潍坊社区2004-2008年肿瘤发病及生存调查

目的：分析潍坊社区2004-2008年肿瘤流行病学特征。方法：从上海市肿瘤病例报告系统及上海市浦东新区人口全死因数据库获取资料,分析5年肿瘤患者发病及死亡信息。结果：5年内肿瘤共发病2079例;女性乳腺癌发病始终居首位,男性为肺癌,其次为大肠癌（结、直肠癌）、胃癌。肿瘤发病人群集中趋势5年内变化不大,40岁以上人群发病率明显增高,尤以80岁以上年龄段。5年内肿瘤患者死亡数排名前五位男性为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌;女性为肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、肝癌、乳腺癌。其中,肝癌女性一年内及5年内病死率均明显高于男性（P=0.004）。结论：肿瘤发病正呈现发病率增高、肿瘤发病谱改变、首次发病年轻化等状况,且多原发肿瘤病例增多。     

2017 年湖南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病及死亡资料分析

目的分析2017年湖南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病及死亡情况。方法收集2017年湖南省30个肿瘤登记地区上报的肿瘤发病与死亡资料,按照城乡、性别分层,分别计算恶性肿瘤的发病和死亡粗率、中国人口标化率(中标率)、世界人口标化率(世标率)、年龄别率、0~74岁累积率等,中标率和世标率分别采用2000年中国标准人口年龄构成和Segi's世界标准人口年龄构成为标准进行计算。结果2017年湖南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病率为229.03/10万,中标率为159.41/10万,世标率为155.66/10万,0~74岁累积率为18.22%。城市地区恶性肿瘤发病率为278.02/10万,而农村地区为208.67/10万。男性恶性肿瘤发病率为251.40/10万,高于女性的205.20/10万。男性恶性肿瘤发病率排名前5位的是肺癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌、胃癌、食管癌,女性发病率排名前5位的是乳腺癌、肺癌、子宫颈癌、结直肠肛门癌、肝癌。2017年湖南省肿瘤登记地区居民恶性肿瘤的死亡率为152.91/10万,中标率为99.38/10万,世标率为98.55/10万,0~74岁累积率为11.78%。城市地区居民恶性肿瘤死亡率为182.71/10万,农村为140.53/10万。男性恶性肿瘤死亡率为192.26/10万,高于女性的111.00/10万。男性恶性肿瘤死亡率排名前5位的是肺癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌、胃癌、食管癌,女性死亡率排名前5位的是肺癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌、乳腺癌、子宫颈癌。结论肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠肛门癌、肝癌、子宫颈癌、胃癌、鼻咽癌、食管癌等病种是湖南省发病率、死亡率均较高的恶性肿瘤,应作为湖南省恶性肿瘤防治的主要癌种。湖南省男性居民口腔及咽喉癌的发病率和死亡率均有所上升,且城市男性居民上升幅度更大,需要提早采取防范措施。     

3种肿瘤标志物的联合检测在恶性肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨肿瘤标志物癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原CA125、糖类抗原CA199在各种人群中的表达及其在恶性肿瘤诊断中的价值．．方法收集可供分析的31025例肿瘤标志物检测结果,分析CEA、CA125、CA199在各种人群、各类型肿瘤中表达情况。结果在恶性肿瘤患者中,CEA、CA125、CA199表达升高的比例明显高于良性病变患者及健康体检者,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。各类型肿瘤中,CEA升高率在肠癌中最高（42．63％）;CA125升高率在卵巢癌中最高（53．17％）,其次为胰腺癌（50．08％）和肝癌（42．81％）;CA199升高率在胰腺癌中最高（62．32％）;CEA／CA125表达伴随升高最常出现于胰腺癌,其次也常见于卵巢癌、肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌;CEA／CA199表达伴随升高最常出现于胰腺癌,其次为肝癌、卵巢癌：CA125／CA199表达伴随升高最常出现于肠癌,其次为胰腺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌;CEMCA125／CA199表达联合升高最常出现于胰腺癌。其次为肝癌、卵巢癌。结论联合检测肿瘤标志物CEA、CA125、CA199可显著提高胰腺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌等恶性肿瘤诊断的敏感性。     

2004-2011年我院首次住院病人前10位疾病构成分析

目的 分析我院2004年至2011年收治的前10位疾病的构成特征,为本地区肿瘤防治提供依据.方法 收集2004年至2011年住院前10位疾病病人资料,对发病的年龄、性别、构成、顺位进行统计分析.结果 前十位疾病分别是：食管癌、肺癌、鼻咽癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、子宫平滑肌瘤、非毒性甲状腺肿、肝癌、直肠癌,占首次住院病人的60.00％以上.食管癌高居第1位,且8年连续保持不变,增长较快的有肺癌、乳腺癌.结论 食管癌仍为本地区常见恶性肿瘤,肺癌、乳腺癌增长迅速,应加强肿瘤宣教和积极防治.     

