Percutaneous management of urolithiasis after kidney transplantation. Report of a case and review of the literature

Urolithiasis is one of the least common urological complications after kidney transplantation, but it remains an important cause of deterioration of graft function. We report a case managed by percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and review the literature.     

Ocular complications after kidney transplantation: a case report and review of literature

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN II), also known as a dense deposit disease, is a chronic progressive kidney disease that often progresses to end-stage renal disease within 10 years. Most patients also have multiple subretinal white spots or drusen-like deposits that are histopathologically identical to the glomerular basement membrane deposits. The purpose is to determine ocular findings in a patient with MPGN II before and after renal transplantation and to correlate them with clinical characteristics related to transplantation and review of literature. We present a case of a 45-year-old female with MPGN II who developed bilateral serous retinal detachment and retinal hemorrhages in the left eye, which appeared 6 months after a renal transplant. Ocular complications in our case, with the exception on the retina, were present at the cornea and iris. Changes to the eyes were independent of the renal disease, because there was no recurrence of MPGN II on the renal graft.     

Cytomegalovirus after kidney transplantation: a case review

Cytomegalovirus is the most common infectious complication in solid-organ transplant recipients. Despite the frequency of the problem, no commonly accepted approach to cytomegalovirus prophylaxis and treatment exists. Because cytomegalovirus may lead to the modulation of the immune system sometimes causing opportunistic superinfections, allograft injury, acute rejection, chronic rejection, and development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, transplant coordinators require knowledge of the disease, diagnostic methods, and treatment and prophylaxis strategies. This case study reviews a high-risk cytomegalovirus transplant recipient after living-related kidney transplantation. In addition to a review of the pathophysiology of the disease process, patient, family, and nursing staff education, and cultural and psychosocial aspects of cytomegalovirus, prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment strategies as well as role of the transplant coordinator, will be discussed.     

Diabetic muscle infarction after kidney and pancreas transplantation: case report and literature review

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare, long-term complication of poorly controlled diabetes (typically of type I). DMI was first described in 1965 and more than 100 cases have been reported thereafter in the English literature. Usually, there is a coexistence with concomitant nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The etiology remains uncertain, but appears to be attributable to diabetic microangiopathy and hypercoagulability and is believed that hypoxia-reperfusion injury is involved. DMI presents with sudden onset of pain associated with a tender mass in the thigh in most instances. The diagnosis is based on magnetic resonance imaging, which is not specific but highly indicative. Treatment is conservative with relapses occurring in 50% of the patients, but not necessarily in the same muscle group. We describe a case of DMI that occurred 4 months after simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation in one patient with type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease.     

Passenger lymphocyte syndrome after ABO-mismatched kidney transplantation: A case report and literature review

BackgroundPassenger lymphocyte syndrome (PLS) is a rare post solid organ transplantation complication, usually occurring after ABO- or Rh-mismatched transplantation. In general, PLS can lead to severe hemolytic anemia, but it is usually a self-limited disease. Most PLS cases start with a decreased hemoglobin (Hb) level and require donor type RBC transfusion as the only treatment.Case reportIn our case, the allograft was given by an O-type Rh-D(+) donor and received by an A-type Rh-D(+) recipient. The PLS was developed on the post-operative day (POD) 10 with an increased indirect bilirubin (IDBIL) level as the first clinical symptom, while the Hb level did not significantly decrease. The PLS was diagnosed on POD 17 by a direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and a blood group test. The patient quickly became stable on POD 18 after a total of eight units of O-type RBC transfusion. Kidney function was uneventful in the entire PLS period.ConclusionIn ABO-mismatched kidney transplantation, an increased level of IDBIL should be considered as the first symptom of PLS even without an Hb decrease. The kidney function may be not affected by the PLS symptoms.     

Clinical operational tolerance after kidney transplantation: a short literature review

The clinical era of solid organ transplantation started with a renal transplantation (RT) performed between identical twins in Boston in 1954. The patient did not receive any immunosuppression, thus representing the very first case of operational tolerance (Tol). However, more than half a century later, we must admit the inadequacy of our knowledge regarding such a fundamental aspect of transplant immunology, as demonstrated by the fact that Tol has never been achieved in an intention-to-treat protocol. Herein we aim to shortly review the worldwide experience on clinical operational Tol after RT. Thus far, reports on successful cases of Tol after RT have been anecdotal: the largest series included no more than 10 individuals. We will understand that Tol can develop even in the presence of either HLA mismatches or blood group incompatibility at baseline, in the presence of anti-HLA antibodies during follow-up, as well as in patients having experienced acute rejection. Despite the lack of robust evidence, the fact that Tol is often accidentally discovered by transplant physicians during follow-up in noncompliant patients justifies the hypothesis that the real number of Tol cases might be much higher than currently reported.     

