Kidney transplant survival rates and surgical complications in kidney transplants in children; experiences in the Emma Children's Hospital AMC

OBJECTIVE: To describe surgical complications, and patient and kidney transplant survival rates in children who have had a kidney transplant. DESIGN: Retrospective. METHOD: Data were analysed concerning the children who had been treated with a renal transplantation in the period 1985-2001 because of terminal renal insufficiency in the Emma Children's Hospital of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, with arbitrary end date October 7, 2002. RESULTS: In the study period, 55 primary kidney transplantations were performed on 24 girls and 31 boys. 13 living related and 42 post mortem transplantations were performed. The extra-peritoneal approach was performed in all recipients. Up to October 7, 2002, 14 surgical complications (25%) developed: 4 cases of renovascular thrombosis, 4 urinary leakages, 6 urethral strictures, 1 urethral necrosis, 5 haematomas and 3 lymphoceles. 6 patients lost their grafts due to surgical complications (11%); 4 due to thrombosis, 1 due to urethral necrosis and 1 due to haemorrhage or haematoma. Due to hypertension secondary to the underlying kidney disease 2 patients died within one year after transplantation from hypertensive encephalopathy and cerebral bleeding respectively. The one- and five-year graft survival was 83% and 74% for living related transplantations respectively, and for post mortem transplantations 78% and 68% respectively. The main causes of graft loss were chronic rejection (9/21; 43%), acute rejection (4/21; 19%), thrombosis (4/21; 19%) and surgical complications (2/21; 10%). Primary nonfunction was the only factor with a negative prognostic value for graft survival.     

Renal power Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of children with acute pyelonephritis

Urinary tract infections are common in children. The available gold standard method for diagnosis, Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scan is expensive and exposes patients to considerable amount of radiation. This study was performed to compare and assess the efficacy of Power Doppler Ultrasound versus Tc-99m DMSA scan for diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. A quasi experimental study was conducted on 34 children with mean age of 2.8 ± 2.7 years who were hospitalized with their first episode of febrile urinary tract infection. All children were evaluated in the first 3 days of admission by Doppler Ultrasound and Tc-99m DMSA scan. Patients with congenital structural anomalies were excluded. Each kidney was divided into three zones. The comparison between efficacy of Doppler Ultrasound and DMSA scan was carried out based on number of patients and on classified renal units. Based on the number of patients enrolled; the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of Doppler Ultrasound were 89%, 53%, 70%, 80% and 74%, respectively but based on the renal units, it was 66%, 81%, 46%, 91% and 79% , respectively. Although Doppler Ultrasound has the potential for identifying acute pyelonephritis in children, but it is still soon to replace DMSA scan.     

^99Tc^m—DTPA肾动态显像对上尿路结石症的临床价值

目的探讨^99Tc^m-DTPA（二乙烯三胺五醋酸）肾动态显像对上尿路结石患者诊断和治疗的临床价值。方法回顾性分析因上尿路结石行^99Tc^m-DTPA肾动态显像且随访资料完整的患者49例，患病肾脏共61只，根据首次肾动态显像检查患肾的功能状况进行分组，统计患肾的肾小球滤过率（GFR）、20min排泄率（R20）。结果^99Tc^m-DTPA肾动态显像共提示上尿路梗阻或不完全梗阻肾脏57只，诊断阳性率为93．4％（57／61），解除梗阻后3个月肾功能明显改善但程度不等，解除梗阻前肾功能重度受损者其GFR和R20恢复差。13例（13／49）肾功能重度受损患者进行了患侧。肾脏摘除手术。结论上尿路梗阻患者及时进行肾动态显像检查，对临床治疗方法选择具有明显的指导意义。早期了解患肾功能并及时解除梗阻，可以最大限度地恢复和保留患肾功能，避免最终可能导致的患肾摘除.     

Acute kidney insufficiency in patients treated with fumaric acid esters for psoriasis

We describe four female patients with psoriasis treated with fumaric acid esters. In two patients acute renal failure developed during this therapy. Histological investigation of renal biopsy in one patient was compatible with the diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis; her renal function was reversible after cessation of the medication. The histological diagnosis of the other patient was tubulo-interstitial nephritis, possibly as a reaction to acute tubular necrosis. The recovery of her renal function was incomplete after 9 months.     

