重症新型冠状病毒肺炎:是急性呼吸窘迫综合征吗？

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)在全球暴发流行,危害严重。虽然目前临床研究和尸检结果提高了人们对COVID-19的认识,但仍存在诸多争议,最大的争议之一即为重症COVID-19是否可诊断为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)。重症COVID-19符合ARDS柏林标准,但与其他原因导致的ARDS存在诸多不同之处,包括发病晚、部分患者肺顺应性相对正常、高碳酸血症出现较早、肺CT表现和肺凝血活化明显。目前对COVID-19相关ARDS的分型多基于观察性研究,偏倚较大。至今其病理生理过程尚未明确,过早分型可能误导机械通气策略,期待大样本临床研究结果带来更多证据。     

重症新型冠状病毒肺炎呼吸治疗流程专家建议

新型冠状病毒肺炎以发热、干咳、乏力为主要表现,多数患者在1周后出现呼吸困难,严重者快速发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)。国家卫生健康委发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎重症、危重症病例诊疗方案(试行)》[1]中关于重症和危重症的主要临床诊断标准即为存在不同严重程度ARDS需要呼吸支持治疗。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎重症患者的识别和处理策略

由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)疫情启动了国家一级响应,被WHO列为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。笔者根据自身一线抗疫临床经验结合文献梳理了新冠肺炎的临床表现和诊疗措施,尤其是对重症患者的识别和处理策略,以供临床一线医师参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者尿蛋白与病程的相关性

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者尿蛋白与病程的关系。方法收集268例COVID-19患者(轻/普通型246例、重/危重型22例)入院3d内以及其中155例出院随访患者的新鲜尿液样本,采用干化学法行尿常规检测。以最终排除严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)感染的疑似患者125例为对照组。结果 COVID-19轻/普通型组、重/危重型组入院时的尿蛋白阳性率均明显高于对照组(P0.05),重/危重型组入院时的尿蛋白阳性率明显高于轻/普通型组(P0.000 1),出院随访时2个组之间尿蛋白阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。按年龄分组,20～39岁组在入院时有23.53%(20/85)的患者尿蛋白呈阳性,出院随访时尿蛋白检测均为阴性;40～59岁组在入院时有38.20%(34/89)的患者尿蛋白呈阳性,出院随访时仍有5.26%的患者尿蛋白呈阳性。重/危重型组肌酐和尿素氮均高于轻/普通型组(P0.000 1)。结论尿蛋白对COVID-19患者病程进展有一定的指示作用。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎急性呼吸窘迫综合征的血流动力学治疗

由于新型冠状病毒肺炎的特殊性,新型冠状病毒肺炎急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者既有传统急性呼吸窘迫综合征的血流动力学特点,又有其特别之处。血流动力学治疗是新型冠状病毒肺炎急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的核心治疗手段,肺内血流分布状态和右心-肺循环单元的血流改变其是核心环节。重症超声为基础的多元监测有助于精细地描述新型冠状病毒肺炎急性呼吸窘迫综合征的血流动力学特点,导向肺血流分布调节-右心-左心一体化精准治疗。由于治疗与伤害并存,贯彻保护与预警理念对患者的早期救治及预后改善尤为重要。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者侧卧位通气与俯卧位通气的临床疗效观察

目的 评价侧卧位通气和俯卧位通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者的临床疗效。并对两种体位通气方法进行对比观察。方法 将ICU2005年收治的23例ARDS患者随机分为两组，分别施行侧卧位通气（15例）和俯卧住通气（8例），监测仰卧位时，体位改变后1、2、4h及转复为仰卧位后1h的呼吸循环指标，并分别进行比较。结果 体位改变后1、2、4h及转复为仰卧住后1h，两组患者动脉血氧分压、氧舍指数均较仰卧位时升高（P〈0．05），心率、平均动脉压、气道峰压及动脉血二氧化碳分压与仰卧位时比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。以氧分压升高10mmHg为有效标准。治疗有效率侧卧位组73．3％，俯卧位组66．7％，两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 作为ARDS机械通气治疗手段，侧卧位通气与俯卧位通气治疗的有效率接近。但侧卧位实施更容易，护理更方便。并发症少，值得临床进一步探讨。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎及在适宜患者中试用甘草甜素治疗的建议

