斯德奇-韦伯综合征伴局灶皮质发育不良Ⅱ A型一例临床及病理分析

目的 总结1例经病理确诊的斯德奇-韦伯综合征患者的临床、影像学特征及病理表现.方法 回顾性分析1例斯德奇-韦伯综合征患者的临床、影像学及病理资料,对切除标本行HE及免疫组织化学染色观察.结果 CT显示左侧额叶条索状钙化;MRI示左侧额叶萎缩,可见低信号沿脑回分布.病理学特点为软脑膜的血管瘤病,病变皮质下沿脑回呈带状分布的钙化灶,同时周围皮质排列构筑紊乱,局部见形态异常神经元散在分布,免疫组织化学显示形态异常神经元(神经元特异核抗原、微管相关蛋白2、神经纤维细丝蛋白、SMI32R阳性,符合局灶皮质发育不良ⅡA型的组织学改变.诊断为斯德奇-韦伯综合征伴有局灶皮质发育不良ⅡA型.结论 斯德奇-韦伯综合征可以伴有局灶皮质发育不良,局灶皮质发育不良是部分斯德奇-韦伯综合征的癫痫起源灶.术前诊断为斯德奇-韦伯综合征的患者需仔细评价其临床资料及影像学、脑电图资料,以确定癫痫的起源,从而完整切除癫痫灶,并在术后进行规范的病理分析,明确是否伴有局灶皮质发育不良.     

手术治疗不伴面部血管瘤的Sturge-Weber综合征1例

目的 总结不伴面部血管瘤的致(癎)性Sturge-Weber综合征的诊治经验.方法 报告1例女性病人,9岁,表现为药物难治性癫(癎)1年.发作形式为微笑-意识丧失-倒地抽搐.不伴面部和全身血管瘤.MRI显示:左侧顶枕交界区皮质病变,T1W呈等信号,增强后病变沿脑回强化;PET显示:病变及周围葡萄糖代谢降低,病变呈"电车轨道样"钙化.在神经导航和术中皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测下行左侧顶枕叶致(癎)灶切除术.结果 病理报告为软脑膜血管瘤.随访11个月,病人无癫(癎)发作,无严重手术并发症发生.结论 应加强对不伴面部血管痣性Sturge-Weber综合征的认识.手术切除致(癎)灶是治疗致(癎)性Sturge-Weber综合征的有效方法.     

MELAS综合征的临床、病理和动态影像学表现

目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和脑卒中发作(MELAS综合征)的临床、病理和动态影像学表现特点. 方法 回顾性分析经肌肉活检病理证实的10例MELAS综合征患者的临床、病理及动态影像学资料. 结果 MELAS综合征患者的主要临床表现为头痛、癫痫、恶心呕吐、眼球震颤、视力障碍.CT显示病变较差,MR能清晰显示病变,病变多位于颞叶、顶叶、枕叶皮层及皮层下,呈脑回状,具有多灶性、非对称性、游走性、不按血管分布特点,MRA多无明显血管狭窄,病变区呈现高灌注和血管源性水肿,MRS可见乳酸(Lac)峰.肌肉病理活检光镜下显示破碎红纤维、强阳性血管,电镜下见线粒体数量增多、大小和形态异常. 结论 MELAS综合征的临床和影像学表现具有一定特点,结合肌肉病理活检可对该病进行早期诊断和鉴别诊断.     

先天性巨脑回畸形

目的报告1例(右侧颞顶枕叶局限性)先天性巨脑回畸形患儿的影像学和临床病理学特征,以及诊断与治疗要点,以期提高对该病的认识。方法与结果男性患儿,2岁,临床表现为发作性意识丧失伴肢体抽搐18个月并进行性加重,MRI以右侧颞顶枕叶皮质发育畸形为特征,手术切除右侧颞顶枕区致灶。术后组织学形态呈现灰质不均匀增厚、白质减少,皮质分层结构消失,代之以大量异常神经元和"气球"样细胞,以及白质内散在"气球"样细胞;免疫组织化学染色,异常神经元表达非磷酸化神经丝重链SMI-32、神经元微管相关蛋白-2和波形蛋白或神经微丝蛋白,异常神经元和"气球"样细胞同时表达磷酸化S6核糖体蛋白(前者强于后者),但"气球"样细胞不表达神经元微管相关蛋白-2和波形蛋白。随访1年无意识障碍、肢体抽搐发作。结论先天性巨脑回畸形为脑发育早期增殖、移行障碍所致大脑皮质发育不良,应注意与局灶性皮质发育不良Ⅱb型和结节性硬化症相鉴别,综合临床病史、影像学和组织学特征明确诊断。     

脑膜瘤伴黑色素细胞移殖性增生

目的总结1例脑膜瘤伴黑色素细胞移殖性增生患者的临床特点及诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法与结果女性患者,24岁,头部CT和MRI提示左侧枕叶占位性病变,T_1WI呈高和低混杂信号,T_2WI呈等和低混杂信号,增强扫描明显强化。临床诊断为左侧枕叶肿瘤性病变,行左侧枕后入路开颅肿瘤切除术。术中可见肿瘤表面有部分光滑包膜,色泽黑,血供极其丰富。组织学形态,肿瘤细胞呈团片状分布,部分围绕血管呈乳头状排列;肿瘤细胞中等大小,胞质丰富,可见瘤巨细胞和核内包涵体以及散在的砂粒体形成;较多色素细胞胞质内可见大量黑色素颗粒。免疫组化染色,肿瘤细胞波形蛋白、上皮型钙黏附蛋白、孕激素受体呈阳性,生长抑素受体2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白、S-100蛋白部分阳性,黑色素相关抗原45(HMB45)、黑色素-A、上皮膜抗原、细胞角蛋白、低分子细胞角蛋白和高分子细胞角蛋白、SOX10、L1细胞黏附分子、D2-40、少突胶质细胞转录因子2呈阴性,而色素细胞HMB45、SOX10呈阳性。基因检测提示NF2基因缺失。最终诊断为脑膜瘤伴黑色素细胞移殖性增生。术后未行放化疗,复查头部MRI未见肿瘤复发。结论脑膜瘤伴黑色素细胞移殖性增生临床罕见,其诊断依靠组织学形态、免疫组化染色和分子病理学检查,应注意与其他中枢神经系统含有黑色素细胞的肿瘤相鉴别。     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤的临床病理学特点

目的探讨胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT)的临床病理特征及免疫组化特点。方法结合临床、影像、HE染色和免疫组化方法对6例DNT患者资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例DNT患者均以癫痫为主要临床症状,病变均位于幕上结构(颞叶3例、左顶叶2例、右额叶1例)。CT检查显示病变均呈低密度改变,MRI检查显示病灶均呈长T1长T2信号,无病变周围水肿及占位效应,增强扫描后均未见明显强化。按DNT病理组织学分型:单纯型1例,复杂型5例。复杂型5例均伴有局灶性皮质发育不良。免疫组化染色结果显示,少突胶质样细胞Olig2、S100表达强阳性,少部分表达神经元核抗原(NeuN)、微管相关蛋白2(Map2)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和nestin;神经元成分呈NeuN和Map2强阳性表达,CD34阳性表达仅见血管内皮细胞。结论 DNT是一种良性病变,需结合临床、影像、病理学特征进行诊断,免疫组化方法有助于确诊。     

不同类型颅内胶质瘤病二例:临床表现与影像学特征

目的报告病理学诊断明确的大脑胶质瘤病和软脑膜胶质瘤病各一例。方法与结果(1)大脑胶质瘤病:男性患者,48岁。临床表现为癫和中枢神经系统局灶性体征。MRI显示双侧大脑半球广泛性白质病变,无明显占位效应,增强后病灶无明显强化。肿瘤细胞和增生的神经胶质细胞均表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP),Ki-67抗原标记指数约为10%。(2)软脑膜胶质瘤病:女性患者,30岁。临床以颅内高压和癫发作为主要症状。MRI显示蛛网膜下隙和脑室进行性扩大,脑沟和脑裂内多发囊性包裹形成,脑实质浸润,增强后脑膜和囊壁病灶明显强化。肿瘤细胞呈密集不均均分布,胞核异型性明显,小血管增生;GFAP表达阳性,Ki-67抗原标记指数约为5%。2例患者组织病理学均符合间变型星形细胞瘤(WHOⅢ级)诊断。以替莫唑胺化疗为治疗原则。结论颅内胶质瘤病头部MRI表现具有一定特异性,可提示诊断,应尽早行脑组织活检术以明确诊断。     

颅内脑膜血管瘤一例并文献复习

目的探讨脑膜血管瘤病（MA）的临床病理特征。方法分析1例MA病史及影像学、病理学资料并复习相关文献。结果MA病理学特点为细胞区脑膜细胞呈结节状、漩涡状或带状增生；血管区以增生小血管及其周围的梭形纤维母细胞样细胞为典型特点。免疫组化结果显示，vimentin及上皮膜抗原（EMA）阳性，胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）及S-100蛋白阴性。电镜检查结果显示，肿瘤细胞有细胞间桥粒和胞突犬牙交错及胞质内众多微丝等脑膜上皮的特征。结论MA是一种罕见疾病，分为散发型和2型神经纤维瘤病相关型（NF2）。MA病变通常位于大脑额颞叶皮质层并可累及周围脑膜组织。MA在形态学上应与侵袭性脑膜瘤、节细胞神经瘤等相鉴别，病变组织生长方式、免疫组化表型和电镜特点在该肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中具重要作用。     

局灶皮层发育不良致难治性癫痫160例临床病理分析

目的探讨局灶皮层发育不良的临床病理学分型及特点。方法收集160例病理诊断为局灶皮层发育不良的难治性癫痫手术治疗患者的病理标本及临床资料。采用HE和免疫组织化学染色,探讨各种类型癫痫病理的临床病理学特点。结果局灶皮层发育不良160例,其中FCDⅠB134例、FCDⅡA16例、FCDⅡB10例。结论局灶皮层发育不良为引发难治性癫痫最常见病因,而亚型中以FCDⅠB型最为多见。免疫组化有助于FCD的诊断与分型。     

中枢神经系统原发性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤

研究背景中枢神经系统原发性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤可发生于各年龄阶段,通常与免疫缺陷无关,临床及影像学检查易误诊为脑膜炎症性病变,尤其是结核性脑膜炎。而在病理诊断上,形态与中枢神经系统以外的间变性大细胞淋巴瘤相似,间变性淋巴瘤激酶1可呈阳性或阴性。由于易误诊为脑膜炎而于组织活检前应用糖皮质激素治疗,造成组织学观察呈现大片坏死,以及大量组织细胞增生和吞噬现象,故在取材不够全面时易误诊为脑梗死或恶性组织细胞增生性疾病等。本文结合1例12岁中枢神经系统原发性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤患儿的临床资料,通过相关文献回顾,总结该病发病特点和临床表现,以提高临床及病理医师对该病的认识。方法与结果 12岁男性患儿,临床表现为发热、头痛,伴右侧肢体麻木、无力。MRI检查右侧顶叶局部脑回肿胀及软脑膜异常强化,并累及右侧颞叶;左侧顶叶软脑膜异常强化。右侧颞顶叶病变组织活检肿瘤细胞体积较大且形态不规则,胞质丰富、嗜伊红,可见马蹄形和肾形核。免疫组织化学检测肿瘤细胞CD3、CD45RO、CD30、间变性淋巴瘤激酶1和上皮膜抗原表达阳性,CD20和CD79a表达阴性。结论间变性大细胞淋巴瘤是中枢神经系统的罕见病理亚型,临床及影像学极易误诊为脑膜炎症性病变。因此,对临床考虑为脑膜炎,但治疗效果差、病情反复的患者,应尽早进行脑组织活检或反复脑脊液细胞学检查,尤其是脑组织活检为明确诊断之重要手段。     

小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤

研究背景小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤是小脑良性肿瘤,临床表现不典型,相对罕见。本文报告1例小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤患者,通过复习相关文献,探讨其临床病理学特征,以期提高诊断与鉴别诊断能力。方法与结果女性患者,34岁,头部MRI显示右侧小脑半球类圆形占位性病变。手术全切除病变,术中可见病变表面脑回增宽,呈黄白色,似脑组织样,质地略软,血供丰富,无包膜,与周围脑组织无粘连。组织学形态,颗粒细胞层和浦肯野细胞层被平行排列的异常有髓纤维和结构紊乱的异常神经元取代,伴血管畸形。免疫组织化学染色,异常神经元胞质表达神经元核抗原、突触素、S-100蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶,胶质纤维背景表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白,神经纤维表达神经微丝蛋白,Ki-67抗原标记指数1%。最终病理诊断为小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤。术后仍呈深昏迷,共住院24 d,出院后失访。结论小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤临床相对罕见,组织学形态呈良性,影像学表现具有一定特异性,早期诊断并手术治疗十分必要,应注意与节细胞瘤、节细胞胶质瘤和低级别星形细胞瘤相鉴别。小脑发育不良性节细胞瘤患者及其家属应进行系统检查,关注有无其他器官或系统疾病或肿瘤。     

