女性冠心病的临床特点

目的探讨女性冠心病的临床特点。方法比较48例住院女性冠心病患者与同时期110例男性患者的临床资料，分析其临床特点。结果（1）女性冠心病的发病年龄较男性晚，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈O．05）。（2）绝经为女性冠心病的特殊危险因素。（3）女性不典型心绞痛多于男性，而劳累性心绞痛少于男性；女性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死多于男性，冠脉病变以单支多见，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。（4）女性选择非介入治疗者多于男性，预后较男性差，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈O．05）。结论女性冠心病具有不同于男性的临床特点。     

女性冠心病的临床特征

目的：探讨女性冠心病的临床特征。方法：比较我院心内科住院并经冠脉造影证实的83例女性冠心病患者与同期住院的281例男性冠心病患者的临床资料，分析其临床特征。结果：女性冠心病的发病年龄较男性晚（P〈0．05）；绝经为女性冠心病的特殊危险因素；女性不典型心绞痛多于男性，而劳累性心绞痛少于男性；女性急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死多于男性，急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死少于男性；女性冠脉病变以多支为主，男性病人以双支病变为主（P〈0．05）；女性选择介入治疗者明显少于男性（P〈0．05）。结论：女性冠心病患者具有发病年龄晚、典型症状少、三支病变多、介入治疗少等临床特征。     

围绝经期妇女冠心病的临床诊断特点

目的:探讨围绝经期妇女冠心病的临床诊断特点.方法:回顾性分析180例(围绝经期组76例,绝经后组104例)临床疑为冠心病行冠状动脉(冠脉)造影检查患者的临床资料,比较冠心病危险因素、临床胸痛特点以及心电图、动态心电图、冠脉造影在冠心病诊断中的价值.结果:围绝经期组患者冠心病发生率为13.5%(10/76),明显低于绝经后组的43.3%(45/104,P<0.01);围绝经期妇女冠心病患者有绝经、高血压、危险因素≥2个的发生率明显高于非冠心病患者(P<0.01,P<0.05);围绝经期患者胸痛多为不典型心绞痛;围绝经组平静心电图和动态心电图的敏感性为50.0%和60.0%,特异性为62.1%和59.1%.结论:围绝经期妇女冠心病的临床诊断要慎重,心电图、动态心电图的诊断价值受到一定限制;冠脉造影是冠心病的确诊手段,但应严格掌握适应证.     

冠状动脉造影对女性冠心病的诊断意义

目的：为了解女性冠心病的临床诊断问题,本组回顾性分析５０例女性患者临床诊断冠心病心绞痛行冠状动脉（冠脉）造影检查的临床资料。方法：冠心病组：以冠脉造影血管狭窄≥７５％诊断为冠心病,冠脉狭窄５０％－７５Ａ％且临床有心肌缺血证据者也诊断为冠心病,共２３例。将冠状动脉狭窄〈５％或正常者为非冠心病组、共２７例。     

Association between diabetes and coronary heart disease in Aboriginal people: are women disadvantaged?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Australian Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes, and to compare the impact of diabetes on CHD risk in Aboriginal women and men. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: A remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory. PARTICIPANTS: 889 Aboriginal people aged 20-74 years followed up to 31 May 2003 after baseline examination in 1992-1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence rates of CHD (estimated for 123 participants with diabetes at baseline and 701 "non-diabetes" participants); rate ratios for diabetes risk (95% CI), with "non-diabetes" participants as the reference group. RESULTS: Participants with diabetes at baseline had a higher rate of CHD (37.5 per 1000 person-years) than those without diabetes (7.3 per 1000 person-years). Adjustment for multiple CHD risk factors, such as age, smoking, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels, resulted in a CHD rate ratio for women of 3.7 (95% CI, 1.6-8.9) (comparing women with diabetes with those without) and a CHD rate ratio for men of 1.4 (95% CI, 0.4-4.1) (comparing men with diabetes with those without). CONCLUSIONS: Aboriginal women with diabetes experienced a significantly higher risk of CHD than women without diabetes. Although the difference was not statistically significant, women with diabetes had a higher CHD risk than men with diabetes.     

农村妇女压力性尿失禁发生情况及其相关因素调查

目的: 了解本地区女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)发病情况及其影响因素。方法: 采用问卷访问形式,对明光地区350例已婚至60岁以内的农村妇女进行调查。结果: SUI发生率为23.14%。90.12%的患者对SUI无认识,曾去医院就诊仅为4.94%。SUI的发生与月经初潮年龄、周期、经期、月经量、有无痛经、分娩次数、不同分娩方式、流产次数、劳动强度及营养状况无关(P<0.05)。绝经期女性发生SUI的比例明显高于未绝经期女性(P<0.05)。在家分娩、中重度产道损伤的女性发生SUI增多(P<0.05)。产后开始体力劳动的时间早、口服避孕药增加发生尿失禁的危险(P<0.001和P<0.005)。结论: 农村女性SUI发病率较高,家中分娩、产道损伤、产后过早体力劳动、口服避孕药及绝经是SUI发生的危险因素。     

A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women

CONTEXT: Reduction in egg consumption has been widely recommended to lower blood cholesterol levels and prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). Epidemiologic studies on egg consumption and risk of CHD are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between egg consumption and risk of CHD and stroke in men and women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Two prospective cohort studies, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-1994) and the Nurses' Health Study (1980-1994). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 37851 men aged 40 to 75 years at study outset and 80082 women aged 34 to 59 years at study outset, free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, or cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, and stroke corresponding to daily egg consumption as determined by a food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: We documented 866 incident cases of CHD and 258 incident cases of stroke in men during 8 years of follow-up and 939 incident cases of CHD and 563 incident cases of stroke in women during 14 years of follow-up. After adjustment for age, smoking, and other potential CHD risk factors, we found no evidence of an overall significant association between egg consumption and risk of CHD or stroke in either men or women. The relative risks (RRs) of CHD across categories of intake were less than 1 per week (1.0), 1 per week (1.06), 2 to 4 per week (1.12), 5 to 6 per week (0.90), and > or =1 per day (1.08) (P for trend = .75) for men; and less than 1 per week (1.0), 1 per week (0.82), 2 to 4 per week (0.99), 5 to 6 per week (0.95), and > or =1 per day (0.82) (P for trend = .95) for women. In subgroup analyses, higher egg consumption appeared to be associated with increased risk of CHD only among diabetic subjects (RR of CHD comparing more than 1 egg per day with less than 1 egg per week among diabetic men, 2.02 [95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.87; P for trend = .04], and among diabetic women, 1.49 [0.88-2.52; P for trend = .008]). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that consumption of up to 1 egg per day is unlikely to have substantial overall impact on the risk of CHD or stroke among healthy men and women. The apparent increased risk of CHD associated with higher egg consumption among diabetic participants warrants further research.     

Predicting coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older persons. The Framington study

Of 1,025 men and 1,445 women, aged 49 to 82 years, who were free of coronary heart disease (CHD), 79 men and 63 women subsequently had CHD. Using a risk function based on cholesterol in the high density and low density lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diabetes, less than 2% of the subsequent CHD cases were found in the lowest decile of risk, whereas 25% of the cases for men and 37% for women were found in the highest decile. Predictability held for each specific age group. This predictability was at least as good as that obtained by the usual CHD risk profile at younger ages.     

美国1980～2006年心血管疾病和心衰合并症的住院率变化研究

目的探讨美国65岁以上人群冠心病、脑血管病、心衰以及心衰并发症住院率的变化趋势。方法调查美国1980～2006年住院患者出院数据（NHDS）,按照国际疾病分类法（ICD-9-CM）确定出院时冠心病、脑血管疾病和心衰。年龄和性别的住院率以美国2000年的人口数据为基数计算。结果1980～2006年冠心病和脑血管疾病的住院率显著下降,男性冠心病住院率每年减少2．24％,脑血管疾病减少1．55％,女性冠心病住院率每年减少2．36％,脑血管疾病减少1．34％。冠心病和脑血管疾病住院的绝对数继续增加,而住院率减少的原因是人口老龄化。此外,因心衰而住院的比例显著增加,男性每年增加1．20％,女性增加1．55％。约50％男性心衰病人和40％女性心衰病人合并有冠心病、慢性阻塞性肺病、糖尿病、肾功能衰竭或肺炎。结论冠心病和脑血管疾病仍然是主要的公共健康问题,心衰住院率有增加趋势,心衰与重大疾病的合并症在增加,心衰已经成为控制心血管疾病的新挑战。     

三组药物在绝经后妇女取宫内节育器中的应用

目的：探讨药物在绝经后妇女取宫内节育器（IUD）中的应用。方法：对135例绝经后妇女于取IUD前分别用利多卡因，尼尔雌醇，倍美力与卡孕栓三组药物。结果：用利多卡因取IUD成功率88．2％，尼尔雌醇取IUD成功率96．2％，倍美力与卡孕栓取IUD，成功率95．8％，三经^2检验无显性差异（P＞0．05）。结论：药物用于绝经后妇女取IUD，明显提高取器成功率，简单易行，且无副作用。     

Coronary heart disease care in older women: optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic decisions

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and morbidity among women. The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its attendant risk clearly increase with advancing age. Though traditionally underrepresented in CHD trials, the proportion of women participating in these studies has risen in recent years. The American Heart Association has recently published statements on the optimal CHD care for both the elderly and female populations. Evidence-based life style and pharmacologic interventions for CHD appear to offer similar benefits in men and women as well as for older patients. However, older women with CHD differ from men in symptoms, the diagnostic performance of cardiac stress tests, the risk of complications from coronary revascularization procedures, and use of proven beneficial therapies. This article synthesizes the current state of the evidence on optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to older women with established CHD.     

温州市2965例围绝经期女性相关症状调查及影响因素分析

目的：了解浙江省温州市围绝经期女性绝经相关症状及其影响因素,为加强围绝经期健康管理工作提供参考。方法：采用整群随机抽样方法,选择温州市2 965例40～65岁女性进行问卷调查,以改良Kupperman评分量表评估其绝经相关症状发生情况。结果：40～65岁女性围绝经期综合征检出率为68.20%;围绝经期综合征的主要症状报告率居前五位的依次为疲乏乏力1 948例（65.70%）、焦躁激动1 785例（60.20%）、失眠1 638例（55.24%）、骨关节痛1 506例（50.79%）、性欲下降1 466例（49.44%）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄<45岁、已婚状态、医务及教育工作者、未绝经、对绝经持不期待态度者为围绝经期综合征的保护因素。70.22%被调查女性表示对围绝经期健康管理服务有需求。结论：温州市40～65岁女性围绝经期综合征检出率较高,围绝经期女性健康管理服务需求也较高,因此需普及围绝经期保健知识,加强围绝经期健康管理,改善女性健康水平。     

女性冠心病患者的临床特点和护理要点

随着人们生活水平的日益提高，冠心病的发病率也呈现显著上升的趋势，而女性由于性别、生理、心理与男性的不同，在危险因素、临床表现及治疗预后上均有不同程度的差异。目前来看，无论是诊断、治疗、研究还是护理，针对女性冠心病患者的工作还远远不够。因此，提高对女性冠心病的认知和重视，施行针对女性冠心病患者的临床护理措施十分必要。     

Serum uric acid: not a discriminator of coronary heart disease in men and women

Fasting serum uric acid (SUA) was measured using a spectrophotometric method in 635 randomized male subjects aged 20 to 70, as part of an epidemiological study carried our among the civil employees of French origin working for the City of Montreal. It was observed that SUA was not age-dependent and that the overall mean value was 6.26 mg./100 ml. On the other hand SUA was studied in 742 males and 260 females, all of whom had had coronarography. A significant difference in SUA between males and females of 1.26 mg./100 ml. was noted. Correlating the SUA levels with the incidence of CHD or the severity of the lesions in the coronary arteries indicated no relationship between CHD and SUA concentrations in men or in women. The results of this study permit the conclusion that SUA is not a discriminator for CHD.     

中老年妇女骨矿含量的影响因素和骨质疏松发病调查

使用单光子骨矿含量测量仪，检测了重庆地区４０～８８岁１０６０例妇女挠骨骨矿物质含量（简称ＢＭＣ）。４０岁以上中老年妇女骨矿含量随年龄老化呈持续性减少，绝经加速了骨矿的丢失。骨矿含量与年龄、绝经年限呈显著性负相关（ｒ＝－０．５３７、－０．４５６．Ｐ均＜０．０１）．与身高、体重、孕次、产次无相关性。职业对ＢＭＣ无显著影响，运动是ＢＭＣ的保护因素。本地区中老年妇女骨质疏松发病率为３８．８％，其中未绝经组发病率仅为３．６％，而绝经后骨质疏松则为４３．５％，７０～８８岁的老年妇女８５％存在骨质疏松。     

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study.

Based on 20 years of surveillance of the Framingham cohort relating subsequent cardiovascular events to prior evidence of diabetes, a twofold to threefold increased risk of clinical atherosclerotic disease was reported. The relative impact was greatest for intermittent claudication (IC) and congestive heart failure (CHF) and least for coronary heart disease (CHD), which was, nevertheless, on an absolute scale the chief sequela. The relative impact was substantially greater for women than for men. For each of the cardiovascular diseases (CVD), morbidity and mortality were higher for diabetic women than for nondiabetic men. After adjustment for other associated risk factors, the relative impact of diabetes on CHD, IC, or stroke incidence was the same for women as for men; for CVD death and CHF, it was greater for women. Cardiovascular mortality was actually about as great for diabetic women as for diabetic men.     

长沙地区中老年人冠心病危险因素多元分析

对７５２名中老年干部及知识分子健康体检资料进行多元分析。结果表明：男性的冠心病发生率高于女性；冠心病与收缩压及年龄呈正相关，与血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度负相关。提示我国中老年人血清总胆固醇水平普遍高于理想水平（＜５．１７ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ￣（－１）），冠心病的保护因子──高密度脂蛋白胆固醇所起的作用尤为突出。     

绝经前后妇女性激素水平与血脂和免疫的关系

To investigate the relationship between sex hormone levels and blood lipids/immunity and to evaluate the therapeutical effects of nylestriol, 96 women without coronary heart disease(CHD) were studied during their perimenopausal period. The estimation of serum biochemical components included serum 17 beta-estradiol(E2), testosterone(T), total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low density protein cholesterol(LDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I(ApoAI), apolipoprotein B(ApoB), lipoprotein (a)[Lp(a)], immunoglobulin G(IgG), and IgG antibody against cardiolipin(ACAIgG). Thirty-six postmenopausal volunteers were divided into two groups and randomized to treat with either 2 mg nylestriol or placebo. In postmenopausal women, serum levels of E2, E2/T, HDL, and ApoAI decreased, while those of T, TC, TG, LDL, ApoB, Lp(a), IgG, and ACAIgG increased. Serum level of E2 was positively correlated to HDL-C and negatively correlated to TC, ApoB, LDL, IgG, and ACAIgG. Serum level of T was positively correlated to LDL, IgG, and ACAIgG and negatively correlated to HDL. In the nylestriol group, as compared with the results before treatment, serum levels of TG, TC, LDL, IgG, and ACAIgG decreased and that of HDL-C increased after treatment. We conclude that estradiol is a protective factor of CHD, whereas testerone is a dangerous factor. After menopause, the imbalance of the estradiol/testosterone ratio increases the incidence of CHD. Nylestriol is an effective substitute for estradiol to prevent CHD in post menopausal women.     

Effect of Body Mass Index on All-cause Mortality and Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases─Report for Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies on Optimal Cut-off Points of Body Mass Index in Chinese Adults

INTRODUCTION The first international recommendation for cut-off point of normal body weight was based on the range of lower all-cause mortality as an indicator, and the data used to derive this criterion were from studies in Western Caucasian. Hereafter, …