自2019年12月开始爆发于武汉的新型冠状病毒肺炎被WHO正式命名为COVID-19,COVID-19疫情已经成为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。COVID-19的主要临床表现包括发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难、淋巴细胞减少、CRP升高、肝损伤、胸部CT显示肺部多发的磨玻璃样阴影等。COVID-19重症化的原因除与病毒引起的直接组织损伤有关外,更有可能与炎症因子风暴有关。甘草甜素是临床常用的抗炎剂和常规护肝药,除偶有可逆的轻度高血压和低血钾外,少有显著的不良反应。它可以减轻炎症因子风暴、预防ARDS和多脏器损伤而减少炎症性疾病重症化,而且还具有抗病毒潜能,因此我们建议甘草甜素可以尝试用于新型冠状病毒肺炎的治疗。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者实施俯卧位通气的风险管理

针对新型冠状病毒肺炎高传染性和俯卧位通气的特殊性,对5例实施俯卧位通气的新型冠状病毒肺炎患者,从感染控制、病情监测、皮肤管理、肢体管理、营养管理、镇痛镇静管理等方面存在的风险进行有效的管理,避免了不良事件的发生。     

1例危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎合并ARDS患者的成功救护

目的 总结1例重症新型冠状病毒肺炎继发ARDS患者在ICU期间的治疗和护理。方法 回顾其临床资料、治疗及护理方案,包括消毒与隔离、抗病毒用药不良反应观察、序贯性呼吸治疗支持、俯卧位通气治疗、雾化联合机械辅助排痰、标本采集、营养支持、早期功能锻炼等8个方面内容,进行案例经验总结。结果 通过对症支持治疗及护理,患者入科后第20天新型冠状病毒核酸检测转为阴性,入科第38天时彻底脱机,入科第55天时拔除气管切开导管,病情日益好转,转出ICU,科室医务人员零感染。结论 新型冠状病毒肺炎为突发的公共卫生事件,临床缺乏经验,本案例的成功救治经验,可为临床提供借鉴。     

Delayed dexamethasone treatment at initiation of oxygen supplementation for coronavirus disease 2019 is associated with the exacerbation of clinical condition

IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently causes inflammatory lung injury as its symptoms progress. While dexamethasone reportedly reduces inflammation and prevents progression to respiratory failure, the appropriate time to administer dexamethasone in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear.MethodsThis was a single-center, retrospective cohort study, where we consecutively enrolled patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who received oxygen and oral dexamethasone (n = 85). We assessed the association between the number of days to the initiation of dexamethasone and the cumulative rate of exacerbation defined as death or initiation of mechanical ventilation within 28 days of symptom onset.ResultsThe optimal cut-off value from the initiation of oxygen supplementation to that of dexamethasone administration was two days (sensitivity, 85%; specificity, 59%), whereas that from oxygen saturation (SpO₂) < 95% to the initiation of dexamethasone administration was five days (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 59%). adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index score, time of oxygen supplementation (two or more days), and SpO₂ < 95% (five or more days), Cox regression analysis results showed that delayed dexamethasone administration since the initiation of oxygen supplementation was significantly associated with a higher risk of death or greater need for mechanical ventilation (hazard ratio: 5.51, 95% confidence interval, 1.79–16.91).ConclusionsIn patients with COVID-19 and hypoxemia, early administration of dexamethasone, preferably less than two days from initiation of oxygen supplementation, may be required to improve clinical outcomes.     

Extended prone position ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: A pilot feasibility study

Objectives

The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of extended prone position ventilation (PPV) and its impact on respiratory function in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Design

This was a prospective interventional study.

Setting

Patients were recruited from a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital.

Patients

Fifteen consecutive patients with severe ARDS, previously unresponsive to positive end-expiratory pressure adjustment, were treated with PPV.

Intervention

Prone position ventilation for 48 hours or until the oxygenation index was 10 or less (extended PPV).

Results

The elapsed time from the initiation of mechanical ventilation to pronation was 35 ± 11 hours. Prone position ventilation was continuously maintained for 55 ± 7 hours. Two patients developed grade II pressure ulcers of small extent. None of the patients experienced life-threatening complications or hemodynamic instability during the procedure. The patients showed a statistically significant improvement in Pao₂/Fio₂ (92 ± 12 vs 227 ± 43, P < .0001) and oxygenation index (22 ± 5 vs 8 ± 2, P < .0001), reduction of PaCo₂ (54 ± 9 vs 39 ± 4, P < .0001) and plateau pressure (32 ± 2 vs 27 ± 3, P < .0001), and increment of the static compliance (21 ± 3 vs 37 ± 6, P < .0001) with extended PPV. All the parameters continued to improve significantly while they remained in prone position and did not change upon returning the patients to the supine position.

Conclusions

The results obtained suggest that extended PPV is safe and effective in patients with severe ARDS when it is carried out by a trained staff and within an established protocol. Extended PPV is emerging as an effective therapy in the rescue of patients from severe ARDS.     

