定期牙周洁治对固定正畸治疗中牙周健康的影响

目的:观察洁治和使用雅皓乳膏对正畸患者牙周健康状况的影响。方法:选择全身及牙周健康因错牙合畸形需固定矫治的患者48例(男28例,女20例),随机分为对照组和治疗组(洁治及用雅皓乳膏刷牙)2组。治疗组用雅皓乳膏(主要成分是丁香酚和硼砂)每天早晚各刷牙1次,每次不少于3m in。对照组用普通市售牙膏。于治疗前和治疗后3个月检测牙龈指数(GI)、菌斑指数(PLI)和龈沟出血指数(SBI),比较检测指标在治疗前后的变化,数据以t检验和χ2检验进行统计学处理。结果:治疗前2组间无显著差异(P>0.5),而治疗后存在显著性差异(P<0.01),表明洁治和用雅皓乳膏刷牙在固定矫治过程中能有效降低牙龈炎的发生率。结论:治疗组患者在矫治过程中牙周指数升幅和牙龈炎发生率明显低于对照组,说明牙周洁治和用雅皓乳膏刷牙能降低固定矫治治疗导致的牙周组织的不良反应。     

云南白药对比格犬牙龈炎的治疗作用

目的:评价云南白药对比格犬牙龈炎的治疗作用。方法:12只符合条件的比格犬随机分为云南白药组和空白对照组。2组动物分别用浸有1.23g/L云南白药溶液或生理盐水的棉球敷于牙龈治疗,1min/次,2次/d,持续14d。在给药前和末次给药后24h分别盲法对动物的菌斑(P),牙龈炎症状(G)和炎性浸润(INF)评分。结果:空白对照组动物的P、G、INF没有显著性差异(P>0.1),云南白药组动物的各评分指标均有显著性改善(P<0.05)。结论:云南白药可抑制比格犬牙龈炎菌斑形成,减轻牙龈炎症状和炎细胞的聚集。实验结果提示云南白药可能对临床牙龈炎有一定治疗作用。     

Association between periodontal condition and subgingival microbiota in women during pregnancy: a longitudinal study

Objectivo

In this study, the gingival conditions and the quantitative detection for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in pregnant women were determined.

Material and Methods

Quantitative determinations of periodontal bacteria by using a SyBr green system in women during pregnancy were performed. Women at the 2^nd and 3^rd trimesters of pregnancy and non-pregnant women were included in this study. A. actinomycetemcomitans was observed in high numbers in women at the 2^nd and 3^rd trimesters of pregnancy with a significant difference (p<0.05). F. nucleatum and P. intermedia were also observed in high levels.

Results and Conclusion

Our results show that pregnant women are more susceptible to gingivitis, and the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival biofilm might be taken into account for the treatment of periodontal disease.     

The effect of overbite and overjet on clinical parameters of periodontal disease: A case control study

AimTo investigate the association of overjet and overbite with clinical parameters of periodontal disease.Material and methodsThe study was performed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from March 2017 to March 2018. 600 Saudi males aged 20–30 years old were included. Participants were divided into three groups (n: 200) depending on the presence of overjet (OJ) or overbite (OB) and its relationship with periodontal disease. Periodontal parameters were assessed clinically and radiographically. One-way analysis of variance was used to test for any significant differences between groups. Tukey’s post hoc comparison test was used to evaluate correlations among parameters.ResultsOJ exceeding 8 mm was correlated with debris, calculus, and periodontal scores on mandibular anterior teeth, especially on the lingual surfaces.Both OJ and OB groups showed significantly increased PD, compared to that of the control group in measurement at the lingual (P = 0.004, 0.003) and proximal (P = 0.002, 0.002) surfaces of the lower anterior teeth. Finally, the CEJ-AB was statistically significantly higher in the OB group compared to the OJ and control groups (P = 0.091, 0.008).ConclusionThe present study found a correlation between OJ and OB and periodontal disease, as measured using specific parameters. This indicates that periodontal treatment may be insufficient unless the overjet or overbite is corrected.     

Comparative study of oral health among trisomy 21 children living in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia: Part 2, gingival condition

Background

Trisomy 21 (T21) is a congenital disorder characterized by triplication of Chromosome 21 components. Patients with T21 have an increased risk of acquiring periodontal disease due to their inability to maintain good oral hygiene. Consequently, it is important to determine an approach for disease prevention in this population.

Aim

The purpose of the study was to assess the periodontal health, through the prevalence of gingivitis and plaque, among children with T21 living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Subjects and method

This study included 93 children with T21 and 99 age- and gender-matched children without T21 between the ages of 7 and 15 years. Parents were informed about the study and provided informed consent. Trained examiners using standardized tools assessed the prevalence rates of gingivitis and plaque in all children.

Results

Gingivitis prevalence was elevated among T21 children (46.9%) compared to controls (34%) in all arch sextants except the mandibular middle (P < 0.01). Comparing the two groups, the prevalence of plaque was higher in the maxillary right sextant of the T21 group and the mandibular middle sextant of the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

T21 children have significantly elevated plaque levels, resulting in greater prevalence of gingivitis, compared to healthy children. Preventive measure, such as oral health awareness programs, should be delivered early to parents and continued at school to encourage and motivate children.     

Development of gingivitis around aged restorations of resin-modified glass ionomer cement, polyacid-modified resin composite (compomer) and resin composite

Resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) and polyacid-modified resin composites (PMC, compomers) are two recently introduced material groups supposed to replace traditional cements in operative dentistry. The new restoratives release initially fluoride in different relatively high concentrations, which decrease gradually during the first weeks in vivo. Earlier studies showed a stronger subclinical inflammatory reaction around different conventional tooth colored restorative materials than around intact enamel. The aim of this study was to compare intra-individually the initiation of gingival inflammation around, aged RMGIC, PMC and resin composite restorations. Subgingivally located Class III restorations were placed in 17 patients. Each patient received one of each of the experimental materials. All patients were placed on an oral hygiene regime 1-year after finishing of the restorations. Gingivitis was induced during a one-week period without oral hygiene. The gingival condition was assessed by sampling of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), registration of the amount of bacterial plaque and by registration of bleeding after gentle probing of the entrance of the gingival sulcus (SBI) on the experimental filling- and control-enamel surfaces at days 0 and 7. No differences were seen in plaque and gingival index scores between the materials at both days. The GCF increased significantly for all surfaces during the experimental gingivitis period. At day 7 significantly lower GCF was sampled around the enamel surfaces. In conclusion, the differences between the materials did not result in measurable differences concerning clinical or subclinical signs of gingivitis. Received: 19 September 1998 / Accepted: 26 November 1998     

医学院学生牙周健康维护3年随访调查

目的:观察评估青年人群的牙周病状况,以及干预措施对控制牙周病发展的作用.方法:纳入153名医学院学生,随机分为A组(接受干预措施)和B组(未接受干预措施),随访3a.A组受试者纳入后进行口腔卫生宣教,详细讲解牙刷的选择、刷牙方式,牙线、牙缝刷的使用,同时根据纳入者实际情况给予牙周基础治疗,每隔半年再次进行口腔卫生宣教、牙周维护治疗,加强菌斑控制.比较随访前、后指数牙的菌斑软垢指数(debris index,DI)、牙石指数(calculus index,CI)、探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、临床附着丧失(clinical attachment loss,CAL)、探诊出血(bleeding on probing,BOP)和牙龈指数(gingival index,GI)的变化.采用SAS6.12软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:3年后,实验组的CI、DI评分和基线相比显著下降(P＜0.01),对照组和基线相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).实验组和对照组之间PD、BOP、GI变化有显著差异(P＜0.01),CAL的变化也有显著差异(P＜0.05),对照组CAL的增加显著高于实验组.结论:定期牙周健康维护及口腔卫生教育对人群牙周健康水平有积极影响.     

