颞骨迷路炎的影像学诊断及其相关病因学分析

目的:探讨骨化性迷路炎的影像学表现,并对相关的病因学进行分析,以提高对本病的认识。方法:搜集临床患有中耳炎、胆脂瘤、脑膜炎和外伤等41例患者(55耳),经过临床和CT、MRI检查确诊为骨化性迷路炎,回顾性分析其CT和MRI影像表现。结果:HRCT示耳蜗基底周内可见点状高密度影、"弧形"高密度影或耳蜗普遍密度增高,呈"磨玻璃"样高密度影,伴有管腔不规则狭窄者24耳,其中蜗轴增粗、骨性螺旋板增宽各2耳;耳蜗完全骨性闭塞4耳。前庭受累表现为狭窄、密度增高。各半规管受累表现为密度增高、管腔狭窄或完全骨性闭塞。前庭窗、蜗窗受累者表现为其内密度增高、狭窄。受累机率由高至低依次是水平半规管、后半规管、耳蜗、上半规管、前庭窗、蜗窗及前庭。22耳MRI表现异常,T1WI为等信号或高信号,T2WI为信号减低或消失,增强后早期可见强化。受累机率由高至底依次是耳蜗、水平半规管、上半规管、后半规管及前庭,表现为轮廓不规则或狭窄。结论:CT、MRI对诊断骨化性迷路炎及其判断病变累及部位具有重要意义。     

MSCT和MRI对人工耳蜗植入术前的评价

目的:探讨MSCT和MRI对人工耳蜗植入术前的评价方法及其临床价值。方法:对43例拟行人工耳蜗植入术的患者行MSCT和MRI检查,分析其影像学表现,指导临床选择适应证和植入耳侧。结果:43例中20例MSCT和MRI均未发现异常,23例(42耳)MSCT和MRI均发现有异常,其中先天性内耳发育畸形20例39耳:①MicheⅠ型1耳,表现为内耳结构完全缺如;②共同腔畸形3耳,耳蜗和前庭融合呈一囊状结构;③不完全分隔Ⅰ型(IP-Ⅰ型)3耳,耳蜗和前庭均呈囊状,两者轮廓可以区分;④Mondini型5耳,耳蜗仅1.5圈,中圈和顶圈融合,前庭扩大;⑤前庭与半规管畸形13耳:耳蜗正常,前庭扩大,半规管短小、粗大或缺如;⑥前庭导水管扩大14耳,前庭导水管扩大呈喇叭口状或与总脚相通。骨化性迷路炎3例3耳,MSCT表现为内耳迷路内密度不同程度增高,MRI表现为迷路信号减低。MRI显示蜗神经缺如5耳,蜗神经细小2耳。结论:术前MSCT和MRI检查相互补充,应作为常规术前检查。MSCT在显示中耳结构和立体显示内耳畸形的形态方面优于MRI,可指导手术方案的制定和判断预后,MRI对于评价听神经是否正常有重要价值。     

儿童人工耳蜗植入术前的影像学评估

分析先天性感音神经性聋患儿人工耳蜗植入术前颞骨高分辨率CT与MRI表现,探讨其应用价值。对78例感音神经性聋患儿行术前的高分辨率CT以及其中68例另行MRI,对61例患儿术后6个月进行听力学评估随访。内耳发育畸形共21例:其中耳蜗不发育1例;MondiniI型1例;单纯MondiniII型1例;前庭导水管扩大14例,其中合并MondiniII型5例,合并半规管发育不良1例;内听道狭窄伴前庭耳蜗神经发育不良1例;半规管发育不良2例,其中1例伴内听道扩大;脑脊液内耳漏1例。术后随访结果提示:耳蜗神经发育不良者听力无明显改善,Mondini畸形者的预后较大前庭导水管综合征者及无特殊畸形者差。CT能显示外耳、中耳及内耳骨迷路解剖,MRI则能显示包括膜迷路在内的内外淋巴液,同时还可显示内听道内前庭蜗神经,而耳蜗神经的存在是CI手术的必要条件,不同类型的内耳畸形与预后之间可能存在一定相关性。     

顺序和针对性图像分析方法诊断内耳畸形

目的:探讨内耳畸形的颞骨CT诊断和术前评价意义。方法:采用顺序性和针对性图像观察方法回顾性分析26例内耳畸形的颞骨CT表现.与原诊断报告的描述进行比较,并进行一致性检验。结果:26例(共52侧耳)内耳畸形患者中耳蜗发育不全15例、前庭导水管扩大19例、半规管发育不良和前庭扩大11例,这4种畸形单发或联合者占所有骨迷路畸形的80%。原诊断报告中主要遗漏了半规管发育不良4侧耳、前庭导水管扩大7侧耳、耳蜗发育不全6侧耳。采用顺序性图像观察方法,两位阅片者诊断内耳畸形的Kappa值为0.97;与原诊断报告的Kappa值分别为0.51和0.55。人工耳蜗植入术前评价发现耳蜗及前庭与内听道底部骨质缺损17侧耳、半规管骨壁缺损2侧耳、面神经管迷走6侧耳。结论:高分辨力颞骨CT扫描对详细了解内耳畸形的程度、部位及类型具有重要意义。采用顺序性观察方法可避免内耳畸形的漏诊;针对性的评价对充分做好人工耳蜗植入术前准备具有指导意义。     

儿童先天性感音神经性耳聋的高分辨率CT和MRI研究

目的 探讨CT和MRI在儿童先天性感音神经性耳聋中的应用价值.资料与方法 对48例儿童先天性感音神经性耳聋患者进行颞骨高分辨率CT和MRI检查.结果 前庭导水管扩大11例,MRI显示所有病例内淋巴管和内淋巴囊均扩大;单纯Mondini Ⅱ型畸形2例;水平半规管不发育2例;共同腔畸形合并内听道狭窄1例;脑脊液内耳漏2例,MRI显示前庭耳蜗神经畸形;单侧Mondini Ⅰ型畸形合并单侧内听道狭窄1例;双侧内听道狭窄合并前庭半规管发育不良1例;单纯内听道狭窄1例.所有内听道狭窄者MRI均显示其前庭耳蜗神经畸形.其余27例CT和MRI均未见内耳及内听道畸形.结论 颞骨高分辨率CT能显示内耳骨迷路畸形,MRI则能显示畸形的迷路内腔,同时还清晰显示扩大的内淋巴管和内淋巴囊以及内听道内前庭耳蜗神经.因此MRI在评价先天性感音神经性耳聋方面比CT更具优越性.     

成人颞骨先天性胆脂瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨成人颞骨先天性胆脂瘤的CT和MRI表现。方法回顾性分析2001年2月~2015年7月,经过病理证实的4例成人颞骨先天性胆脂瘤的临床及CT、MRI影像资料。结果 4例成人颞骨先天性胆脂瘤中,单纯高分辨率CT平扫检查2例,高分辨率CT和MRI平扫检查2例,MRI增强检查2例。病变单纯位于鼓室2例,CT平扫表现为鼓室内类圆形软组织密度影;病变同时累及鼓室、鼓窦及乳突2例,CT平扫表现为鼓室、鼓窦及乳突片状软组织密度影,周围岩骨膨胀性破坏,2例听小骨、半规管、面神经管鼓室段及迷路段侵蚀破坏,1例耳蜗、前庭、内听道及乙状窦前壁破坏。MRI扫描表现为鼓室、鼓窦及乳突片状等T_1长T_2异常信号,周围岩骨膨胀性破坏,DWI表现为环状高信号,增强未见明显强化。结论成人颞骨先天性胆脂瘤的CT和MRI表现具有一定的影像特征,结合临床病史可减少误诊。     