肾移植后并发巨细胞病毒肺炎与十二指肠出血(附1例报告并文献复习)

目的:探讨肾移植术后并发巨细胞病毒感染与上消化道出血的临床特征。方法:回顾性分析1例患者于肾移植术后并发巨细胞肺炎同时并发严重十二指肠降部出血的临床资料,并复习有关文献,总结其诊治经验。结果:经紧急行消化道血管造影及栓塞止血后,患者平稳度过危险期,痊愈。结论:肾移植术后合并巨细胞病毒感染与上消化道出血的死亡率高,及时有效的诊治可挽救患者生命,多学科共同协作能取得良好治疗效果。     

ABO blood group incompatible kidney transplantation: a case report and review of the literature

A patient with end-stage renal failure, two previously failed kidney transplants and high serum lymphocytotoxic antibody levels was transplanted electively with an ABO-mismatched, HLA-identical kidney from his sibling. Immunosuppression consisted of pretransplant splenectomy and plasma exchange, followed by rabbit antithymocyte serum, azathioprine, prednisone and plasma exchange in the early post-transplant period. He is now 3 years post-transplant with normal renal function on conventional immunosuppressive therapy. This case, and a review of the literature, suggest that ABO blood group incompatibility need not be an absolute barrier to successful kidney transplantation. ABO incompatible kidney transplantation may be a potentially fruitful area for further research as the demand for donor organs continues to outstrip the supply.     

Visceral leishmaniasis after orthotopic liver transplantation: impact of persistent splenomegaly

Visceral leishmaniasis was observed in a 50-year-old female liver transplant recipient 1 year following transplantation. Signs of active infection were low-grade fever, pancytopenia, persistent splenomegaly, positive cultures for leishmania in liver and bone marrow biopsy specimens, and newly positive leishmania serology. Following sequential therapy with pentavalent antimony and amphotericin B, blood values improved massively, bone marrow cultures became negative, and leishmania serology decreased. Secondary prophylaxis with fluconazole was instituted and the patient remains without signs of active infection 1 year after successful therapy.     

Lymphedema tarda after liver transplantation: a case report and review of the literature

We present a patient with lymphedema that developed after orthotopic liver transplantation. The cause of the posttransplant lymphedema was likely related to a developmental abnormality of the lymphatic system that was exaggerated by refractory chylous ascites. A peritoneal fluid with a milky appearance, chylous ascites is rich in triglyceride and is caused by the obstruction or disruption of abdominal lymphatic channels. It is a rare complication that may develop after trauma or abdominal surgery or as a result of a malignant disease, and it is even more uncommon after liver transplantation. Therapy for chylous ascites involves treating its underlying cause. In the patient we describe, lymphedema tarda, which was diagnosed 6 months after liver transplantation, was likely caused by chylous ascites and a developmental abnormality of the lymphatic system.     

Splenic rupture after colonoscopy: Report of a case and review of literature

Splenic rupture is a rare complication of colonoscopy. For this reason the diagnosis could be delayed and the outcome dismal. Fifty-four cases of splenic rupture after colonoscopy have been described in the literature. The majority of the cases required emergent or delayed splenectomy, 13 of these cases were treated conservatively. The main feature that stands out from the review of the literature is the "surprise" of this unexpected complication. This factor explains the elevated mortality (2 out of 54 cases), likely due to the delay in diagnosis. The case here described is probably among the most complex published in the literature; in fact the presence of dense intra-abdominal adhesions not only contributed to the complication itself, but also explain the confinement of the hemoperitoneum to the left supra-mesocolic space and the delayed presentation (13 days from the time of the trauma).     

肾移植术后布鲁氏菌病1例报道并文献复习

目的 分析并总结肾移植术后布鲁氏菌病的临床特点和诊疗经验。 方法 收集解放军第309医院2016年10月收治的1例肾移植术后布鲁氏菌病患者的临床资料,分析其临床特点和诊疗经过,并结合文献复习总结临床经验。 结果 患者肾移植术后3个月出现无明显诱因体温升高,以上午发热为主,持续时间3 d,感染途径不明、其他感染症状不明显,经验性抗感染治疗1周效果不佳。经血培养确诊为羊布鲁氏菌感染。及时给予利福平、多西环素、复方磺胺甲抗感染,积极防治并发症,保护肝、肾功能等治疗,疗效良好。随访至该患者出院后1年,移植肾功能稳定,再未出现发热等感染症状。 结论 肾移植术后感染途径不明的布鲁氏菌病极为罕见,常见症状为波浪热。当经验性抗感染治疗效果不佳时,应及早多次进行血培养等相关检测尽快确诊,治疗方案为利福平与多西环素联合使用。     

Caecum perforation after renal transplantation: a case report and review of literature

