析。结果烟雾病发病平均年龄较轻,女性多于男性;少儿烟雾病患者以缺血改变为主(87.5%),成年烟雾病患者缺血改变(58.8%)与出血改变(41.2%)相当;临床以头痛、头晕、肢体无力或偏瘫或交替性瘫痪为主要表现,同时可伴失语、智能下降、视力下降、癫痫发作、小舞蹈发作等表现。14例行头CT检查仅示颅内病灶,均未提示烟雾病;25例均行MRI和MRA检查发现颅内病灶,显示颈内动脉虹吸末段和大脑前或中动脉近段狭窄或闭塞,并有脑基底部异常血管网及侧支循环形成,均被诊断为烟雾病。其中9例又行数字减影血管造影术(DSA),结果与其MRA相符。结论头颅MRI和MRA是诊断烟雾病理想的非介入性检查方法。     

磁共振血管成像对成年人烟雾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振血管成像(MRA)对成年人烟雾病的诊断价值.方法 对20例成年人烟雾病患者进行DSA和MRI、MRA检查.结果 DSA检查显示20例患者均有颈内动脉系统末端狭窄或闭塞及脑基底部烟雾状血管网形成.MRI显示11例为缺血性病变,9例为颅内出血性病变.MRA显示20例患者均有脑动脉狭窄或闭塞,16例(80%)见丘脑-基底节区有烟雾状的异常血管网,异常血管网检出率与DSA相比差异无统计学意义.结论 MRA可以显示成年烟雾病患者脑动脉狭窄或闭塞及脑内异常血管网,且无创伤性,对成年人烟雾病有较高的诊断价值.     

老年复发性缺血性脑血管病患者DSA与MRA的对比分析

目的比较数字减影血管造影(DSA)及磁共振血管成像(MRA)检测老年复发性缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者的病变血管情况。方法对52例老年复发性ICVD患者[脑梗死(CI)41例,短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)11例]行DSA检查,其中44例患者行MRA检查。结果52例ICVD患者中,DSA检出血管异常43例(82.69%),其中血管狭窄39例(75%),CI组31例(75.61%),TIA组8例(72.73%);动脉瘤2例;血管发育不良及变异各1例。44例患者中,MRA检出血管狭窄10例(22.73%),其中CI组8例(18.18%),TIA组2例(4.55%)。DSA对病变血管的检出率显著高于MRA(P<0.01);但DSA与MRA对CI组及TIA组血管狭窄的检出率比较差异无统计学意义。结论DSA与MRA均可发现老年复发性ICVD的血管病变情况,DSA检出的阳性率更高。二者均可为ICVD提供血管病变的可靠证据。     

成人Moyamoya病的临床表现和影像学特征

目的 总结成人Moyamoya病(烟雾病)的临床表现特点.比较MRA与DSA在Moyamoya病诊断中的价值.方法 对经DSA或MRA确诊的8例成人Moyamoya病患者的临床及影像学资料进行回顾性分析.结果 脑卒中是本组Moyamoya病患者最常见的临床表现,缺血性卒中与出血性卒中发病各半.MRA与DSA检查显示所有患者均有颈内动脉或其分支狭窄或闭塞及脑底异常血管网形成,两者结果相符合.结论 对年轻无基础疾病的脑血管病患者,尤其反复TIA或卒中或头痛患者,应常规行MRI和MRA检查.DSA可清晰显示颅内、外侧枝循环状况,更有助于手术适应证的选择与预后评价.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -