Safety and toxicological evaluation of a novel chromium(III) dinicocysteinate complex

Chromium(III) is an essential trace element required for normal protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. It also helps in energy production and increasing lean body mass. Chromium(III) dinicocysteinate (CDNC) is a unique form of bioavailable chromium(III). This study was focused on determining the broad spectrum safety of CDNC. Acute oral, acute dermal, primary dermal and eye irritation studies, Ames’ bacterial reverse mutation assay, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, and a 90-day dose-dependent oral toxicity study were conducted. Acute oral and dermal LD₅₀ of CDNC was found to be greater than 2000?mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats. A primary skin irritation study in New Zealand Albino rabbits demonstrated CDNC as slightly irritating. An eye irritation study exhibited that CDNC is moderately irritating. Ames’ bacterial reverse mutation assay and mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test demonstrated CDNC as non-mutagenic. A dose-dependent 90-day oral toxicity study demonstrated no significant toxicity of CDNC. Body weight, food and water consumption, selected organ weights (expressed as percentages of body or brain weights), ocular health, hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology showed no abnormal changes. Clinical and histopathological evaluation of CDNC identified a dose level of 5.7?mg/kg/day as the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Overall, these results demonstrate the broad spectrum safety of CDNC.     

Safety and toxicological evaluation of a novel,water-soluble undenatured type II collagen

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the broad-spectrum safety of a novel, water-soluble undenatured type II collagen (NEXT-II) derived from chicken sternum cartilage. The presence of epitope in NEXT-II was confirmed by using a commercial kit. The acute oral LD₅₀ of NEXT-II was found to be greater than 5000?mg/kg bw in rats, while the single-dose acute dermal LD₅₀ was greater than 2000?mg/kg bw. The primary dermal irritation index (PDII) of NEXT-II was found to be 1.8 and classified as slightly irritating to the skin. In primary eye irritation studies, the maximum mean total score (MMTS) of NEXT-II was observed to be 7.3 and classified as minimally irritating to the eye. Long-term safety studies were conducted in dogs over a period of 150?d, and no significant changes were observed in body weight, heart rate, respiration rate and blood chemistry. NEXT-II does not induce mutagenicity in the bacterial reverse mutation test in five Salmonella typhimurium strains either with or without metabolic activation. Furthermore, two experiments were conducted to assess the potential of NEXT-II to induce mutations with and without metabolic activation at the mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase locus using the cell line L5178Y. No biologically relevant increase of mutants was observed. Also, no dose-dependent toxicity was observed. Furthermore, colony sizing showed no clastogenic effects induced by NEXT-II under the experimental conditions. These studies demonstrated the broad spectrum of safety of NEXT-II.     

Safety and toxicological evaluation of AlgaeCal® (AC), a novel plant-based calcium supplement

The present study was conducted to examine the safety of a novel plant-based calcium supplement, derived from marine algae and containing high levels of calcium, magnesium, and other bone supporting minerals (commercially known as AlgaeCal^® (AC)). The present study evaluated the broad-spectrum safety of AC using a variety of toxicological assays including acute oral, acute dermal, primary skin irritation, and primary eye irritation toxicity. Under the conditions of the study, the acute oral LD₅₀ of AC was found to be greater than 5000?mg/kg body weight in rats, while the single acute dermal LD₅₀ was greater than 2000?mg/kg body weight. The primary skin irritation index of AC was found to be 0.4 and classified as slightly irritating to the skin. In primary eye irritation studies, the maximum mean total score of AC was observed to be 13.7 and classified as mildly irritating to the eye. Furthermore, another independent set of studies was conducted to obtain preliminary data for the teratogenic effects of AC in pregnant rats likely to arise from repeated gestational exposure, via oral gavage, over a test period of implantation through gestation (gestation days 5–19). Under the conditions of this pilot study, the effect of daily administration of AC by oral gavage at dose levels of 0, 500, 2500, and 5000?mg/kg/day during gestation days 5–19 of a 21-day pregnancy has appeared to result in no adverse toxicological effects to the pregnant rat or its developing offspring. A slight, non-significant increase in the incidence of incomplete sterna ossification (5^th center) was observed. Under the conditions of the study, a no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 5000?mg/kg/day of AC during pregnancy of the rat was observed. Overall, no significant toxicities of AC were observed in these toxicity models. Therefore, the results from the current study demonstrate a broad-spectrum safety profile of AC.     