胃癌患者的大肠癌同步发生率研 究简

目的 研究胃癌患者的大肠癌同步发生情况.方法 选取164例胃癌患者和328例年龄及性别匹配的非胃癌患者进行分析.结果 大肠癌的发病率在胃癌组为32.93％,显著高于对照组的16.46％ （P ＜0.01）.大肠癌胃癌患者的比值比（OR）为3.11;95％置信区间（CI）为1.70 ～ 5.62.特别是大肠癌发病率的差异更加突出,在50岁以上的患者OR为3.53; 95％ CI为1.78 ～6.97.结论 胃癌患者大肠癌的同步患病率高于非胃癌患者,故胃癌患者应视为大肠癌的高危险群,应进行筛选推荐和大肠镜检查.     

靖安县2010年恶性肿瘤发病和死亡流行情况分析

目的了解靖安县恶性肿瘤发病和死亡流行现状,为当地恶性肿瘤防治提供参考。方法对靖安县2010年收集的恶性肿瘤数据进行分析,计算恶性肿瘤报告发病和死亡率,及其标化率、顺位等指标。结果 2010年靖安县居民恶性肿瘤粗发病率119.65/10万,粗死亡率65.01/10万,恶性肿瘤死亡病例占全人群死因的16.43%。支气管和肺癌位居恶性肿瘤发病首位;恶性肿瘤死亡居前二位的为支气管和肺癌、肝癌;宫颈癌在女性恶性肿瘤发病和死亡中分别居第二位和第三位。结论应加强对当地呼吸、消化系统肿瘤和女性乳腺癌及宫颈癌等的防治。     

FEN1在食管癌中表达研究

目的:研究FEN1基因在人食管癌中的mRNA和蛋白表达及其与肿瘤发生的关系。方法:采用SYBRGreen实时定量PCR技术检测32例食管癌组织及癌旁组织中的FEN1基因的mRNA水平;同时采用免疫组化技术检测上述32例组织中FEN1的蛋白水平及分布。结果:与癌旁组织相比,FEN1基因在食管癌组织中mRNA水平较癌旁组织显著上调,约为癌旁组织的3.46倍。免疫组化的结果也表明FEN1基因在食管癌组织中表达要高于癌旁组织。结论:FEN1基因在人食管癌中较癌旁组织表达显著上调。FEN1基因的表达与食管癌的发生密切相关。     

国内外大肠癌筛查现状及无创筛查方法进展

摘要： 大肠癌是严重威胁人类健康的恶性肿瘤之一, 其全球发病率和死亡率分居第3位和第2位。开展大肠癌筛查工作对大肠癌早发现、 早治疗具有重要意义。德国等经济发达国家上世纪七十年代就开始大肠癌筛查以降低其发生率和死亡率。我国也于1977年在部分大肠癌高发地区开展筛查工作, 近年在天津、 上海等大城市也开展了大肠癌筛查工作。笔者对国际和国内大肠癌筛查的现状进行综述, 探讨大肠癌筛查工作对降低大肠癌发病率和死亡率的意义, 并总结大肠癌筛查方法对筛查工作的影响。通过分析, 笔者认为国家健康计划、 科普宣传、 医保覆盖、 有效的监督机制以及合适的筛查方法是影响大肠癌筛查工作开展的重要因素。     

Breast cancer health promotion in Qatar: a survey of community pharmacists’ interests and needs