Effect of guar gum on gastric emptying after gastric resection

Gastric emptying after a conventional semisolid meal containing 5 g of guar gum granules or placebo was measured in a double-blind, controlled trial, using a radioisotopic (technetium Tc-99m DTPA) technique, in 11 patients who had undergone gastric resection, and who were experiencing the dumping syndrome. Guar gum clearly slowed gastric emptying in five of the 11 patients, and the results suggest that the addition of guar gum to normal meals, especially those rich in monosaccharides or disaccharides, may be helpful to post-gastrectomy patients suffering from the dumping syndrome.     

Incidence and risk factors for surgical site infection after simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation

A simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation (SPKT) is the best treatment option for type I diabetic patients with advanced chronic renal failure. Infectious complications affect 7–50% of the patients receiving this procedure. We conducted a nested case–control study to assess the risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) in patients receiving SPKT at our centre between 2000 and 2006. Of the 119 evaluated transplant recipients, 55 (46.2%) developed SSIs and the 30 day mortality was 11.8%. Gram-negative organisms were the predominant organisms isolated from SSIs. After multivariate logistic regression, the variables independently associated with SSI were: acute tubular necrosis, post-transplant fistula and graft rejection. This study demonstrated a high incidence of SSI in this patient cohort and variables related to the surgical procedure were closely associated with the development of SSI.     

留置溶栓导管介入治疗急性下肢动脉血栓栓塞的临床研究

目的 探讨急性下肢动脉血栓栓塞患者留置溶栓导管介入治疗的方法与疗效.方法 112例急性下肢动脉血栓形成或栓塞患者,其中冠心病或风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动致下肢动脉栓塞85例,各种原因导致的血栓形成27例;所有患者均采用留置溶栓导管局部持续溶栓的方法介入治疗.结果 112例患者中77例(68.8%)患者经介入留置溶栓导管溶栓后栓塞血管完全再通;23例(20.5%)患者栓塞血管部分再通,肢体得以保全,但后期随访16例患者仍有肢体慢性缺血症状;9例(8.0%)因肢体缺血时间过长,发生不可逆性坏死而行截肢术;3例(2.7%)因发生急性再灌注损伤并发急性肾衰竭或再发脑梗死而死亡.结论 留置溶栓导管介入治疗急性下肢动脉血栓栓塞安全、有效,截肢率低.

Abstract：

Objective To study the methods and effects by using thrombolytic catheter in interventional treatment for patients with acute lower limb arterial thrombosis or embolism. Methods One hundred and twelve patients suffered acute lower limb arterial thrombosis or embolism. There were 85 cases of acute lower limb arterial embolism induced by atrial fibrillation in coronary or rheumatic heart disease,other 27 cases of arterial thrombosis caused by different reasons. Interventional treatment by inlying thrombolytic catheter was applied and continuous perfusion was received locally in all patients. Results Complete recanalization was got in 77 cases (68.8%) of 112 cases. Partial re canalization was got in 23 cases (20.5%), and ischemia limbs were saved in spite of chronic limb ischemia(chronic spasmodic limb) occurring in the later follow-up. Nine cases (8.0%) were amputated as a result of irreversible limbs necrosis, 3 cases (2.7%) died from acute renal failure resulting from reperfusion injury or recurrent cerebral embolism.Conclusion Interventional treatment by inlying thrombolytic catheter is a safe and effective method with lower amputation rate for acute lower limb arterial thrombosis or embolism in patients.     

Use of non-absorbable polypropylene mesh for the treatment of spontaneous renal graft rupture

Renal graft rupture (RGR) is a life-threatening complication of kidney transplantation (KT), frequently associated with rejection and acute tubular necrosis. RGR repair with the use of suture, and corsetage with various materials (including synthetic glue, polyglactin absorbable hemostatic mesh, and lyophilized human dura), is indicated in non-severe cases. However, the employment of non-absorbable synthetic mesh had not been previously reported. Here, a case of a KT from cadaveric donor with RGR associated with acute rejection is reported. The graft was salvaged with the employment of a non-absorbable polypropylene mesh. Six months after KT, the patient remains asymptomatic with normal renal function. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a non-absorbable polypropylene mesh to repair a RGR. In a setting in which economical restrictions are important, the use of non-absorbable synthetic mesh may represent a good option of treatment.     