创伤后急性肺损伤患者行俯卧位通气的研究

目的　探讨俯卧位通气对ALI/ARDS患者的治疗作用。方法　 1998年 7月至 2 0 0 0年 5月收入我院EICU的创伤所致ALI/ARDS患者 2 8例 ,在一定的镇静和肌松下进行俯卧位通气 ,分别监测初始仰位、俯位 1h、俯位 2h、仰位 1h、仰位 2h各时点的血流动力学、呼吸力学及血气分析指标。结果　患者转为俯位后 ,氧合状况显著改善 (PaO2 /FiO2 从 2 0 5 3± 5 7 4升至 2 5 7 0± 2 8 7、 2 73 3± 31 8,P <0 0 5 ) ,且在复转为仰位后 2h持续存在 (PaO2 /FiO2 )为 2 42 1± 6 0 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;Bp、HR、Paw、R、C、PaCO2 及血气指标在体位变动前后无明显变化。结论　俯卧位通气能显著改善ALI/ARDS病人的氧合状况 ,对血流动力学、呼吸力学无明显影响 ,可用于ALI/ARDS的辅助治疗     

俯卧位通气对急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效影响的Meta分析

目的 系统评价俯卧位通气(PPV)对我国急性肺损伤(ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的短期临床疗效.方法 利用Cochrane系统评价法,全面检索2000年至2009年国内公开发表的所有ALI与ARDS患者PPV的临床研究资料.对纳入研究独立进行质量评价、资料提取、交叉核对后行Meta分析.结果 纳入研究8项共184例患者,PPV时患者动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸系统总顺应性(C)均显著升高;动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、中心静脉压(CVP)、呼吸道峰压(PIP)和呼吸系统总阻力(Raw)无显著的变化;心率(HR)与平均动脉压(MAP)显著升高. 结论 ALI与ARDS患者行PPV可增加呼吸系统总顺应性,改善患者低氧血症,相关临床研究结果基本一致.但因Meta分析的自身局限性,我们仍急需开展设计严谨的高质量大样本临床研究,明确PPV临床疗效、作用机制、科学的操作流程及PPV对患者血流动力学的影响等临床实际问题,改善国内ALI与ARDS患者的临床护理水平.     

院内转运流程在新型冠状病毒肺炎机械通气患者中的应用

危重患者需要院内转运进行全面检查和诊断,但在转运过程中可能发生危险,需要医护人员配合。本文介绍了湖北黄冈新型冠状病毒肺炎防治一线中危重症机械通气患者院内转运流程,在临床取得较好成效,为临床人员提供参考。     

Prone Positioning of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Who Are Nonintubated in Hypoxic Respiratory Distress: Single-Site Retrospective Health Records Review

IntroductionIn March and April 2020 of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, site clinical practice guidelines were implemented for prone positioning of patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 in hypoxic respiratory distress who are awake, alert, and spontaneously breathing. The purpose of this pandemic disaster practice improvement project was to measure changes in pulse oximetry associated with prone positioning of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 infection in adult acute respiratory distress or adult respiratory distress syndrome, who are awake, alert, spontaneously breathing, and nonintubated.MethodsA retrospective chart review of patients who were coronavirus disease 2019 positive in the emergency department from March 30, 2020 to April 30, 2020 was conducted for patients with a room air pulse oximetry <90% and a preprone position pulse oximetry ≤94% who tolerated prone positioning for at least 30 minutes. The primary outcome was the change in pulse oximetry associated with prone positioning, measured on room air, with supplemental oxygen, and approximately 30 minutes after initiating prone positioning. Median and mean differences were compared with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test.ResultsOf the 440 patients with coronavirus disease 2019, 31 met inclusion criteria. Median pulse oximetry increased as 83% (interquartile range, 75%-86%) on room air, 90% (interquartile range, 89%-93%) with supplemental oxygen, and 96% (interquartile range, 94%-98%) with prone positioning (z = -4.48, P < .001). A total of 45% (n = 14) were intubated during their hospital stay, and 26% (n = 8) of the included patients died.DiscussionIn patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who are awake, alert, and spontaneously breathing, an initially low pulse oximetry reading improved with prone positioning. Future studies are needed to determine the association of prone positioning with subsequent endotracheal intubation and mortality.     