Objectives Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in Qatar. Despite the sustained efforts to increase breast cancer public awareness via campaigns and public screening programmes, breast cancer screening rate remains low. The involvement of community pharmacists in the communication and distribution of breast cancer screening information should have a significant positive impact. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of community pharmacists’ involvement in breast cancer health promotion activities in Qatar, to explore their attitudes towards the involvement in breast cancer health promotion, to assess their breast cancer knowledge, to gauge their interest in receiving breast cancer continuous education and to list their perceived barriers for including breast cancer health promotion activities into their daily practice. Setting Community pharmacies in Qatar. Method The study objectives were addressed in a cross-sectional survey of all community pharmacists in Qatar. Main outcome measures The extent of community pharmacists’ involvement in breast cancer health promotion activities, the community pharmacists’ interest and comfort in providing breast cancer health promotion, their breast cancer knowledge, their interest in receiving breast cancer continuous education, their attitudes and beliefs towards breast cancer health promotion and their perceived barriers for integrating breast cancer heath promotion activities into their daily practice. Results Over a 12-week period, we collected 195 surveys (60% response rate). Eighty-eight percent indicated that they never invited healthcare professionals to provide breast cancer education in the pharmacy, 78% said that they never distributed breast cancer educational materials, and 58% reported that they never counseled patients about breast cancer. Nevertheless, more than 60% were highly interested in being engaged in breast cancer health promotion activities. In addition, 87% believed that discussing breast cancer awareness with female patients in the pharmacy was beneficial to patients. Yet pharmacists perceived many barriers for integrating breast cancer health promotion into their daily practice including lack of educational materials (79%) and lack of public recognition (61%). Moreover, their breast cancer knowledge mean score was 63% with 77% expressing a high interest in receiving breast cancer continuous education. Conclusion Despite their low involvement in breast cancer health promotion, the majority of pharmacists were interested in educating patients about breast cancer. However, low breast cancer knowledge and other barriers can prevent actualizing this role. Further work should focus on providing these pharmacists with breast cancer continuous education and overcoming all stated barriers.     

Breast cancer health promotion in Qatar: a survey of community pharmacists�� interests and needs

Objectives Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in Qatar. Despite the sustained efforts to increase breast cancer public awareness via campaigns and public screening programmes, breast cancer screening rate remains low. The involvement of community pharmacists in the communication and distribution of breast cancer screening information should have a significant positive impact. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of community pharmacists?? involvement in breast cancer health promotion activities in Qatar, to explore their attitudes towards the involvement in breast cancer health promotion, to assess their breast cancer knowledge, to gauge their interest in receiving breast cancer continuous education and to list their perceived barriers for including breast cancer health promotion activities into their daily practice. Setting Community pharmacies in Qatar. Method The study objectives were addressed in a cross-sectional survey of all community pharmacists in Qatar. Main outcome measures The extent of community pharmacists?? involvement in breast cancer health promotion activities, the community pharmacists?? interest and comfort in providing breast cancer health promotion, their breast cancer knowledge, their interest in receiving breast cancer continuous education, their attitudes and beliefs towards breast cancer health promotion and their perceived barriers for integrating breast cancer heath promotion activities into their daily practice. Results Over a 12-week period, we collected 195 surveys (60% response rate). Eighty-eight percent indicated that they never invited healthcare professionals to provide breast cancer education in the pharmacy, 78% said that they never distributed breast cancer educational materials, and 58% reported that they never counseled patients about breast cancer. Nevertheless, more than 60% were highly interested in being engaged in breast cancer health promotion activities. In addition, 87% believed that discussing breast cancer awareness with female patients in the pharmacy was beneficial to patients. Yet pharmacists perceived many barriers for integrating breast cancer health promotion into their daily practice including lack of educational materials (79%) and lack of public recognition (61%). Moreover, their breast cancer knowledge mean score was 63% with 77% expressing a high interest in receiving breast cancer continuous education. Conclusion Despite their low involvement in breast cancer health promotion, the majority of pharmacists were interested in educating patients about breast cancer. However, low breast cancer knowledge and other barriers can prevent actualizing this role. Further work should focus on providing these pharmacists with breast cancer continuous education and overcoming all stated barriers.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在肺癌以外的应用进展