移植肾自发性破裂的诊治和预防

目的 探讨移植肾自发性破裂的诊断、治疗和预防.方法 回顾性分析移植肾自发性破裂12例.临床表现均为突发性移植肾区疼痛、局部肿胀、血压下降,尿量减少等.彩色超声检查有助于诊断.手术探查11例,移植肾切除3例,移植肾破裂修补引流8例,其中2例修补后因再次破裂行移植肾切除;保守治疗1例.结果 本组12例患者中移植肾切除5例行血液透析维持,移植肾破裂修补6例及1例保守治疗患者痊愈出院.结论 移植肾自发性破裂的主要原因为急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死,结合临床症状行超声检查对诊断此症价值较高,尽早行内、外科联合处理对于移植肾自发性破裂的治疗是重要的.预防要从肾脏摘取与灌洗、移植肾手术、合理应用免疫抑制剂、及早处理排斥反应等多方面着手.     

Residual renal function after living related kidney donation. Is it enough? An early report

The utilization of living's kidneys as renal replacement for Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) patients was debated for long time. However, the lack of renal pool in one hand and the proper employment of modern investigatory armamentarium in another hand could justify such donation. Living related donors (LRD) are subjected to extensive non invasive investigations to assess their general fitness for donation and split renal function. The impact of uni-nephrectomy on the renal function was studied in 25 LRD. Serum Creatinine (S. Cr.) Creatinine Clearance (Cr. Cl.) and renographic clearance tests for total and split renal function and renal volume using ultrasound were determined before and 3 months after donation. An initial increase in s.cr was seen in 76% of donors, but all levels are within normal range. Total kidney function by cr.cl showed significant drop by 36% of the pre donated value. Remaining kidney clearance increased by 5% to 64% with an average of 34% of the pre donated level as measured by Tc 99m DTPA renography. Following nephrectomy, compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney attributed to an increase in the renal volume of 15%. In conclusion, kidney donation from living's is safe. Cr. clearance using the chemical method is a good screening test for potential LRD and for monitoring the renal function after donation. Renographic clearance using Tc 99m DTPA is as excellent useful test for split renal function in LRD work up. Long-term follow up might be needed.     

Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy

The aim of this review was to recall the relevance of the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy procedure in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is undergone after treadmill exercise or pharmacological stress by infusion of Dipyridamole. Thallium-201, sestamibi-Tc99m and tetrofosmine-Tc99m are the most frequently used tracers. Gated single photon emission computed tomography provides a combined evaluation of both myocardial perfusion and function. Myocardial perfusion imaging is an accurate tool for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease with a high sensitivity 93% and good specificity 80%. Its prognostic value is now well established among patients with known coronary artery disease. In particular for risk stratification and patient management decisions. Thallium-201 SPECT is clinically accurate in assessing myocardial viability. As it is for assessment after myocardial revascularisation. Thus myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a reliable and a cost-effective investigation for coronary artery disease.     

Investigation of redox homeostasis in liver and renal transplant recipients

The time course of free radical reactions is evaluated by the authors. Within pretransplant patients as of their poorly functioning metabolism free radical overproduction may be observed, hence their antioxidant capacity decreases. When the graft is functioning well, the free radical-antioxidant balance of homeostasis is reestablished. During the early postoperative period, when symptoms (acute rejection, infection, acute tubular necrosis, cholestasis) appear, free radical reactions increase. The authors demonstrate, this is strengthened by the fact that the mediator [interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, serum amyloid-A], and enzyme levels that take part in the free radical processes rise. The monitoring of these parameters during the early postoperative period is a good early indicator for acute rejection and for the effect of therapy. During acute rejection just as during infection most of these parameters increased significantly compared to the healthy control. They show the activation of the immune system but they are not useful for differential diagnosis, with the exception of IL-6 which we measured in larger quantities during bacterial infection but not so in acute rejection. For the prediction of early renal graft function we used urinary enzyme levels (dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase, glutathione-S-transferase). Tissue damage is followed by enzyme increasing and antioxidant capacity depletion. With choosing of adequate tests, the perioperative redox homeostasis of the transplanted patients can be monitored and with dosing the antioxidants the uncontrolled forming of reactive oxygen metabolites can also be decreased and checked.     