中药牙粉对龈上菌斑的控制效果

目的 探讨中药牙粉对龈上菌斑的控制效果。方法 符合纳入标准的35例患者随机分为实验组和对照组,检查口内每颗牙齿的牙龈指数、菌斑指数,洁治、抛光,统一刷牙方法,实验组用中药牙粉刷牙,对照组用安慰剂牙粉刷牙,3、7d复查牙龈指数和菌斑指数,实验结果秩和检验。实验设计为随机双盲平行对照。结果 实验组与对照组3d牙龈指数和菌斑指数都明显下降,实验组菌斑指数下降幅度高于对照组。7d多数受试者牙龈指数和菌斑指数有轻度上升,但实验组菌斑指数上升幅度低于对照组,且实验组7d菌斑指数与对照组相比有统计学差异,显著低于对照组。结论 在牙周基础治疗后,使用中药牙粉配合有效刷牙,可提高控制龈上菌斑的效果、减缓菌斑堆积。     

不同含漱液控制菌斑和消除牙龈炎症效果的比较

目的：研究护齿含漱剂、口泰含漱液、万宝林牙齿、口腔清洁液在控制菌斑和牙龈炎的作用．方法：选择２０３例牙龈炎患者，随机分为护齿含漱剂组、口泰含漱液组、万宝林牙齿、口腔清洁液组、多贝尔氏液组和蒸馏水组，用药前后检查牙龈指数（ＧＩ）、牙龈出血指数（ＳＢＩ）、菌斑指数（ＰＬＩ）．结果：用药后护齿含漱剂、口泰含漱液、万宝林牙齿、口腔清洁液组的ＧＩ、ＳＢＩ、ＰＬＥ均比用药前有明显降低（ｐ＜０．０１），且优于多贝尔氏液和蒸馏水组．结论：护齿含漱剂、口泰含漱液、万宝林牙齿、口腔清洁液能有效控制菌斑及牙龈炎     

An evaluation of a pre-scaling gel (SofScale™) on the ease of supragingival calculus removal

Abstract SofScale? is a pre-scaling gel, containing disodium EDTA and sodium lauryl sulphate, which is claimed to soften calculus and therefore facilitate its removal. 31 subjects were treated in a double blind randomised placebo controlled split mouth study to evaluate this product. Test or placebo gels were applied to the lingual surfaces of the mandibular teeth for 4 min and the time taken to complete the removal of supragingival calculus recorded. The operator recorded on which side the calculus was considered easier to remove and the patient indicated how comfortable the scaling had been. The mean calculus index was 1.99 for the SofScale? group and 1.97 for the placebo. The mean time taken to complete scaling was 5.31 min for both groups. Using the Student Mest, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.7) between either the calculus index or time taken to complete the scaling between the groups. The operator did not consider SofScale? to facilitate calculus removal and patients did not find calculus removal more comfortable when SofScale? had been used. There was no increased sensitivity in the SofScale? group following scaling. The results of this study do not support the use of SofScale? as an adjunct to scaling.     

Longevity: a critical factor in evaluating the effectiveness of periodontal therapy

Abstract A 47-year-old male patient with an advanced form of adult periodontitis presented for evaluation and treatment in 1963. There were several angular bony lesions and 3 molar teeth had an extremely questionable prognosis. The patient was treated by scaling, root planing and gingivectomy, with no attempt to alter the existing morphology of the effected alveolar bone. 23 years following periodontal therapy, there were marked changes of the contour of the marginal bone crest throughout, minimal pocket depth and acceptable gingival form. The patient was seen at regular 5–6 months intervals for maintenance therapy and his home care regimen was exemplary. Advanced cases of periodontitis can be treated successfully by simplistic methods if the “repair potential” of the patient is good and if regular maintenance visits and meticulous plaque control are carried out.     