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKIs)主要用于晚期非小细胞肺癌的分子靶向治疗,随着EGFR-TKIs的越来越深入研究,发现EGFR及其配体参与了包括乳腺癌、胰腺癌等在内的不同人类癌症发病过程。因此,EGFR-TKIs的治疗对象也不再局限于晚期非小细胞肺癌,其对乳腺癌、胰腺癌、头颈癌、食管癌和宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤也有较好的抑制作用,并且与EGFR-TKIs联合用药往往比单独用药效果更好。该文讨论了EGFR-TKIs在治疗肺癌以外其他癌症的应用研究,以及EGFR-TKIs与其他药物联合治疗乳腺癌、胰腺癌等恶性肿瘤的潜在应用前景。     

Preclinical development of cancer stem cell drugs

Background: Despite recent progress in cancer treatment, the current cancer chemotherapy can mainly produce remission but often fails to cure cancer due to the existence of cancer stem cells. The emerging cancer stem cell hypothesis offers new insight into the failure of current cancer drugs and suggests new approaches for improved understanding of cancer biology and cancer drug development. Objective: In this review, we discuss the concept of cancer stem cells, origin of cancer stem cells and different approaches for isolating or enriching cancer stem cells. We also review the resistance of cancer stem cells to standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy and potential mechanisms for the resistance. Finally, based on the current knowledge on cancer stem cells, we discuss potential approaches for developing new drugs that target cancer stem cells and propose new methods for evaluation of cancer stem cell drugs. Conclusion: Improved cancer treatment is likely to be achieved by a combination of drugs that kill both replicating cancer cells and more quiescent cancer stem cells.     

肿瘤医院2004—2008年住院恶性肿瘤构成及病死率统计分析

目的通过对本院2004—2008年住院恶性肿瘤的病种构成和病死率的分析,为防治恶性肿瘤和学科建设提供参考。方法对汕头大学医学院附属肿瘤医院2004—2008年前10位住院恶性肿瘤患者疾病构成及前5位恶性肿瘤病死率构成进行回顾性调查和统计分析。结果5年间住院患者人数和前10位恶性肿瘤构成及绝对数均有上升趋势。食管癌、鼻咽癌、肺癌、乳腺癌和胃癌为近5年住院病种的前5位疾病,肺癌已于2008年跃居第2位;前五位恶性肿瘤病死率分别为肺癌、肝癌、食管癌、胃癌和肠癌。结论食管、鼻咽、肺、乳腺和胃癌是本院收治的常见肿瘤;肺癌和消化系统肿瘤是常见肿瘤病死原因。     

2013年徐行镇户籍人口恶性肿瘤现患分析

目的：了解徐行镇户籍人口恶性肿瘤现患情况。方法：分析2013年4月30日徐行镇恶性肿瘤现惠患者的登记资料。结果：2013年4月30日,嘉定区徐行镇现存恶性肿瘤患者589例,其中男276例,女313例,现患率为1．89％,患病率随着年龄组的增长而升高。60岁年龄组最高,为29．03％。排名前5位的是乳腺癌、胃癌、肺癌、结肠癌和直肠癌,不同性别的肿瘤顺位有差异。结论：徐行镇恶性肿瘤现患病例的增加,要求社区提高肿瘤访视质量,最大限度延长患者的生存期限。     

MTT法测定肿瘤细胞药物敏感性与临床用药

目的:研究MTT法测定肿瘤细胞药物敏感性与临床用药之间的关系.方法:将119例7类肿瘤标本(52例膀胱癌、19例卵巢癌、14例宫颈癌、12例子宫内膜癌、12例肺癌、5例胃癌、5例肠癌)的药敏结果进行统计分析,并与临床实际用药进行比较,评价其疗效.结果:肿瘤细胞体外药敏存在着明显的个体差异,而其平均抑制率结果与临床用药情况基本相符.结论:肿瘤细胞体外药敏试验结果可以为临床个体化治疗提供参考.     

Cancer Metabolism: Strategic Diversion from Targeting Cancer Drivers to Targeting Cancer Suppliers

Drug development groups are close to discovering another pot of gold-a therapeutic target-similar to the success of imatinib (Gleevec) in the field of cancer biology. Modern molecular biology has improved cancer therapy through the identification of more pharmaceutically viable targets, and yet major problems and risks associated with late-phase cancer therapy remain. Presently, a growing number of reports have initiated a discussion about the benefits of metabolic regulation in cancers. The Warburg effect, a great discovery approximately 70 years ago, addresses the “universality” of cancer characteristics. For instance, most cancer cells prefer aerobic glycolysis instead of mitochondrial respiration. Recently, cancer metabolism has been explained not only by metabolites but also through modern molecular and chemical biological techniques. Scientists are seeking context-dependent universality among cancer types according to metabolic and enzymatic pathway signatures. This review presents current cancer metabolism studies and discusses future directions in cancer therapy targeting bio-energetics, bio-anabolism, and autophagy, emphasizing the important contribution of cancer metabolism in cancer therapy.     