Safety and toxicological evaluation of Aflapin®: A novel Boswellia-derived anti-inflammatory product

Boswellia serrata gum resin has been used for treatment of various ailments in different cultures for thousands of years. Aflapin^® is a novel synergistic composition derived from B. serrata gum resin (Indian Patent Application No. 2229/CHE/2008). Aflapin is significantly better as an anti-inflammatory agent compared to the Boswellia extracts presently available in the market. To assess the safety of Aflapin, a battery of acute and sub-acute toxicity studies were conducted in various animal models according to the OECD test guidelines. The acute oral LD50 of Aflapin was greater than 5000?mg/kg in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Acute dermal LD50 of Aflapin was greater than 2000?mg/kg in SD rats. A primary dermal irritation study conducted using New Zealand White rabbits indicated that Aflapin is non-irritating to skin. Aflapin caused minimal ocular irritation in a primary eye irritation test conducted on New Zealand Albino rabbits. A repeat dose 28-day sub-acute oral toxicity study in SD rats demonstrated no significant signs of toxicity. Various evaluations including hematology, clinical chemistry, gross necropsy, and histopathology did not show any significant adverse changes. The NOAEL of Aflapin was found to be greater than 2500?mg/kg body weight. These studies demonstrate broad spectrum safety of Aflapin in animal models.     

Safety profile of silver sulfadiazine-bFGF-loaded hydrogel for partial thickness burn wounds

In the present investigation, the safety of novel combinational silver sulfadiazine-bFGF-loaded hydrogel was assured by performing acute skin irritation, sensitization, acute dermal toxicity, and eye irritation in compliance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. In the skin irritation study, placebo, test, and positive control (0.8% w/v aqueous solution of formaldehyde) were applied on New Zealand rabbits and monitored for abnormal skin responses including erythema and edema. The placebo and test formulation did not induce any adverse reactions and were classified as nonirritating materials. In the skin sensitization test, guinea pigs were sensitized by positive control (0.1% w/v 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in 10% of propylene glycol as a standard skin sensitizing agent), placebo, and test formulations. Weak sensitization was observed in the placebo and test formulation treated groups. Additionally, acute dermal toxicity test was performed in Wistar rats, where no signs of toxicity were observed in biochemical, hematological, and histopathological studies. Moreover, the acute eye irritation test was carried out in rabbits and no abnormal clinical signs were evident in the cornea or iris. As a whole, these findings suggest that the hydrogel formulation does not cause any skin irritation, skin sensitizationand dermal toxic effects, and eye irritation following dermal and ocular applications, respectively. Therefore, all the findings obtained from this preclinical study indicated that this hydrogel formulation is nontoxic and safe for use in animal models.     

Acute toxicity studies of a novel excipient arabinoxylan isolated from Ispaghula (Plantago ovata) husk

Purpose: The arabinoxylan from Ispaghula (Plantago ovata) husk has been proven scientifically as potential excipient. However, toxicity study of the arabinoxylan is still lacking. The present study was done to investigate the acute toxicity of arabinoxylan in two animal species. Methods: The mice were exposed to (1?g/kg, 5?g/kg, 10?g/kg) and rabbits (2.5?g/kg, 5?g/kg) of arabinoxylan orally and observed for a period of 14 days. On day 15 hematology, serum biochemistry and necropsy was performed in mice relative organ weight calculated and histological examination was carried out. Primary dermal and eye irritation tests were carried out. Cardiac effects of isolated arabinoxylan were studied on frog heart. Results: The acute administration of the arabinoxylan did not produce mortality or significant changes in, water and food consumption however body weights of mice and rabbits decreased initially with a gradual increase till day 14. Internal organs relative weights were found to be normal. Hematological biochemical and histopathological examination did not show any significant (p?Conclusion: This study has shown that acute administration of arabinoxylan may be safe.     