脑面血管瘤病19例临床病理分析

目的分析脑面血管瘤病（Sturge-Weber syndrome,SWS）的临床、病理学特点,探讨其诊治方案及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析采用致灶手术切除加热灼治疗的19例SWS病人的临床资料,对临床表现、病理改变进行总结分析。结果大体改变：单脑叶型、单侧多脑叶型、半球型和双侧型。镜下改变可见病变区蛛网膜增厚,蛛网膜下腔呈海绵状血管瘤结构,血管管壁增厚、玻璃样变性及不规则钙化;皮质神经元减少,胶质细胞、微血管增生,以皮质的外颗粒层、外椎体层钙化最为显著,相邻皮质神经元排列紊乱,发育不良。随访5个月,恢复良好15例病人,有4例年龄〉10岁病人症状未见改善。结论 SWS是少见的先天性疾病,药物作用有限,建议在运动功能受损出现之前手术。手术年龄越小,其大脑功能的可塑性越好,恢复越理想。     

The ultrastructure of Sturge-Weber disease

Summary Five infantile and one adult case of Sturge-Weber disease were studied pathologically. The calcification occurring under the leptomeningeal angiomatosis increased with advancing age. Light and electron microscopy of two cases showed the smallest, and therefore possibly the earliest, calcifications occurred in perithelial cells. It is hypothesized the cause of calcification is anoxic injury to endothelial, perithelial and possibly glial mitochondria due to stasis and abnormal vessel permeability in the cerebral vessels composing the Sturge-Weber angioma.     

Sturge-Weber syndrome: deep venous occlusion and the radiologic spectrum

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a neurocutaneous syndrome with a facial port-wine nevus and neurologic features, typically including seizures and hemiparesis. Glaucoma may also occur. MRI features include leptomeningeal angiomatosis, cortical and pial calcifications, and angiomatous change of the choroid plexus. We reviewed a subset of patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome with the rare finding of deep venous occlusion, and present such a case, unusual by comparison to previously reported cases of Sturge-Weber syndrome with deep venous occlusion. Six previously reported cases were reviewed. All cases presented with seizures; five of six had evidence of leptomeningeal angiomatosis; half had cerebral hemiatrophy. This report presents a unique case lacking clinical seizures, but with a port-wine stain and congenital glaucoma. This patient lacked the radiologic findings of leptomeningeal angiomatosis and hemicerebral atrophy, but demonstrated deep venous occlusion with frontal venous collaterals. There is a wide spectrum of findings in Sturge-Weber syndrome. The lack of seizures and angiomatosis in this case are likely "true-true" and related. The case illustrates the unusual finding of deep venous occlusion in Sturge-Weber syndrome occurring without leptomeningeal angiomatosis. Additionally, it demonstrates that although the initial evaluation is normal, patients may later manifest clinical characteristics of Sturge-Weber syndrome.     

Corticobasal degeneration: etiopathological significance of the cytoskeletal alterations

We have studied brain tissues from three patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) histologically, ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically. Ballooned neurons in the cerebral cortex and severe degeneration of the substantia nigra were observed in them all and weakly basophilic neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were distributed widely in the basal ganglia and brain stem. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated that the NFTs comprised characteristic 15-nm-wide straight tubules, which showed positive immunohistochemical staining with an antibody against tau, but not ubiquitin. Tau-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies without NFTs also were found in the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei, predominantly in the brain stem, and the greatest number of tau-positive glial inclusions occurred in the cerebral gray and white matter of the pre- and post-central gyri. These inclusions comprised tubular structures with diameters of about 15 nm and were localized in the oligodendroglial cellular cytoplasm and processes. These findings indicate that there is a close cytoskeletal pathological relationship between CBD and progressive supranuclear palsy.     

抗磷脂综合征7例患者临床、影像及病理特点分析

目的探讨抗磷脂综合征(antiphospholipid syndrome,APS)的临床表现、生化检查、神经影像和皮肤病理特点。方法回顾性分析7例诊断为APS患者的临床资料、神经影像和皮肤病理资料。结果慢性起病3例,临床表现为反复头痛、记忆力下降为主;神经影像学检查结果示病灶分布于大脑皮质下白质及侧脑室旁白质,呈脑梗死或脱髓鞘改变,颅内中等血管狭窄、小血管闭塞或继发扩张;皮肤活检病理检查:光镜示真皮内小血管周围少量淋巴细胞浸润,电镜示上皮组织下小血管管壁增厚、管腔狭窄或闭塞。结论 APS以反复头痛或脑梗死为主要临床表现,影像学以多灶性、不对称性、脑白质缺血或脱髓鞘信号改变为特点,皮肤病理检查以小血管狭窄或闭塞为特点。熟悉APS的临床、影像学与病理学特点有利于对其做出早期诊断。     

