复方醋酸氯己定凝胶的制备和质量控制

目的：制备复方醋酸氯己定凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法。方法：以醋酸氯己定、盐酸达克罗宁、薄荷脑、曲安奈德为主药,以甲基纤维素4500为基质制备凝胶;采用高效液相色谱法测定醋酸氯己定、盐酸达克罗宁的含量。结果：制备的凝胶均匀细腻,分散性好;醋酸氯己定浓度在0.08152～0.40760μg范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9999,n=5）,平均回收率为98.82%,RSD为1.19（n=9）;盐酸达克罗宁在0.1636～0.8180μg范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9999,n=5）,平均回收率为98.85%,RSD为1.13（n=9）。结论：本制剂组方合理,制备工艺简便可行,质量稳定可控。     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖颗粒有关物质方法的建立与验证

摘要：目的:分析盐酸氨基葡萄糖颗粒剂中辅料蔗糖、乳糖等对主药氨基葡萄糖质量控制的影响,建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氨基葡萄糖颗粒剂有关物质检测方法,并对其进行质量标准提高。方法:采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法,色谱柱为CAPCELL PAK NH2柱（150mm×4.6mm, 3μm）,以磷酸盐缓溶液（取磷酸氢二钾3.5g,加水1 000ml溶解,加入0.25ml氨水,用磷酸调节pH至7.5）-乙腈（28:72）为流动相,流量1.5ml·min-1,检测波长为195nm,柱温为35℃,进样量20μl。结果:采用优化后的有关物质测定方法,能有效分离盐酸氨基葡萄糖颗粒中主药氨基葡萄糖与其辅料蔗糖、乳糖、聚维酮K30,也能与其杂质N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、2,5-果糖嗪及2,5-脱氧果糖嗪有效分离。盐酸氨基葡萄糖在1.466 4～10.998 0mg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）,N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖在9.7～77.6μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）,果糖嗪在7.2～72.0μg·ml-1（r=1.000 0）,2,5-脱氧果糖嗪在9.5～76.0μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）浓度范围内,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、2,5-果糖嗪与2,5-脱氧果糖嗪的平均回收率依次为99.2%（RSD=0.2%）,99.1%（RSD=0.5%）和98.5%（RSD=0.6%）（n=9）;盐酸氨基葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、2,5-果糖嗪与2,5-脱氧果糖嗪定量下限为1.0μg、8.1 ng、20.0 ng、6.4 ng;检测下限依次为0.4μg、3.2 ng、4.0 ng、2.0 ng。结论:该方法能准确测定盐酸氨基葡萄糖颗粒有关物质,方法简便、准确,专属性强,该研究为该制剂标准提高提供参考。     

HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片中盐酸氨基葡萄糖的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片中盐酸氨基葡萄糖的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为C18柱（250×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液（40：60）并用三乙胺调至pH3.0;流速为0.6ml·min^-1;检测波长为192nm;柱温为30℃。结果在1.31～20.6μg范围内盐酸氨基葡萄糖的浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9994,n=6）;平均回收率为99.57%（n=9,RSD=0.91%）。结论本法简便、准确、重复性好,适用于氨糖美辛肠溶片中盐酸氨基葡萄糖的含量测定。     

盐酸莫西沙星耳用凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的 制备盐酸莫西沙星耳用凝胶并建立其质量控制方法.方法 以卡波姆-940为基质制备凝胶,采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸莫西沙星含量,并考察其稳定性.结果 盐酸莫西沙星进样量在0.4μg～3μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好（r=0.9999）,平均回收率为99.82%（RSD=0.43%,n=9）.该制剂对家兔耳未见刺激性发生.结论 本制剂制备工艺简单,质量控制易行,稳定性好,有良好的临床使用价值.     

