Impact of complete percutaneous revascularization in elderly patients with chronic total occlusion

Evidence‐based recommendations for clinical practice are intended to help health care providers and patients make decisions, minimize inappropriate practice variation, promote effective resource use, improve clinical outcomes, and direct future research. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) has been engaged in the creation and dissemination of clinical guidance documents since the 1990s. These documents are a cornerstone of the society's education, advocacy, and quality improvement initiatives. The publications committee is charged with oversight of SCAI's clinical documents program and has created this manual of standard operating procedures to ensure consistency, methodological rigor, and transparency in the development and endorsement of the society's documents. The manual is intended for use by the publications committee, document writing groups, external collaborators, SCAI representatives, peer reviewers, and anyone seeking information about the SCAI documents program.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞合并远端弥漫性硬化患者的血运重建治疗

目的 总结冠状动脉(冠脉)慢性完全闭塞合并闭塞远端弥漫性内膜增厚在非体外循环下行冠脉内膜剥脱加冠脉旁路移植重建心肌血运的方法,评估其有效性.方法 65例冠脉慢性闭塞患者,冠脉造影显示176支血管狭窄或闭塞,70支为完全闭塞,远端无或逆行显影差.在非体外循环冠脉旁路移植中,发现闭塞冠脉远端内膜弥漫性增厚且旁路移植后桥血流量差,遂加行内膜剥脱后重新冠脉旁路移植治疗.结果 内膜剥脱前桥血管流量2～10ml/min,搏动指数(PI)5.1～15.6;内膜剥脱后桥血管流量14～37 ml/min,PI指数均＜5.0,左心室射血分数明显改善[术前(0.47±0.12)与术后(0.52±0.15)%,t=2.17,P＜0.05].术后2例发生围手术期心肌梗死(3.1%),均无明显心脏血流动力学改变,23例在术后3～18个月复查冠脉造影,显示桥血管通畅.结论 对于冠脉慢性完全闭塞同时合并远端弥漫性内膜增厚的血运重建,非体外循环下冠脉内膜剥脱后再行旁路移植是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

心肌声学造影对冠状动脉血运重建术心肌灌注的评价研究

目的探讨心肌声学造影（MCE）评估缺血心肌血运重建后心肌灌注的价值。方法 36例缺血性心肌病患者分别予以冠状动脉支架置入术或冠状动脉旁路移植术进行血运重建,在术前、术后早期（〈1个月）、及术后晚期（6～12）个月分别行实时MCE检查,根据造影剂的充盈程度进行评分。将其结果与相应阶段造影（CAG）和（或）冠脉增强CT成像（CTA）结果进行对照分析。结果按16段心肌节段法进行分段分析测量。36例患者576个节段中,运动异常节段247个,MCE结果与治疗前冠脉造影吻合率为89.89%。冠脉血管再通术后早期共有172个节段有改善,与冠状动脉支架置入术或冠状动脉旁路移植术靶血管供血支配区吻合率为78.00%。术后晚期,MCE与冠脉影像结果吻合率为80.56%。结论实时MCE可随访观察冠状动脉再通血运重建缺血心肌血流灌注改善的情况,可尝试用于冠心病血管重建术后的临床随访。     

Effect of revascularization on coronary chronic total occlusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

BackgroundBypass grafting for chronic total occlusions (CTOs) remains surgically challenging and controversial. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence and clinical outcomes of revascularization on CTOs undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).MethodsAmong 828 patients who underwent isolated CABG from January 2010 to December 2018, 245 patients (29.6%) diagnosed with at least one CTO were included and retrospectively reviewed. Primary endpoints were 30-day and overall mortality. Secondary endpoint was the composite outcome of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE).ResultsWith a mean follow-up of 56.6±6.5 months in 245 patients with CTOs, 51 patients (20.8%) received incomplete revascularization (ICR) for CTO lesions. Risk factor analysis showed that ICR was associated with increased 30-day [odds ratio 8.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64–50; P=0.011] and overall mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 2.13; 95% CI: 1.07–4.21; P=0.03). ICR also increased the risk of MACCE (HR 1.98; 95% CI: 1.12–3.54; P=0.01). Freedom from overall mortality was 92.8%, 90.4%, and 86.8% in the complete revascularization group, and 86.3%, 80.0%, and 72.7% in the ICR group, at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively (P=0.004).ConclusionsIn patients with CTOs undergoing CABG, the rate of ICR was 20.8%, and it significantly increased the risk of mortality and MACCE. Further studies in a large cohort are needed.     