Meningocerebral hemangiomatosis resembling Sturge-Weber disease in a horse

Summary A 3-year-old horse presented with intermittent generalized seizures of 2-month duration. During interictal periods, the horse appeared normal and a cause for the seizures could not be identified. Necropsy revealed opacity of the leptomeninges, covering most of one cerebral hemisphere along with thinning and collapse of the cortex in the ipsilateral pyriform lobe. Histopathology demonstrated leptomeningeal vascular proliferation and meningothelial hyperplasia. Prominent tortuous vessels of the gyri and sulci extended into some regions of the subjacent cortex, where there was neuronal loss, ectopia, and disorganization. Clusters of prominent arterioles were found in the sclerotic choroid plexus of the lateral and fourth ventricles. Milder vascular lesions were present in the leptomeninges of the ventral brain stem, right cerebrum, spinal cord, and in the eye. The left trigeminal nerve was distorted by swollen fasicles containing onion bulb-like structures. Most bulbs contained central axons surrounded by myelin sheaths of variable thickness. Electron microscopy demonstrated concentrically arranged cells with continuous basal laminae and rare pinocytotic vesicles. S-100 immunohistochemistry showed strong positive staining in these cells. This is an unusual combination of lesions to which analogies can be drawn with the human neuroectodermal dysplasias, specifically Sturge-Weber disease. The relationship of the neuropathy to the leptomeningeal hemangiomatosis is unclear, but a compound anomaly in embryological development resulting in dysplasia and neoplasia may be involved.     

Expression of multidrug resistance type 1 gene (MDR1) P-glycoprotein in intractable epilepsy with different aetiologies: a double-labelling and electron microscopy study

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyse the clinical characteristics, pathological features and expression patterns of multiple drug resistance type 1 (MDR1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in intractable epilepsy patients with variable aetiologies and to analyse the relationships between the clinical and pathological findings. Twenty-six patients (15 males, 11 females, age range 4–25 years, mean age 22.92 years, SD 11.19 years) with intractable epilepsy were included in this study; the clinical characteristics were considered, and the pathological changes as well as expression of MDR1 and GFAP in surgically removed brain tissues of each subject were examined under light and electron microscopy. All patients presented a long-lasting, refractory epilepsy, mostly of the partial type, due to different causes, such as trauma, vascular injuries, encephalitis, cortical dysplasia, cavernous angioma and Sturge-Weber disease. Neuronal degenerative damage, reactive proliferation of astrocytes, as well as overexpression of GFAP and MDR1, appeared as common pathological features in all cases. The detection of MDR1 by electron microscopy allowed us to precisely define its cellular location in reactive astrocytes and to exclude the presence of the antigen in other cellular types. In all cases, pathological features, at both light and electron microscopy, were similar, independent of the different clinical presentation and aetiology.     

Impact of recent seizures on cerebral blood flow in patients with sturge-weber syndrome: study of 2 cases

Patients with refractory seizures, including those with Sturge-Weber syndrome, undergo functional studies in preparation for surgery. Perfusion studies in Sturge-Weber syndrome by single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography generally demonstrate hypoperfusion in the diseased tissue. We report perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging results in 2 cases of Sturge-Weber syndrome with recent seizures. The affected cerebral tissue showed increased relative cerebral blood flow and volume with prolonged mean transit time and time to peak. Elevated relative cerebral blood flow could be attributed to seizures, whereas increased relative cerebral blood volume might have resulted from vasodilation due to seizure activity or chronic ischemia. These findings point to the variable results of functional studies in Sturge-Weber syndrome that might lead to miscalculations of the lesion area before surgery.     

Atypical Imaging Evolution of Sturge-Weber Syndrome Without Facial Nevus

We report a patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome without facial angioma, who presented with seizures and normal initial imaging results. The patient experienced several years without seizures before a sudden increase in seizure frequency, followed by an atypical evolution of imaging findings prompting biopsy to establish the diagnosis. This case highlights not only the rare presentation of isolated leptomeningeal angiomatosis, but also the potential for atypical evolution of imaging findings through the course of the disease. We detail the imaging findings of our case and review the potential pathophysiological basis for this appearance. Our experience suggests that repeat imaging is warranted in patients with suspected Sturge-Weber syndrome or those with intractable cryptogenic epilepsy, because some imaging features of Sturge-Weber syndrome may manifest over time.