腺苷负荷试验核素心肌灌注显像检查的观察和护理

目的探讨腺苷负荷试验核素心肌灌注显像检查方法的观察要点及护理。方法 204例患者经肘静脉持续静脉泵注入腺苷,剂量为140 g/(kg.min),用药时间为6 min。腺苷泵入3 min时静脉推注99mTc-MIBI(甲氧基异丁基乙腈)740 925 MBq,1.0 1.5 h后进行心肌断层显像,次日行静息心肌显像。在注射前、第3分钟、注射终止时和终止后5 min分别记录1次12导联心电图和血压,注射过程中严密观察患者不良反应、呼吸、心率、血压变化并做好护理记录,根据患者反应情况及时判断处理。结果共有165例患者出现不良反应,发生率80.88%,39例无任何不适反应占19.12%。204例患者全部安全通过试验,无严重并发症发生。结论腺苷负荷试验核素心肌灌注显像检查为心血管疾病的诊断提供可靠依据,不良反应常见,但反应较轻微,于终止试验后不良反应迅速消失,无重大不良反应发生,操作简便,安全性较高,且良好的护理方法对该实验的安全性具有重要的保障,值得推广。     

免疫吸附联合赛尼哌预防高致敏人群肾移植急性排斥反应研究

目的探讨免疫吸附联合赛尼哌（zenapax）对高致敏人群肾移植排斥反应的预防作用。方法对10例群体反应抗体（PRA）大于40％的肾移植患者，术前行免疫吸附，并使用两次剂量Zenapax，观察急性排斥发生情况及不良反应。结果10例高致敏患者仅有2例术后发生急性排斥反应，通过免疫吸附及调整免疫抑制剂得到逆转，无其他不良反应。结论免疫吸附联合Zenapax可以安全、有效的预防高致敏人群肾移植术后急性排斥反应。     

MRI、CT在移植肾中的应用

目的:探讨MRI、CT在肾移植术后并发症诊断中的应用价值。方法:应用磁共振(MRI和MRU)、MSCT和CTA检查技术,回顾性分析17例肾移植术后患者的MRI、CT表现。结果:7例患者术后出现移植肾压痛、无尿及发烧;6例表现为移植肾积水、输尿管与膀胱吻合口间梗阻,并经手术证实;3例表现为肾皮髓质结构模糊,诊断为排斥反应;1例移植肾肾周血肿形成;1例出现移植肾局部血管栓塞至肾梗死。结论:MRI、MSCT检查可显示移植肾内外的多种结构,能够提供丰富的肾脏血管、输尿管及周边组织的图像信息,具有重要的应用价值。     

Recent advances in nuclear cardiology

Nuclear cardiology is an essential part of functional, non-invasive, cardiac imaging. Significant advances have been made in nuclear cardiology since planar (201)thallium ((201)TI) scintigraphy was introduced for the evaluation of left ventricular (LV) perfusion nearly 40 years ago. The use of nuclear cardiology has been steadily increasing over the last 20 years with important steps being the introduction of (99m)technetium- ((99m)Tc)-labelled perfusion radiotracers, the change from only planar to now much more single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), electrocardiogram gating of nuclear perfusion imaging, and finally introducing nuclear hybrid imaging using either SPECT or PET together with either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The indications have extended from nearly only coronary artery diseases to several non-coronary cardiac diseases. The advances in nuclear cardiology are discussed under the four headlines of: 1) myocardial perfusion, 2) cardiac performance including LV and right ventricular (RV) function, 3) myocardial metabolism, and 4) experimental nuclear cardiology.     

