经十二指肠镜治疗胆系疾病126例

经十二指肠镜治疗胆胰管疾病，也称治疗性ＥＲＣＰ，已经成为胆管特别是胆总管疾病的重要治疗手段，包括在Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌切开（ｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｓｐｈｉｎｃｔｅｒｏｔｏｍｙ，ＥＳＴ）基础上取出胆总管内结石，治疗Ｏｄｄｉ括约肌功能失调（Ｓｐｈｉｎｃｔｅｒｏｆ...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与经腹胆囊切除术疗效比较

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与经腹胆囊切除术疗效比较程建华，吕建一，陈忠目前传统的经腹胆囊切除术（Ｃｏｎｖｅｎ－ｔｉｏｎａｌＣｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ，ＣＣ）和腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃＣｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ，ＬＣ）已成为症状性结石性...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术824例分析

我院于１９９４年１０月至１９９８年４月共行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃＣｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｏｍｙＬＣ）８２４例,报告如下。１　临床资料本组以美国Ｓｔｒｙｋｅｒ公司产腹腔镜全套手术设备,采用０度镜４孔法ＬＣ８２４例,其中男２２１例,女６０３例,年龄１６～８９岁。胆囊结石７８５例,胆囊息肉２７例,非结石胆囊炎１２例。腹腔镜胆囊,阑尾联合切除２例,腹腔镜检查胆囊缺如１例。择期ＬＣ７３７例,急诊ＬＣ８７例,中转开腹２４例（占２．９％）。并发症：胆囊管残端钛夹脱落胆漏１例,迷走胆管漏１例,胆…     

内窥镜、静脉或术中胆道造影对腹腔镜胆囊切除的作用

内窥镜、静脉或术中胆道造影对腹腔镜胆囊切除的作用／ＦｅｒｒａｉｓＲ，ＣｏｐｐｏｌａＦ，ＦｒａｃｃｈｉａＭｅｔａｌ∥Ｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｙ，１９９３；２５：３５１在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）出现之前很少对胆囊结石病人行ＥＲＣＰ检查。作者对２９５例ＬＣ患者行Ｅ...     

LC术中预防胆管损伤的手术技巧

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ,简称ＬＣ）的严重并发症之一是胆管损伤,特别是肝总管、胆总管的损伤。作者自１９９１年以来实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术１３００余例,术者在施行的ＬＣ中未发生过肝总管、胆总管损伤。结合１５次...     

ERCP及ES对腹腔镜胆囊切除术的辅助作用

将８８６例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）的病人分为两组。院内组４０７例，在ＬＣ前选出其中１１６例可疑胆总管结石者进行ＥＲＣＰ检查，将检出的３例胆道蛔虫病人先行内镜胆管取出（ＥＲＢＡ）。７例胆总管结石病人先行内镜括约肌切开（ＥＳ）取石。然后再行ＬＣ。术后仅２例胆管残石（０．５％）。院外组因没有条件行ＥＲＣＰ，ＬＣ术后经证实的胆管残石发生率为３．３％（１６／４７９），明显高于院内组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对于两组共１８例胆管残石病人，１４例通过ＥＳ取出残石．证明ＥＲＣＰ及ＥＳ与ＬＣ相结合，更能充分发挥微创外科的积极作用。     

胆囊动脉变异与腹腔镜胆囊切除术

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ,ＬＣ）中胆囊动脉出血是一个紧急问题,而且增加了胆管损伤的危险性。因此,术中准确地辨认胆囊动脉的正常解剖及其变异是非常重要的。我们于１９９５年６月～１９９８年３月对５２１例择期Ｌ...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前、术后选择性应用逆行胰胆管造影诊断及治疗的价值

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术前,术后选择性应用逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）诊断及治疗的价值。方法 在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）术前对疑有胆系疾病的１２７例病人及ＬＣ术后仍有临床太的３７例病人行ＥＲＣＰ及内镜治疗。结果 发现胆管扩张及胆管结石４６例,乳头狭窄１２例,乳头水肿１３例,胆道蛔虫３例,十二指肠憩１８例,胆管正常７２例,并同时行内镜治疗。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因及其预防措施

对我院１９９２年至１９９８年收治的腹腔镜胆囊切除（ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃ ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ,ＩＣ）胆管损伤患者２３例进行分析总结,其主要原因为术者判断失误,错将肝（胆）总管误认为胆囊管 发断或结扎或用电凝钩时操作不当造成迟发性胆管狭窄。通过对本组资料的分析总结,笔者认为：ＬＣ胆管损伤的原因极其复杂,手术者的胆道外科素质、精细的手术操作及必要的胆道造影等影像学检查,是预防ＬＣ胆管损伤     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的防治

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的防治邹一平，萧荫祺随着近来电子技术的迅速发展和内镜录像系统的完善。１９８７年３月法国Ｍｏｕｒｅｔ首先完成了世界上第一例人体腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ，ＬＣ）［１］。此后该内镜技...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.