单支冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变介入治疗术后影响预后因素

目的：探讨单支冠状动脉慢性闭塞（CCTO）病变介入治疗术后临床预后的影响因素.方法：回顾分析2006年10月～2013年2月因单支主要冠状动脉CCTO病变在我院行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的患者资料,筛选预测主要不良心脏事件（MACE：心因性死亡、再发心绞痛、非致命性心肌梗死或心力衰竭）的危险因子.结果：130例患者平均中位年龄为68岁,男性占76.9％.86例（66.2％）被成功开通闭塞血管.平均随访23月,40例（30.8％）发生MACE事件,PCI失败并不增加MACE事件的发生（P=0.205）,多因素Logistic回归分析显示慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）≥3期和MACE事件独立相关（OR值1.55,95％可信区间1.07～2.24,P=0.02）.结论：肾功能失代偿（CKD≥3期）可预测单支主要冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变患者PCI术后的远期不良预后,成功的PCI治疗可能不能减少此类患者主要不良心脏事件的发生.     

心脏双能量CT与负荷/静息心肌灌注显像和冠状动脉造影的对比研究

目的:探讨心脏双能量CT对冠状动脉狭窄和心肌灌注缺损的诊断价值。方法:34例临床可疑或已知冠心病患者行心脏双能量CT检查。重建冠状动脉CTA图像(dual-energy CT angiographyDE-CTA)和双能心肌灌注图(dual-energy CT perfusion DE-CTP)用于冠状动脉狭窄程度和心肌灌注缺损的评判,并与冠状动脉造影和负荷/静息心肌灌注显像(single photo emission computed tomographySPECT)为参考标准,评价心脏双能量CT对冠状动脉狭窄程度和心肌灌注缺损诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果:1.28例符合纳入标准的患者进入本研究;2.DE-CTA显示408段冠状动脉,其中44段冠状动脉狭窄≥50%,以冠状动脉造影为参考标准,DE-CTA诊断冠状动脉狭窄的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为89.28%、97.70%、86.20%及98.29%,准确性为96.58%;3.DE-CTP显示心肌节段476段,其中90段显示心肌灌注缺损,以负荷/静息心肌灌注显像为参考标准,DE-CTP诊断心肌灌注缺损的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为85.71%、93.09%、74.07%及96.58%,准确性为91.71%,DE-CTP诊断心肌灌注缺损与负荷/静息心肌灌注显像,诊断心肌灌注缺损具有较好的一致性,kappa值0.74(P<0.001)。结论:双能量CT作为一项新的成像方法,不仅能够诊断冠状动脉狭窄,还能对病变冠状动脉的血流动力学改变做出准确判断。     

冠脉慢性闭塞病变再通对心脏功能的影响

目的:评价冠脉慢性闭塞病变再通对患者心功能的影响。方法:对冠脉造影证实的冠脉≥1支慢性闭塞的35例患者,采用冠脉介入治疗(PCI:PTCA加支架植入术)或冠脉旁路移植术(CABG),使再血管化,比较治疗前和治疗后3～6个月患者的临床心功能状态和左室射血分数(LVEF)的改变。结果:22例患者行PCI治疗,13例患者行CABG。平均随访4.2个月。治疗后临床心功能状态改善2级以上者27例(77.1％),改善1级者6例(17.1％),无改善者2例(5.8％),总有效率94.2％。LVEF较术前显著改善(术前51.6％±5.8％,术后62.2％±11.3％,P<0.01)。结论:PCI和CABG开通慢性闭塞冠脉能够改善患者的心功能和LVEF。     

Myocardial contrast echocardiography in the perfusion imaging in coronary occlusion and reperfusion

The availability of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has potential for several applications in coronary diseases. Experimental studies have demonstrated a good correlation between measurements of myocardial blood flow and regional contrast intensity, and therefore capabilities of MCE in detecting myocardial ischemia during stress. Clinical studies must then demonstrate the value of such approaches in comparison with existing techniques such as stress echo and radionuclide imaging.     