复方盐酸利多卡因温敏凝胶的制备和含量测定

目的：制备复方盐酸利多卡因温敏凝胶,并建立其含量测定方法。方法：将盐酸利多卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因组成复方,制成温敏凝胶,用HPLC法同时测定其中盐酸利多卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因的含量。色谱柱：Athena C18-WP柱（200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钠-三乙胺（48∶52∶0.15,用磷酸调节pH值至3.15）;检测波长：220 nm;流速：1.0 ml/min。结果：复方盐酸利多卡因温敏凝胶为无色澄明液体,相变温度为32 ℃。盐酸利多卡因的线性回归方程为A=3.97×104c＋2.44×104（r=0.999 9）,线性范围5.04~80.64 μg/ml;盐酸罗哌卡因的线性回归方程为A=3.93×104c＋1.21×103（r=0.999 9）,线性范围2.03~32.48 μg/ml。HPLC法的精密度和准确度良好。凝胶中盐酸利多卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因的含量分别为标示量的 （97.89±1.32）%和（99.61±1.97）%（n=3）。结论：复方盐酸利多卡因温敏凝胶质量可控,是一种值得开发的新制剂。     

复方乳酸左氧氟沙星烧伤凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方乳酸左氧氟沙星烧伤凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法.方法:以乳酸左氧氟沙星、盐酸达克罗宁和硫酸锌为主药,以壳聚糖等为辅料制备凝胶;采用双波长紫外分光光度法测定乳酸左氧氟沙星和盐酸达克罗宁的含量,配位滴定法测定硫酸锌的含量.结果:制备的凝胶均匀细腻,分散性好;乳酸左氧氟沙星检测质量浓度在2～8 mg·L1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9,n=6),平均回收率为99.79%,RSD为0.33%(n=9);盐酸达克罗宁检测质量浓度在4～16mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8,n=6),平均回收率为99.43%,RSD为0.81%(n=9).结论:本制剂组方合理,制备工艺简便可行,质量稳定可控.     

盐酸苯海拉明凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备盐酸苯海拉明凝胶并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以羧甲基纤维素钠等作为凝胶基质,以正交试验筛选基质最佳配方,并采用紫外分光光度法在258nm波长处测定盐酸苯海拉明的含量。结果:制备的凝胶均匀细腻,分散性好;盐酸苯海拉明检测浓度在100～400μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为99.95%,RSD=0.95%(n=9)。结论:该制剂质量稳定,质控方法可靠。     

盐酸芦氟沙星凝胶剂的研制

目的 :制备盐酸芦氟沙星凝胶 ,并建立质量控制方法。方法 :以卡波姆940为基质制备凝胶 ,采用紫外分光光度法测定盐酸芦氟沙星含量 ,并考察其稳定性。结果 :盐酸芦氟沙星线性范围为2～10μg/ml(r=0 9999) ,平均回收率为99 52 % ,RSD=0 38 % (n=6) ;凝胶稳定性良好。结论 :该凝胶制备工艺可行 ,性质稳定     

盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:建立盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶的制备及质量控制方法.方法:以卡波姆为增粘剂,制备盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶,以XTerra RP18色谱柱为分离柱,以0.1%磷酸:乙腈(87:13)为流动相,采用HPLC法测定.结果:左氧氟沙星浓度在10.2～51.2 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9.左氧氟沙星的平均回收率为99.60%,RSD=0.61%.结论:此法操作简单、结果准确,可用于盐酸左氧氟沙星液状眼用凝胶的质量控制.     

盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶质量标准的研究

目的建立盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶质量标准。方法用卡波姆等辅料，以盐酸左氧氟沙星为原料制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶。采用反相高效液相色谱法，以枸橼酸（用三乙胺调节pH值为4.0）-乙腈(85∶15)为流动相，检测波长：293 nm，检查其有关物质，并测定其中左氧氟沙星的含量。 结果盐酸左氧氟沙星在21.8～174.4 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好，r＝0.999 1；盐酸左氧氟沙星平均回收率（n＝9）分别为99.5%（RSD＝0.85%），100.0%（RSD＝1.07%），99.7%（RSD＝0.99%）。结论用卡波姆等药用辅料可制备出理想的盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶，制定的质量标准可保证质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.