Gastrointestinal (GI) complication used to be the second most common complication in renal transplant patients after infection (Bardaxoglou et al. in Transpl Int 6(3):148–152, 1993). Review of transplant registry reveals that GI complication is no longer the second most common type of complication after renal transplant, but that it is still a common cause of significant amount of deaths in renal transplant recipients (De Bartolomeis et al. in Transpl Proc 37(6):2504–2506, 2005). In a study of 1,515 adults with severe GI complication after renal transplant, Sarkio et al. (Transpl Int 17(9):505–510, 2004) reported that gastroduodenal ulcers followed by colon perforation were the two biggest groups of GI complications during the first year after renal transplantation. Colonic perforation is estimated to occur in about 1 % of all cases of renal transplant patients, and it does predispose to potentially fatal complication. About 50 % of all colonic perforation is due to complication of acute inflammation of diverticular disease (Bardaxoglou et al. in Transpl Int 6(3):148–152, 1993; Guice et al. in Am J Surg 138(1):43–48, 1979; Koneru et al. in Arch Surg 125(5):610–613, 1990; Coccolini et al. in Transpl Proc 41(4):1189–1190, 2009). This is particularly so because these patients were previously exposed to uremia before transplantation which alters their protein metabolism hence interfering with tissue healing there after (Carson et al. in Ann Surg 188(1):109–113, 1978). GI complications including colon perforation after renal transplantation have effect on a patient’s long-term survival (Gil-Vernet et al. in Transpl Proc 39(7):2190–2193, 2007). Despite this, the role of renal transplantation medication compared to anatomic anomaly in GI complication has been equivocal.     

ABO血型不相容肾移植术后并发过客淋巴细胞综合征一例并文献复习

正供肾来源短缺是目前制约肾移植发展的主要瓶颈,ABO血型不相容肾移植(ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation,ABOi-KT)是缓解供肾来源短缺的重要方式之一。已有部分终末期肾病患者接受ABOi-KT,且术后生存率逐步提高。少数行ABOi-KT的受者术后并发过客淋巴细胞综合征(passenger lymphocyte syndrome,PLS),主要表现为移植术后血红蛋白短期内迅速下降,其原因为供者来源淋巴细胞分泌的血型抗体针对受者抗原产生免疫反应,引起以     

Adrenal pseudocyst. Report of a new case and review of the literature

Adrenal pseudocyst is the commonest type of benign lesions of adrenal gland althought is a very rare entity. Most of them are found as "incidentalomas" during imaging studies. A case of a patient with a left non-functioning and asymptomatic adrenal pseudocyst is reported. The diagnostic and therapeutic options are discussed and the literature is reviewed.     

小肠移植术后慢性移植物失功1例报道及文献复习

目的探讨小肠移植术后慢性移植物失功(chronic graft dysfunction,CGD)的诊断及治疗。方法报道国内首例同种异体小肠移植患者术后CGD的临床资料,复习相关文献。结果患者因"门静脉血栓、脾静脉血栓致肠系膜血栓"切除了大部分小肠,后行同种异体小肠移植术。术后长期服用他克莫司(FK506),屡次发生排斥反应。术后3次因"小肠狭窄、不全性肠梗阻"行"小肠节段切除吻合术"。其中术后576d第3次出现肠梗阻,予经皮内镜下胃空肠造瘘术胃肠减压等治疗,确定移植肠不可逆性失功后行移植小肠切除术。结论 CGD治疗困难,预后不佳,预防胜于治疗。在确诊CGD不可逆后应尽快切除移植小肠,挽救患者生命,有条件应尽快安排再次移植。     

De novo renal cell carcinoma in a kidney allograft 13 years after transplantation: a case report and review of the literature

De novo carcinoma of the renal transplant is a rare but disastrous clinical entity. We report such a tumor developing 13 years after transplantation and describe its clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and therapy. The importance of a surveillance program allowing early detection of tumor developing in the renal transplant is emphasized.     

Trichosporon fungal arteritis causing rupture of vascular anastamosis after commercial kidney transplantation: a case report and review of literature

This is a case report of a ruptured vascular anastomosis resulting from fungal arteritis in a commercial renal transplantation. The diagnosis was made quite early posttransplantation (at the 18thposttransplant day); this was proved by histopathologic examination and culture of the vessel wall,which showed Trichosporon fungal infection. The patient underwent operation for control of the bleeding and removal of the graft and of the diseased iliac vascular segment. On reviewing the literature, wefound 17 reports of fungal arteritis in solid-organ transplant recipients; our case was the first one toreport Trichosporon species as the causative agent. Infection could result from surgical or graftcontamination or from preexistent infection in the patient. There is a consensus thatthe standard of care should include removal of the graft and the diseased iliac vascular segment with anappropriate vascular graft, because simple suturing of the disrupted infected anastomosis generally ends withdisastrous recurrent rupture. A high index of suspicion is required to ensure both earlydiagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent tragic loss of recipient life.