伤疡愈软膏皮肤毒性实验研究

目的 :考察伤疡愈软膏对动物皮肤的毒性作用。方法 :对健康家兔进行皮肤急性毒性实验、皮肤刺激性实验 ;对健康豚鼠进行皮肤过敏实验。结果 :伤疡愈软膏对家兔完整皮肤和破损皮肤均未引起急性毒性反应和刺激反应 ;对豚鼠完整皮肤无致敏作用。结论 :伤疡愈软膏用于临床安全、无毒。     

Evaluation of electric arc furnace‐processed steel slag for dermal corrosion,irritation, and sensitization from dermal contact

Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag is alkaline (pH of ~11–12) and contains metals, most notably chromium and nickel, and thus has potential to cause dermal irritation and sensitization at sufficient dose. Dermal contact with EAF slag occurs in many occupational and environmental settings because it is used widely in construction and other industrial sectors for various applications including asphaltic paving, road bases, construction fill, and as feed for cement kilns construction. However, no published study has characterized the potential for dermal effects associated with EAF slag. To assess dermal irritation, corrosion and sensitizing potential of EAF slag, in vitro and in vivo dermal toxicity assays were conducted based on the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. In vitro dermal corrosion and irritation testing (OECD 431 and 439) of EAF slag was conducted using the reconstructed human epidermal (RHE) tissue model. In vivo dermal toxicity and delayed contact sensitization testing (OECD 404 and 406) were conducted in rabbits and guinea pigs, respectively. EAF slag was not corrosive and not irritating in any tests. The results of the delayed contact dermal sensitization test indicate that EAF slag is not a dermal sensitizer. These findings are supported by the observation that metals in EAF slag occur as oxides of low solubility with leachates that are well below toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) limits. Based on these results and in accordance to the OECD guidelines, EAF slag is not considered a dermal sensitizer, corrosive or irritant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genotoxicity,acute oral and dermal toxicity,eye and dermal irritation and corrosion and skin sensitisation evaluation of silver nanoparticles

Abstract

To clarify the health risks related to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), we evaluated the genotoxicity, acute oral and dermal toxicity, eye irritation, dermal irritation and corrosion and skin sensitisation of commercially manufactured Ag-NPs according to the OECD test guidelines and GLP. The Ag-NPs were not found to induce genotoxicity in a bacterial reverse mutation test and chromosomal aberration test, although some cytotoxicity was observed. In acute oral and dermal toxicity tests using rats, none of the rats showed any abnormal signs or mortality at a dose level of ～ 2000 mg/kg. Similarly, acute eye and dermal irritation and corrosion tests using rabbits revealed no significant clinical signs or mortality and no acute irritation or corrosion reaction for the eyes and skin. In a skin sensitisation test using guinea pigs, one animal (1/20) showed discrete or patchy erythema, thus Ag-NPs can be classified as a weak skin sensitiser.     

Safety and toxicological evaluation of Meratrim®: An herbal formulation for weight management

Meratrim is a unique dietary ingredient consisting of extracts from Sphaeranthus indicus flower heads and Garcinia mangostana fruit rind. Clinical studies have demonstrated that Meratrim is effective and well-tolerated in weight management. Herein we assessed the broad spectrum safety of Meratrim in a battery of in vitro and animal toxicological studies including a sub-chronic repeated-dose 13-week oral toxicity study to determine the no-observable-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). The LD₅₀ levels of Meratrim in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, as determined by the acute oral and dermal toxicity studies, were >5000 and >2000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The primary skin and eye irritation tests classified Meratrim as non-irritating to the skin and mildly irritating to the eye. Genotoxicity studies showed that Meratrim is non-mutagenic. In the repeated-dose 13-week oral toxicity study, SD rats were orally gavaged with Meratrim at 0, 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day. No morbidity, mortality, or significant adverse events were observed either during the course of the study or on the 13th week. The NOAEL of Meratrim was concluded to be 1000 mg/kg of body weight/day in male and female SD rats. These results, combined with the tolerability of Meratrim in the human clinical trials, demonstrate the broad spectrum safety of Meratrim.     

Toxicological assessment of heat transfer fluids proposed for use in solar energy applications,II

Ten commercially available solar heat transfer fluids as well as three samples of used fluids (an ethylene glycol, a propylene glycol, and a silicone fluid) obtained from operating solar hot water systems were evaluated for acute oral toxicity in female rats and for dermal and ocular irritation in female rabbits. Mutagenicity testing was conducted in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (TA 1538, TA 98, TA 1535, TA 100). Oral LD₅₀ values ranged from 7.0 g/kg for ethylene glycol-based products to >24 g/kg for propylene glycol, hydrocarbon oils, and silicone fluids. None of the solar fluids was mutagenic at the concentrations tested nor caused more than a slight ocular or dermal irritation. No appreciable differences were observed in evaluations between used and unused fluid samples. The results indicate that the fluids may be considered relatively safe for residential solar energy applications, although based on toxicity testing propylene glycol should be preferred over ethylene glycol. Trifluoroethanol (Fluorinol 100) was included in these studies because of its probable use as a working fluid in organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery systems. Trifluoroethanol had an LD₅₀ of 0.21 g/kg, was not irritating to rabbit skin nor mutagenic in Salmonella, but demonstrated severe ocular toxicity.     