牙周内窥镜下刮治与传统刮治对龈下牙石清除效果的比较

目的比较内窥镜下龈下刮治与传统龈下刮治清除龈下牙石的效果。方法收集16例患者26颗无保留价值的重度慢性牙周炎患牙,随机分为两组,每组8例13颗患牙,分别行牙周内窥镜下龈下刮治(A组)及传统龈下刮治(B组),每颗患牙均刮治10min后拔除,亚甲基蓝染色后,蓝色显示残留牙石,对每颗牙颊、舌、近中及远中面拍照并用Image Pro Plus图像分析软件检测、计算各牙面的牙石残留率。比较两组患牙治疗后的牙石残留率以及吸烟、牙周探诊出血位点数和牙周探诊深度对牙石清除效果的影响。结果 A组患牙平均牙石残留率为(8.34±1.70)%,B组患牙平均牙石残留率为(13.02±3.36)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。吸烟、探诊出血位点数、牙周探诊深度对治疗后的牙石残留率均有影响(P<0.05)。结论在牙周内窥镜下行龈下刮治,清除牙石的效果明显优于传统龈下刮治。吸烟、探诊出血、探诊深度对牙石残留率均有影响。     

Substance removal on teeth with and without calculus using 308 nm XeCl excimer laser radiation

It was the aim of this in vitro study to determine the potential effects of 308 nm XeCl excimer laser radiation on root surfaces when used for removing calcified deposits. The source of laser radiation was a XeCl-excimer laser (MAX 10, Fa. Medolas, Germany) emitting ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 308 nm with a pulse duration of 60 ns. Subjects of irradiation were 60 extracted teeth which were divided into 2 groups of 30 samples each with (group 1) and without calculus (group 2). Specimens were irradiated with 800 laser pulses at 5 different energy-densities per pulse of 1.0 J/cm2, 2.0 J/cm2, 3.0 J/cm2, 4.0 J/cm2 and 5.0 J/cm2. For each parameter 6 samples (n=6) were exposed to 308 nm excimer-laser radiation. The ablation of hard tissue on the treated root surfaces was measured 3-dimensionally with a laser scanning device (100,000 surface points per sample; accuracy: 5 microm) and evaluated with a special image analyzing software (volume, mean, median, standard deviation). In addition, a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluation of the irradiated root surfaces was performed. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA with the Scheffé-test. The lowest amount of ablation on teeth without calculus was induced with 14.01 (+/-5.86) microm using laser radiation at an energy density of 2.0 J/cm2. Maximum tissue removal in this sample group was obtained with 56.67 (+/-21.05) microm with laser treatment at an energy density of 5.0 J/cm2. While no ablation of dental cementum was detectable after irradiating root surfaces without calculus at 1.0 J/cm2, a strong removal of calculus with a mean value of 31.91 (+/-4.2) microm was observed under these conditions. The results seem to indicate that a selective removal of subgingival calculus creating a homogenous shape of the root surface with 308 nm excimer laser radiation is possible. Furthermore, no signs of the formation of a smear layer nor the induction of thermal side-effects were observed.     

Diagnostic potential and future directions of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of periodontal diseases: Review of the current evidence

ObjectivesThe holy grail of biomarker research in periodontology is to develop a high impact diagnostics which have a significant impact on clinical decision-making, patient outcomes and healthcare providers. In the field of periodontal diagnostics, oral fluid-based biomarkers have been studied mainly in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva.MethodsA literature search was performed using the Cochrane library and PubMed databases from 2000 to January 2017.ResultsCurrently, there are more than 90 different components in the GCF that have been investigated as diagnostic and prognostic markers of periodontal disease progression involving; inflammatory mediators, markers of oxidative stress, host-derived enzymes, tissue-breakdown products and mediators of bone homeostasis. Furthermore, various biomarkers in saliva have been proposed which reveal a promising outlook for saliva as a key diagnostic medium for periodontal disease. Recent systematic reviews with high value of evidence have shown that potential salivary biomarkers can provide important complimentary diagnostic information and can be used as tests for screening diagnosis, prognosis and predicting periodontal disease progression.ConclusionFuture developments in proteomic analysis and personalized medicine will pave the way allowing novel diagnostic tools. Still, the application into the field of dentistry will depend on how practitioners will apply this into their daily clinical practice.Clinical relevanceStill, the application into the field of dentistry will depend on how practitioners will apply this into their daily clinical practice.