门控心肌断层显像在小儿扩张性心肌病中的应用

目的:探讨99mTc单光子断层扫描(SPECT)对小儿扩张性心肌病的应用价值。方法:运用99mTc心肌灌注显像法检查扩张性心肌病患儿的心肌病变,行门控心肌显像时观察LVEF值和局部室壁运动。结果:36例扩张性心肌病患儿中34例(91%)心肌显像异常,扩张性心肌病组与正常组相比LVEF值差异有显著性。结论:99mTc心肌灌注显像能检测扩张性心肌病患儿心肌损害程度,对评价扩张性心肌病患儿心功能有较高的参考价值。     

镉对溶菌酶肾脏清除率的影响

利用大鼠镉中毒性肾损害模型，观察了镉对溶菌酶肾脏清除率的影响，结果镉染毒组血，尿溶菌酶均升高，肾小管对溶菌酶的重吸收率明显低于对照组，而溶菌酶的肾脏消除率两组差异则无显著性。认为镉染毒组动物肾小管上皮细胞受损害后，抑制了肾上管上皮细胞对溶菌酶的重吸收和降解功能，从而造成血及尿中菌酶浓度升高，而对不经降解的溶菌酶分子运转过程的影响较小。     

Biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation. The Hungarian experience

INTRODUCTION: The authors summarize the characteristics of biliary complications following liver transplantation in the Hungarian liver transplant program. Aims were to analyze the frequency and the types of biliary complications as well as their effect on the patient and graft survival. The authors observed the known risk factors in the Hungarian practice, and they also try to find unknown risk factors for biliary complications. They review the therapy of biliary complications. METHOD: In the retrospective study, patients were divided into two groups, with and without biliary complication after liver transplantation. These two groups were compared with many factors, and with the survivals. The biliary complication group was divided into two parts: those who had an early and those with a late biliary complication. These two new groups were also compared with the controls. The results are summarized in tables and statistical figures. Categorical variables are evaluated by chi 2 -test, continuous ones are with Levine Test (for homogenicity of means), Student T test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Cumulative survivals are computed with Kaplan-Meier log rank analysis. RESULTS: Biliary complication appeared in 25% of the patients. The most frequent complications were stenosis (18%), biliary leakage (9%), biliary necrosis (6%), and ischaemic type of biliary lesions (3%). The 5-year survival is worse when biliary complications were diagnosed (55%) than without such a complication (66%). In the biliary complication group the retransplantation rate was higher (15%). The most frequent treatments were interventional radiologic methods (69%), surgical methods (17%), and the ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of biliary complications met the international reviews. Risk factors for biliary complications were cholangitis, hepatic artery thrombosis and stenosis, high rate of intraoperative blood transfusions, and acute rejection. Biliary complications frequently associated with the initial poor function of the transplanted graft. Early biliary complications have a negative impact on patient survival, while late complications influence a decreased quality of life. Biliary complications were treated mostly by interventional radiologic procedures.     

溶栓后即刻经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对心肌梗死面积的影响

目的　探讨溶栓后即刻经皮冠状动脉介入 (PCI)治疗对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者心肌梗死面积的影响。方法　采用回顾性分析首次AMI患者 94例 ,发病时间均在 12h以内。 36例接受溶栓联合PCI治疗 ,5 8例接受直接PCI治疗 ,并于PCI术后 1周行核素心肌灌注显像测定心肌梗死面积 ,了解二者对AMI患者心肌梗死面积的影响。结果　两组患者自发病至PCI时间比较无明显差异 ;首次冠状动脉造影显示 :溶栓后即刻PCI组PCI术前梗死相关动脉TIMI 3级血流者明显较直接PCI组多 ;溶栓后即刻PCI组介入治疗成功率高 ,且术后TIMI 3级血流者多于直接PCI治疗组 ;PCI术后 1周时溶栓后即刻PCI组心肌梗死面积明显小于直接PCI组 ;两组比较出血并发症发生率无明显差异。结论　溶栓后即刻PCI治疗急性心肌梗死安全有效 ,早期再通率高 ,心肌梗死面积小 ,更有利于保护心室功能 ,且不增加出血并发症