经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞性病变疗效

目的总结经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（chronic total occlusion，CTO）的疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年12月前施行经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床资料。结果冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞233例．共有靶血管251支，闭塞时间（20±10）个月。226例（226／251，96．9％）的237处靶病变（237／251，94．4％）行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功。共植入冠状动脉支架266枚。因导丝不能通过CTO病变未成功7例：造影提示病变类型均为旁路侧支血管丰富型或多处长的弯曲病变，其中2例闭塞时间有5年以上，另5例未开通患者中有2例因心功能不全不能耐受长时间手术而终止操作。术中及术后均无严重并发症。术后心绞痛症状缓解率85．4％，心功能改善率79．6％，5年生存率88．9％。结论冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功关键在于熟练的操作技术、合理的器材选择及仔细评估病人和动脉闭塞病变状况；开通闭塞动脉可显著改善患者临床症状，提高生活质量。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞合并远端弥漫性硬化患者的血运重建治疗

Objective To evaluate the effect of off-pump coronary endarterectomy (CE) plus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (off-pump CABG) on patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. Methods From October 2006 to August 2009,65 CTO patients with 176 angiographically confirmed vascular stenosis or occlusive lesions, 70 of which were complete occlusion, underwent off-pump CABG. During the operation, diffuse intimal thickening distal to occlusive lesion was found, and blood flow of the bridges was unfavorable.Results Therefore endarterectomy was performed, followed by CABG. The blood flow in the bridges were 2-10 ml/min versus 14-37 ml/min before versus after endarterectomy. Pulsatility index (PI) was 5.1-15.6 versus less than 5 before versus after endarterectomy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was also improved significantly [before operation: (0.47±0.12)%, after operation: (0. 52±0.15)%, t=2.17, P＜0.05]. Peri-operative myocardial infarction occurred in 2 cases, but without significant cardiac homodynamic changes. And 23 patients underwent coronary angiography to evaluate graft patency 3-18 months after operation, all of them had favorable blood flow. Conclusions It is feasible to perform off-pump CABG plus coronary endarterectomy for patients of chronic coronary total occlusion combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. This treatment is safe and effective.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞合并远端弥漫性硬化患者的血运重建治疗

Objective To evaluate the effect of off-pump coronary endarterectomy (CE) plus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (off-pump CABG) on patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. Methods From October 2006 to August 2009,65 CTO patients with 176 angiographically confirmed vascular stenosis or occlusive lesions, 70 of which were complete occlusion, underwent off-pump CABG. During the operation, diffuse intimal thickening distal to occlusive lesion was found, and blood flow of the bridges was unfavorable.Results Therefore endarterectomy was performed, followed by CABG. The blood flow in the bridges were 2-10 ml/min versus 14-37 ml/min before versus after endarterectomy. Pulsatility index (PI) was 5.1-15.6 versus less than 5 before versus after endarterectomy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was also improved significantly [before operation: (0.47±0.12)%, after operation: (0. 52±0.15)%, t=2.17, P＜0.05]. Peri-operative myocardial infarction occurred in 2 cases, but without significant cardiac homodynamic changes. And 23 patients underwent coronary angiography to evaluate graft patency 3-18 months after operation, all of them had favorable blood flow. Conclusions It is feasible to perform off-pump CABG plus coronary endarterectomy for patients of chronic coronary total occlusion combined with diffuse distal atherosclerosis. This treatment is safe and effective.     