Clinical evaluation of prone position ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by sepsis

BACKGROUNDAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury. Previous studies have shown prone position ventilation (PPV) to be associated with improvement in oxygenation. However, its role in patients with ARDS caused by sepsis remains unknown. AIMTo analyze the clinical effects of PPV in patients with ARDS caused by sepsis. METHODSOne hundred and two patients with ARDS were identified and divided into a control group (n = 55) and a PPV treatment group (n = 47). Outcomes included oxygenation index, lung compliance (Cst) and platform pressure (Pplat), which were compared between the two groups after ventilation. Other outcomes included heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the length of mechanical ventilation time and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after ventilation. Finally, mortality rate was also compared between the two groups. RESULTSOn the first day after ventilation, the oxygenation index and Cst were higher and Pplat level was lower in the PPV group than in the conventional treatment group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in oxygenation index, Cst, and Pplat levels between the two groups on the 2^nd, 4^th, and 7^th day after ventilation (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in HR, MAP, CVP, LVEF, duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, and the levels of CRP, PCT, and IL-6 between the two groups on the first day after ventilation (all P > 0.05). The mortality rates on days 28 and 90 in the PPV and control groups were 12.77% and 29.09%, and 25.53% and 45.45%, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONPPV may improve respiratory mechanics indices and may also have mortality benefit in patients with ARDS caused by sepsis. Finally, PPV was not shown to cause any adverse effects on hemodynamics and inflammation indices.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者俯卧位通气时肠内营养的回顾性分析

目的分析急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者俯卧位通气（PPV）期间肠内营养（EN）的耐受情况。 方法收集2013年2月至2017年10月期间广州医科大学附属第一医院重症医学科60例ARDS患者的临床资料。根据患者每次PPV前后分为PPV前组及PPV组;经喂养方式分为胃管组及幽门后组;胃管组PPV期间EN速度相比每次PPV前的营养速度分为减速组及非减速组;PPV时间≥12 h为高强度PPV,根据PPV时间分为≥12 h组和≥16 h组。回顾分析各组患者行PPV治疗期间EN的情况。 结果60例ARDS患者共行321次PPV治疗,胃管组有274次,幽门后组有47次。非减速组为122次,PPV时间≥12 h有89次（72.95%）,PPV时间≥16 h有65次（53.28%）;减速组152次,PPV时间≥12 h有77次（50.66%）,PPV时间≥16 h有63次（41.45%）。胃管组在PPV治疗期间的胃残留量（GRV）、呕吐、口鼻腔可见食物残渣率和PPV前比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,即使减慢PPV期间EN速度、应用高强度PPV所得结果相近;胃管组和幽门后组的呕吐、口鼻腔可见食物差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但热卡摄入量低于幽门后组。 结论ARDS患者行PPV并不增加胃潴留及EN反流的风险。PPV期间不需特别减慢EN速度;对于有胃潴留或EN不达标的ARDS患者需要行PPV治疗,幽门后置管喂养是选择。     

扬州地区老年COVID-19患者临床特征分析及俯卧位通气疗效评价

目的评价扬州地区老年新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者的临床特征及俯卧位通气的疗效。 方法纳入2021年8月至9月我院新区分院符合COVID-19诊疗方案（试行第八版）诊断标准的老年患者82例,年龄（74±8）岁,重症（重型、危重型）、非重症（轻型、普通型）患者分别为22、60例。重症患者分为气管插管组和非气管插管组,比较COVID-19患者的临床特征以及俯卧位通气对重症患者氧合、呼吸驱动等的影响。 结果82例患者28 d病死率为0。入院第7天（D7）重症患者比例显著高于入院第14天（D14）重症患者比例,差异有统计学意义（26.8% vs 7.3%,P＜0.05）。D7需机械通气患者比例较入院第1天（D1）显著增加,差异有统计学意义（11.0% vs 3.7%,P＜0.05）,与D14（6.1%）相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与非重症患者相比,重症患者年龄、合并2种及以上基础病的比例、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平、白介素-6（IL-6）水平显著升高,基础动脉血氧饱和度（SpO₂）显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。22例重症患者中有5例患者行气管插管机械通气,气管插管组男性比例、平均年龄、吸气努力（Pmus）、体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）比例、住院时间显著高于非气管插管组,ROX指数、氧合指数（P/F）、插管前俯卧位时间显著低于非气管插管组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。重症患者俯卧位通气1 h后ROX指数较俯卧位通气前显著升高,呼吸频率（RR）、Pmus较俯卧位通气前显著下降,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。5例患者出现压疮不良反应。 结论扬州地区老年COVID-19患者入院7 d左右重症患者比例最高,14 d左右重症患者比例显著降低。年龄越大、基础病越多、炎症指标水平越高、氧合越差者病情更重。俯卧位通气能改善氧合、降低呼吸驱动。