小鼠肝癌模型研究进展

我国是全球肝癌发病率最高和病死数最多的国家,肝癌患者约占全球的55%,因此肝癌的研究一直是我国临床和基础研究的热点.肝癌动物模型,尤其是小鼠肝癌模型,是研究肝癌生物学特性、发病机理、药物筛选和肝癌治疗的重要工具.本文简要回顾近年来常用的小鼠肝癌模型,为肝癌发生相关的基因功能研究提供思路和方向.     

过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体在人体不同癌组织中的定量表达

目的通过检测过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体在人体不同器官癌组织中的表达,探讨PPARγ在癌组织中的意义。方法采用免疫组化法检测11例膀胱癌,8例胃癌,11例宫颈癌,12例甲状腺癌和9例肝癌组织中的PPARγ表达,并通过彩色医学图文分析系统检测PPARγ平均吸光度值。结果PPARγ在膀胱癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、甲状腺癌及肝癌中组织细胞的细胞核及细胞浆均有表达,细胞核的表达高于细胞浆的表达,但均无统计学差异。结论PPARγ表达与癌组织有关,PPARγ在癌症中的作用有待于进一步研究。     

乳腺癌组织中泛素特异性蛋白酶18/干扰素刺激基因15表达水平及其临床意义

目的 探究泛素特异性蛋白酶18(USP18)、干扰素刺激基因15(ISG15)在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平及临床意义。方法采用Ualcan数据库分析USP18、ISG15在正常乳腺组织和乳腺癌组织中的表达情况及二者与乳腺癌预后的关系;选取渭南市中心医院2012年5月至2015年7月诊治的99例乳腺癌病人癌组织、癌旁正常组织进行研究。分别检测USP18、ISG15mRNA及其蛋白表达情况;分析乳腺癌组织USP18、ISG15表达水平与病人临床病理特征、预后的关系;Cox回归分析乳腺癌病人预后的影响因素。结果 Ualcan数据库中乳腺癌组织USP18为18.40±4.17、ISG15 mRNA表达水平为168.56±43.95高于正常乳腺组织（10.00±3.14、30.76±8.23）(P<0.05);乳腺癌组织USP18、ISG15 mRNA表达水平高低与乳腺癌预后无明显相关性。乳腺癌组织USP18为1.67±0.53、ISG15 mRNA为1.86±0.61及蛋白阳性表达率均高于癌旁正常组织（1.03±0.34、0.99±0.33）(P<0.05);乳腺癌组织USP18、IS...     

2014年—2018年湖南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病与死亡特征及变化趋势分析

目的 通过2014年—2018年湖南省肿瘤登记数据,分析湖南省恶性肿瘤发病与死亡特征及流行趋势,为制定肿瘤防控策略提供工作依据。方法 收集整理2014年—2018年湖南省32个肿瘤登记点报告的发病与死亡资料,统计分析恶性肿瘤的发病率、死亡率、中国人口标化率（中标率）、年龄别发病率与死亡率、累积发病率与死亡率及年度变化百分比（APC）等指标。结果2014年—2018年湖南省肿瘤登记地区恶性肿瘤发病率为225.56/10万,中标发病率为156.41/10万;恶性肿瘤死亡率为147.32/10万,中标死亡率为95.78/10万。恶性肿瘤发病与死亡变化趋势显示：中标发病率由2014年的142.27/10万上升至2018年的172.28/10万,APC为5.1%,上升趋势有统计学意义（t=12.30,P=0.001）;中标死亡率由2014年的92.44/10万上升至2018年的99.16/10万,APC为2.1%(t=4.54,P=0.020)。男性恶性肿瘤中标发病率和中标死亡率均高于女性。恶性肿瘤年龄别发病率在0～39岁处于较低水平,55～59岁年龄组开始快速上升,75～79岁年龄组达到最高峰...