冠状动脉支架置入术对老年冠心病患者心肌纤维化和左心功能的影响

目的 比较老年冠心病患者行冠状动脉支架置入术前、术后心肌纤维化的程度及左心功能的变化. 方法 经冠状动脉造影证实为单支血管病变的冠心病老年患者121例,在心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流分级、症状及心肌流量储备分数(FFR)综合指导下行冠状动脉支架置入术,术后12个月复查冠状动脉造影,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定并比较患者术前、术后3个月、12个月血清Ⅰ型前胶原(PC I)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、层黏蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA)以及醛固酮(ALD)水平的变化;左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、血浆N末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平及6 min步行试验(6 MWD)改善情况;并对FFR与PCⅢ、PCⅢ,NT-proBNP、ALD与PC I、PCⅢ、LN、HA进行相关性分析. 结果 患者支架置入术均成功,术后12个月复查冠状动脉造影,6例患者置入支架内或其他大血管存在不同程度狭窄,FFR为0.56～0.82;术后3个月血清PC Ⅰ、PCⅢ、LN、HA、ALD水平和LVEDD及NT-proBNP较术前降低(均P＜0.05),术后12个月更显著(P＜0.01);FFR与PCⅢ呈负相关(r=-0.67,P＜0.01);PCⅢ与NT-proBNP和ALD与PC Ⅰ、PCⅢ、LN、HA均呈正相关(r值分别为0.67、0.52、0.55、0.46、0.51,均P＜0.01).结论 老年冠心病患者在TIMI分级、症状及FFR综合指导下行单支冠状动脉支架置入术,能减轻心肌纤维化,改善心功能,提高生活质量.     

经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞性病变疗效

目的 总结经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年12月前施行经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床资料.结果 冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞233例,共有靶血管251支,闭塞时间(20±10)个月.226例(226/251,96.9%)的237处靶病变(237/251,94.4%)行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功.共植入冠状动脉支架266枚.因导丝不能通过CTO病变未成功7例:造影提示病变类型均为旁路侧支血管丰富型或多处长的弯曲病变,其中2例闭塞时间有5年以上,另5例未开通患者中有2例因心功能不全不能耐受长时间手术而终止操作.术中及术后均无严重并发症.术后心绞痛症状缓解率85.4%.心功能改善率79.6%,5年生存率88.9%.结论 冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功关键在于熟练的操作技术、合理的器材选择及仔细评估病人和动脉闭塞病变状况;开通闭塞动脉可显著改善患者临床症状,提高生活质量.     

A head-to-head comparison of the coronary calcium score by computed tomography with myocardial perfusion imaging in predicting coronary artery disease

Objective The coronary artery calcium (CAC) score has been shown to predict future cardiac events. However the extent to which the added value of a CAC score to the diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between CAC score and SPECT in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Methods A retrospective review of the CAC scores by use of the Agatston calcium scoring method and cardiac SPECT diagnostic reports was conducted in 48 patients, who underwent both coronary computed tomography (CT) and SPECT examinations due to suspected coronary artery disease. A Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relation between CAC scores and MPI-SPECT assessments with regard to the evaluation of the extent of disease. Results Forty-seven percent of the patients had CAC scores more than 100, while 42% of these patients demonstrated abnormal, or probably abnormal, MPI-SPECT. Of the 23% of patients with a zero CAC score, only 7% had normal MPI-SPECT findings. No significant correlation was found between the CAC scores and MPI- SPECT assessments (r value ranged from 0.012 to 0.080), regardless of the degree of coronary calcification. Conclusions There is a lack of correlation between the CAC scores and the MPI-SPECT findings in the assessment of the extent of coronary artery disease. CAC scores and MPI-SPECT should be considered complementary approaches in the evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的总结冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效。方法实施经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者65例，回顾其临床资料、病变特征和经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效。冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变靶血管共65支，平均闭塞时间为（10±5）个月，均按标准方法行球囊扩张及支架置入术。结果75％（49／65）的患者成功完成了冠状动脉内支架植入术，共植入金属支架58枚。随闭塞时间的延长，经皮冠状动脉介入术成功率显著降低（P=0．001），真性完全闭塞、残端形态圆钝形或刀切样改变、闭塞长度超过15mm都是经皮冠状动脉介入术低成功率的相关因素（P〈0．05）。所有病例住院期间均未发生主要不良心脏事件。结论冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变实施经皮冠状动脉介入术的技术难度较大，术前选择适当的病例和病变、正确选择和应用器械有利于提高成功率。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的 总结冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效.方法 实施经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者65例,回顾其临床资料、病变特征和经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效.冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变靶血管共65支,平均闭塞时间为(10±5)个月,均按标准方法行球囊扩张及支架置入术.结果 75%(49/65)的患者成功完成了冠状动脉内支架植入术,共植入金属支架58枚.随闭塞时间的延长,经皮冠状动脉介入术成功率显著降低(P=0.001).真性完全闭塞、残端形态圆钝形或刀切样改变、闭塞长度超过15 mm都是经皮冠状动脉介入术低成功率的相关因素(P＜0.05).所有病例住院期间均未发生主要不良心脏事件.结论 冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变实施经皮冠状动脉介入术的技术难度较大,术前选择适当的病例和病变、正确选择和应用器械有利于提高成功率.     