迷路炎的MRI诊断

目的探讨MRI在迷路炎诊断中的作用。方法观察10例临床提示为迷路炎同时存在MRI异常表现患者的MRI图像,总结其变化特征。结果10例10耳中,T2WI上均可见内耳1个或多个结构信号发生异常改变,其中,6耳病变区信号不同程度减低,4耳病变区信号消失。T1WI上7耳可见内耳1个或多个结构信号出现异常,其中,4耳病变区信号略增高,3耳病变区信号消失。FIESTA图像与T2WI图像显示结果相同。行增强扫描的7例7耳中,4耳病变区可见不同程度强化。10耳中,耳蜗受累9耳;前庭受累7耳;半规管受累6耳。结论MRI可以显示内耳膜迷路信号的异常改变,在诊断较早期迷路炎时具有重要价值。     

影像学评估在耳蜗植入术中的价值

目的：评价影像学检查在耳蜗植入术中的价值。方法：37例感音性神经性聋患者术前常规行颞骨HRCT及MRI检查，术后行改良斯氏位X线拍片，其中5例术后行CT复查。结果：CT显示2例Mondini畸形（4耳），2例前庭导水管扩张（4耳），1例迷路骨化（1耳），1例内听道狭窄（2耳）。MRI显示Mondini畸形3例（6耳），前庭导水管扩张2例（4耳），1例并内淋巴囊扩张（2耳），2例迷路纤维化（2耳）。术后改良斯氏位X线拍片显示植入电极形态、位置良好。CT显示1例电极滑脱。结论：CT及MRI对耳蜗植入术术前评估具有重要价值，改良斯氏位X线拍片结合CT对术后评估更有意义。     

骨化性迷路炎的CT和MRI表现

目的 探讨骨化性迷路炎的HRCT和MRI表现。资料与方法 对9例14耳骨化性迷路炎进行回顾性分析，9例均行HRCT扫描，其中6例行MRI检查。结果 14耳HRCT表现为迷路内部分或全部结构密度增高，其中13耳累及耳蜗，6耳累及半规管，9耳蜗宙区受累，4耳前庭宙受累，2耳前庭骨化，2耳耳蜗水管区骨质明显硬化。6例8耳MRI各序列表现为4耳耳蜗膜迷路变形，4耳内耳膜迷路全部末显示；2例2耳行增强扫描病变无强化。结论HRCT和MRI相结合能够对骨化性迷路炎做出正确诊断。     

中耳炎侵犯迷路的影像表现

目的:探讨中耳炎侵犯迷路的HRCT和MRI表现及其诊断价值与局限。方法:回顾性分析24例(24耳),经临床综合诊断为中耳炎侵犯迷路患者的HRCT和MRI表现。结果:骨迷路破坏8耳,HRCT诊断7耳,表现为骨迷路破坏,中耳内病变与迷路腔相通。迷路腔淋巴液受侵14耳,HRCT显示骨迷路破坏9耳,骨迷路完好5耳。MRI示8耳迷路腔淋巴液于T1WI上信号升高,T2WI信号无变化,其中7耳增强扫描有明显强化,1耳轻度强化;5耳迷路腔淋巴液于T1WI信号升高,T2WI信号减低,其中4耳明显强化,1耳轻度强化;1耳迷路腔淋巴液于T1WI和T2WI信号无变化,增强后明显强化。迷路增生、硬化1耳,HRCT显示耳蜗骨迷路骨质增厚、硬化,迷路腔变窄;MRI上表现为蜗腔变细。骨迷路广泛破坏1耳,位于耳蜗后部骨迷路内,HRCT显示骨迷路内大片软组织密度影,周围骨质破坏,内部可见形态不规则死骨;MRIT1WI和T2WI显示骨迷路内均呈混杂信号,增强后有不均匀强化。结论:HRCT和MRI可显示中耳炎侵犯迷路的程度,能为临床制定治疗方案提供重要信息。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.