Safety assessment of vitacoxib: Acute and 90-day sub-chronic oral toxicity studies

Vitacoxib, is a newly developed coxibs NSAID (selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2). To date, no experimental data have been published concerning its safety for use as an additive in the human diet. In the present study, we assessed the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of vitacoxib administered by gavage. The acute toxicity tests in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and ICR mice demonstrated that vitacoxib at a dose of 5000 mg/kg BW failed to alter any of the parameters studied. In the 90-day sub-chronic toxicity test, vitacoxib was administered to SD rats at the doses of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 mg/kg BW. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences for most indexes of sub-chronic toxicity throughout the experiment at the dose of 5–20 mg/kg BW, indicating no apparent dose-dependent. However, there were significant histopathology changes in the liver and kidney, and alterations in some biochemical parameters in the 60 mg/kg BW group. Based on these findings, the gavage LD₅₀ was determined to be > 5000 mg/kg in SD rats and ICR mice, and the 90-day gavage no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of vitacoxib was considered to be 20 mg/kg BW under the present study conditions.     

复方祛白喷雾剂的皮肤毒性和安全性研究

目的 研究复方祛白喷雾剂的皮肤毒性和经皮肤用药的安全性。方法 采用家兔急性皮肤毒性试验、豚鼠皮肤过敏试验、家兔皮肤刺激性试验,观察复方祛白喷雾剂经皮肤用药的急性毒性、过敏性和刺激性。结果 复方祛白喷雾剂对家兔完整皮肤与破损皮肤无急性毒性反应;对豚鼠皮肤无致敏作用;对家兔破损皮肤有轻度刺激性反应,但给药48 h后该刺激性反应消失。结论 复方祛白喷雾剂无明显急性皮肤毒性,经皮肤用药的安全性良好。     

Acute toxicity, subchronic dermal toxicity, and delayed contact sensitization evaluations of dicyclopentenyloxyethyl methacrylate in rabbits and guinea pigs

The subchronic dermal toxicity of dicyclopentenyloxethyl methacrylate (DPOMA) was evaluated in young adult New Zealand White rabbits, and its potential to produce delayed contact sensitization was evaluated in Harley guinea pigs by a modified Buehler's closed patch technique. In addition, studies were conducted to evaluate the acute systemic toxicity of DPOMA in rats (oral) and rabbits (dermal), and its eye and skin irritancy in rabbits. In the subchronic dermal toxicity study, 4 groups of rabbits were treated percutaneously with DPOMA at 0 (acetone), 10, 107, and 1067 (undiluted) mg/kg X day in a volume of 1 ml/kg, over a 4-wk period. The application sites were unoccluded. No deaths occurred, and no signs of systemic toxicity were observed. No treatment-related effects were seen on body weights, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, or histopathology (except the treated skin). The only treatment-related effect was slight to moderate skin irritation in the mid- and high-dose groups. The severity of skin irritaton was dependent on the number of applications and the concentration of DPOMA. Maximal skin irritation occurred after 1 wk. No skin irritation was seen in the control and low-dose group. In the DCS study, guinea pigs received 6 induction doses of 0.5 ml 100% DPOMA and were challenged with 0.5 ml of 50% (w/v) DPOMA in acetone 2 wk after the last induction treatment. No erythema or edema was observed in any of the challenged guinea pigs in either the treated and control groups. These acute toxicity studies indicate that DPOMA is practically nontoxic by a single exposure via both oral and dermal routes (the oral LD50 in rat and dermal LD50 in rabbits were greater than 5.0 g/kg body weight), slightly irritating to the skin, and inconsequentially irritating to the eyes. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for systemic toxicity of DPOMA applied repeatedly to rabbits skin is at least 1067 mg/kg X d. DPOMA is not a strong or moderate skin sensitizer in guinea pigs.     

盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏的安全性考察

目的考察盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏对动物皮肤的毒性作用。方法采用不同浓度(2%、5%、10%)的盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏对家兔进行皮肤刺激性试验、对豚鼠进行过敏性试验、对Wistar大鼠进行急性毒性试验及长期毒性试验。结果 2%、5%盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏对完整、破损皮肤均无刺激性、急性毒性,对完整皮肤无明显毒性,不产生致敏作用,10%有轻微刺激性,可自行缓解。结论 2%~5%盐酸普萘洛尔乳膏是较安全的外用制剂。     

Dermal toxicity,eye and dermal irritation and skin sensitization evaluation of a new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis SH-14

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the best known and most widely used of all pesticidal microbes. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of a new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis SH-14 in rats through acute dermal toxicity, dermal and eye irritation experiments. The acute dermal toxicity and dermal and eye irritation studies were performed using rabbits according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines 885.3100, 870.2500 and 870.2500, respectively. The skin sensitization study was carried out in accordance to the EPA OPPTS 870.2600 using guinea pigs. There was no mortality and no evidence of treatment-related toxicity in acute dermal toxicity test. No dermal responses, including erythema/eschar or edema, were found in rabbits treated with the new formulation of Bti SH-14. Minimum response was observed after eye application of test substance. No skin sensitization reactions were observed after the challenge with the new formulation of Bti SH-14 in the Bti SH-14-treated guinea pigs. In summary, the present study demonstrated that the new formulation of Bti SH-14 is not acutely toxic via dermal route, has low eye irritation and would not cause dermal irritation or hypersensitivity to tested animals.     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂皮肤用药安全性实验

目的：对甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂进行皮肤急性毒性试验、皮肤刺激性试验及皮肤过敏性试验,以考察其皮肤用药安全性。方法：将甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂涂抹于家兔背部完整或破损区脱毛皮肤,观察给药后动物局部皮肤红斑及水肿等急性毒性和刺激性情况。采用致敏与激发接触甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂,观察豚鼠过敏反应。结果：甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂对家兔完整或破损皮肤无明显局部毒性或局部刺激性。对豚鼠皮肤无过敏反应。结论：甲磺酸帕珠沙星搽剂短期皮肤用药是安全的。     

Acute and subchronic dermal toxicity of Vitex negundo essential oil

Vitex negundo is a common herb in different herbal formulation. The potential acute and sub-chronic dermal toxicities were evaluated as per OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines 402 and 411, respectively. Both sexes of Wistar rats were exposed to Vitex negundo oil of 2000?mg/kg body weight for acute dermal toxicity, whereas in the dermal sub-chronic toxicity study, rats were exposed to Vitex negundo oil 250, 500 and 1000?mg/kg body weight, respectively, for five times a week for 90?d. In acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies, all animals were normal without any behavioral, serum biochemistry, hematology, necroscopical and histopathological changes. The no observed effect level (NOEL) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Vitex negundo oil were 250 and 1000?mg/kg/day, respectively. Vitex negundo oil is under the category 5 (Unclassified) according to the Globally Harmonized System, with an LD₅₀ value of over 2000?mg/kg.     

拟原白头翁素A毒性试验研究

目的为了对拟原白头翁素Ａ进行初步毒理学安全性评价。方法采用大鼠急性经口和经皮毒性试验，大鼠皮肤和大白兔眼粘膜刺激试验，Ａｍｅｓ试验，小鼠骨髓微核试验，小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验。结果大鼠急性经口ＬＤ５０４．６７３９（ＩＣ４．０６１４～５．３７８７）ｇ·ｋｇ－１，经皮ＬＤ５０＞２．０ｇ·ｋｇ－１，根据化合物毒性分级为低毒；对大鼠皮肤无刺激作用，对大白兔眼粘膜有中等刺激；Ａｍｅｓ试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验阴性。结论拟原白头翁素Ａ为低毒、致突变试验阴性的化合物。     

肤福牌皮肤消毒护肤喷雾剂的急性、亚急性毒性实验和刺激实验

目的：评价肤福牌皮肤消毒护肤喷雾剂的毒性和刺激性。方法：按照消毒技术规范（2002年版）进行急性和亚急性毒性实验、完整和破损皮肤刺激实验、急性眼刺激实验以及微核实验。结果：急性灌胃毒性实验结果显示,该产品对雌、雄小鼠的LD50〉5000mg／kg;对家兔多次完整皮肤、一次破损皮肤刺激实验,以及急性眼刺激实验均属无刺激性;500～5000mg／kg微核实验结果呈阴性;亚急性经口毒性实验,对雌、雄SD大鼠未观察到有害作用的剂量为1000mg／kg。结论：该产品属实际无毒级,无刺激性,安全性良好。