320排动态容积CT冠状动脉成像与心肌灌注成像的相关性研究

目的探讨320排动态容积CT冠状动脉成像(computed tomography coronary angiography,CTCA)显示的冠状动脉狭窄程度与CT心肌灌注成像(CT myocardial perfusion imaging,CT-MPI)显示的心肌灌注缺损之间的相互关系。方法对60例冠状动脉疾病患者行CTCA及CT-MPI检查,将其结果进行统计学处理,并进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果 CTCA显示冠状动脉左前降支(left anterior descending,LAD)、左回旋支(left circumflex artery,LCX)、右冠状动脉(right coronary artery,RCA)180支,其中正常冠状动脉56支,狭窄冠状动脉124支。按照LAD、LCX、RCA三支冠状动脉供血范围统计,CT-MPI显示86支冠状动脉灌注正常,94支冠状动脉存在灌注缺损。结论冠状动脉狭窄程度与心肌灌注缺损存在正相关的关系。     

远端血管弹性对冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变开通后无复流的影响

目的利用血管内超声(IVUS)评价冠状动脉远端血管弹性对慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变开通后出现无复流或血流减慢的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2018年12月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院急诊中心行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并成功置入支架完成IVUS检查的CTO病变患者34例。支架置入后远端血流正常组26例[心肌梗死溶栓治疗试验(TIMI)血流分级≥Ⅱ级],血流减慢组8例(TIMI血流分级0级或Ⅰ级)。分析可能导致无复流的病变形态学特点。结果两组患者血管钙化、中膜血肿、导丝行走于内膜下等比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。血流正常组的远端参考管腔面积[(4.09±1.71)mm2比(2.70±0.86)mm2,P=0.036]、远端血管收缩面积比[(15.96±3.95)%比(7.26±1.62)%,P=0.020]显著高于血流减慢组。logistic回归分析显示,远端血管弹性差(OR 13.75,95%CI 1.946~97.178,P=0.009)是支架置入后远端无复流及血流受限的独立预测因素。结论IVUS观察的CTO病变远端血管弹性是影响CTO病变开通后远端出现无复流的独立危险因素。     

侧支循环对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死未及时血运重建患者心功能的影响

目的:评价择期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)时,冠状动脉造影显示的侧支循环对于急性ST段抬高心肌梗死未能及时血运重建患者心功能的影响。方法:纳入2012年4月至2014年2月间,在北京安贞医院急诊科就诊未能行急诊介入治疗的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者76例,入院后均择期行冠状动脉造影和介入治疗,成功开通罪犯血管。根据择期冠状动脉造影结果按Rentrop方法评价侧支循环情况,分为有侧支循环组(n=33)和无侧支循环组(n=43)。分别于术后24小时内和术后30天应用超声心动图评价心功能情况。结果:PCI术后24小时内,有侧支循环组和无侧支循环组左心室射血分数差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组间出现室壁瘤的比例,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后30天门诊随访,有7例患者失访。术后30天超声结果显示两组的左心室射血分数和室壁瘤的发生比例差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:择期冠状动脉造影时显示的冠状动脉侧支循环可能与急性ST段抬高心肌梗死未及时血运重建患者择期PCI术后的心功能无关。     

长期服用麝香保心丸改善冠心病缺血心肌灌注96例研究

目的 采用SPECT心肌显像中的半定量指标评价长期应用麝香保心丸对心肌缺血的改善.方法 选择冠心病患者145例,随机分为对照组及治疗组.对照组采用标准抗缺血治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用麝香保心丸治疗6个月,检测治疗前、后患者心肌放射性缺损面积（MIA）及放射性异常分布积分,并随访临床事件.结果 治疗组MIA较对照组进一步下降（31.3±6.8比34.3±7.2,P＜0.05）,放射性异常分布积分进一步减低（19.2±7.5比21.0±7.4,P＜0.05）,同时临床事件减少（P＜0.05）.结论 标准治疗基础上长期应用麝香保心丸可以进一步改善冠心病缺血心肌灌注.