Physically Abused Pregnant Women's Perceptions About the Quality of Their Relationships with Their Male Partners

SUMMARY

Objectives. Most studies of pregnant victims of intimate partner violence have focused on the violent behaviors, without examining other potentially important dimensions of the relationships. This research studies pregnant abuse victims to examine the frequency of violent behaviors occurring during pregnancy, how women characterize the quality of their relationships, and the association between violence frequency and women's perceptions concerning the overall quality of their relationships.

Methods. Eighty-one women who were physically abused by intimate partners during pregnancy were interviewed. Information was collected concerning the women's: experiences of partner violence during pregnancy; perceptions of other aspects of the quality of their relationships; and sociodemographic characteristics.

Results. The most frequent type of violent behavior occurring during pregnancy was verbal aggression, followed by minor violence, and then severe violence. Men perpetrated each type of violent behavior at significantly higher rates than did their female partners. In general, the women were quite negative in their characterizations of many dimensions of their relationships, as well as in their perceptions concerning the overall quality of their relationships, with women who had been victims of more frequent violence being significantly more likely to characterize their relationships as being of lower overall quality (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.4–8.7).

Conclusions. Prenatal care providers are encouraged to screen their patients for intimate partner violence, and to work with others in their community to assure that women in abusive situations are offered appropriate services/interventions including safe and feasible alternatives to staying in unsatisfactory relationships with abusive partners.     

Treatment of Sexually Abused Children Who Are Deaf

This article will address the vulnerability of children who are deaf to sexual abuse and treatment techniques specifically for this population. The experience of the author was at a large city outpatient program in a department of psychiatry. This clinic served families where someone in the family was deaf or hard of hearing. The pioneering efforts in the 1980s were some of the first treatment for this population and this is the basis for this article.     

Sexual Violence and Reproductive Health

Sexual violence is a significant public health problem, and has been linked to adverse effects on women's physical and mental health. Although some advances in the research have been made, more scientific exploration is needed to understand the potential association between sexual violence and women's reproductive health, and to identify measures that could be implemented in reproductive health care settings to assist women who have experienced sexual violence. Three general areas needing further study include (1) expansion of the theoretical frameworks and analytic models used in future research, (2) the reproductive health care needs of women who have experienced sexual violence, (3) and intervention strategies that could be implemented most effectively in reproductive health care settings.     

甲苯暴露嗅觉印迹对小鼠行为学的影响

[目的]探索小鼠甲苯嗅觉印迹的产生及新生期处于单一负性气味环境中小鼠成年后的行为学改变。[方法]将70天龄的5对昆明小鼠配种，成功受孕的4只孕鼠单笼饲养；根据母鼠所产仔鼠按窝分为3个暴露组、1个对照组。暴露组仔鼠在出生后连同母鼠一起，立即放置于低浓度甲苯气味的密闭箱中，分别是甲苯连续吸入1周、2周、3周记为暴露1组、暴露2组、暴露3组；染毒期满后将小鼠移至空气通风的环境中饲养。对照组仔鼠在出生后与其母鼠共同置于通风处，呼吸空气。小鼠6周龄时，进行下列实验：嗅觉识别实验、嗅觉辨别实验、六臂旱迷宫实验和Morris水迷宫实验。[结果]与对照组相比，3组暴露小鼠能很快识别出甲苯并对其形成偏爱，在甲苯吸入2周的动物最为明显（P〈0．05）；暴露鼠对甲苯分辨力增强的同时对其他气味的分辨力明显减弱（P〈0．05）；在迷宫实验中，暴露鼠的空间学习和记忆能力下降（P〈0．05）。[结论]新生期处于甲苯气味环境中的小鼠能对甲苯产生嗅觉印迹；在对这种单一气味的敏感性增加的同时，抑制了对其他气味的分辨能力并导致其空间学习和记忆能力下降。这提示：生命早期单一的负性气味环境可以影响脑的正常发育。     

超氧化物歧化酶与妊娠

超氧化物歧化酶是需氧生物中普遍存在的酶性抗氧化剂。它可催化超氧阴离子发生歧化反应,生成水和氧气,从而保护细胞免受正常代谢过程中所产生的活性氧的损伤。近年来,超氧化物歧化酶因可引起机体的病理生理改变而备受关注。在产科,许多研究表明超氧化物歧化酶和正常及异常妊娠有关。     

Abused Patient's Attitudes About Mandatory Reporting of Intimate Partner Abuse Injuries to Police

SUMMARY

Objectives: This study examines abused women's preferences regarding medical clinician reporting of intimate partner abuse injuries to police. It also examines the influence of specific demographic factors on abused women's reporting preferences.

Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of women patients attending one of three public primary care clinics associated with the San Francisco Community Health Network. Participants reporting a history of abuse were asked to identify their preferences regarding the reporting of abuse by medical clinicians to police.

Results: Of the 358 abused women interviewed in this study, the majority of them (n = 243, 68%) did not prefer a domestic violence injury reporting system that was mandatory even if against patient wishes. However, almost all women (n = 329, 92%) favored some form of police reporting by medical clinicians. Women who had been abused within the past year were more likely to oppose mandatory reporting than women who had been abused more than one year ago. Younger women were more likely than older women to oppose mandatory reporting requirements, and women whose primary language was English were more likely to oppose mandatory reporting requirements than women whose primary language was Spanish. Current abuse was independently predictive of decreased likelihood to select mandatory reporting in all situations. There were no significant differences in reporting preferences by ethnicity, marital status, education, employment, or the presence of children at home.

Conclusions: Despite broad support among abused women for medical clinician reporting of intimate partner abuse injuries to police, most women do not support mandatory reporting requirements that do not allow for consideration of the abused patients' wishes. More research is needed to ascertain whether the benefits of mandatory reporting outweigh the risks to those intended to benefit from the law.     

开窗时间对装修后室内空气中苯和甲苯浓度的影响

[目的 ]观察开窗时间对室内空气中苯和甲苯浓度的影响。 [方法 ]苯和甲苯浓度的测定方法按照GB1173 7 89。选 16间新装修房间 ,竣工后第 2天开始观察 ,随机分为 4组 ,每 4间房间为一组 ,各组每天的开窗时间分别的 0、2、4、6h。隔日测定苯和甲苯的浓度 ,共 9d。 [结果 ]①苯 :2、4h组与 0h组 (对照组 )比较差异无显著性 :6h组与对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。与本组第 1天的浓度比较 ,0、2、4、6h组分别在第 7、5、7、3天以后差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。②甲苯 :2、4、6h组与对照组比较分别在第 9、3、7天以后差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 5 ) ;0、2、4、6h组与本组第 1天的浓度比较分别在第 5、3、3、3天以后差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。 [结论 ]开窗时间越长 ,苯和甲苯浓度降低越明显     

甲苯对大鼠中枢神经系统的亚慢性毒作用

[目的]拟通过病理学和生物化学方法研究甲苯对大鼠中枢神经系统的影响。[方法]取健康成年雄性SD大鼠75只,随机分为5组,分别为空白对照组、赋形剂组、低剂量组（75mg/kg体重）、中剂量组（150mg/kg体重）和高剂量组（300mg/kg体重）。采用腹腔注射的方法染毒,注射量为0.01mL/g体重,隔日染毒1次;赋形剂组给予等体积橄榄油,空白对照组不加任何处理。染毒时间为30d。染毒期满后,断头处死大鼠,取大脑皮层和海马,苏木素-伊红（HE）染色和超微结构检查;并取海马组织测定谷氨酸转运体的功能。[结果]HE染色发现高剂量组皮层局部神经元及胶质细胞周围轻度空泡变性,部分血管间隙（VR腔）扩张增宽,高剂量组海马也可见部分神经元的空泡变性。神经元排列不规则,未见神经元和神经胶质细胞本身变性坏死。超微结构检查发现甲苯染毒组海马组织中神经元细胞膜不完整,细胞器（核糖体、高尔基体和线粒体）减少,线粒体脊萎缩,核固缩,核膜不完整,电子致密度增高,染色质呈凝聚团块状分布。皮层组织中部分血管内皮细胞核固缩,核膜不完整,呈凋亡样变化,对照组未发现有上述变化。高剂量组神经细胞谷氨酸转运体功能与对照组相比有明显下降（P〈0.01）,下降幅度达49%;其余染毒组与对照组相比,谷氨酸转运体功能差异无统计学意义。[结论]甲苯可导致染毒大鼠的脑组织发生病理变化,谷氨酸转运体转运功能受抑制。     

职业接触低浓度混苯对健康的影响

目的观察低浓度混苯对作业人员健康的影响.方法.观察118名从事混苯作业人员,对照119名条件相当非接触混苯的行政人员健康状况.结果低浓度混苯接触组头晕、头痛、记忆力下降、月经紊乱以及鼻炎、咽炎、皮炎发病率明显高于对照组,发病者专业工龄无明显差异.结论职业接触低浓度混苯可损害神经系统、生殖系统、皮肤黏膜.     

An examination of information-processing skills among inhalant-using adolescents

Background This study investigates the association between inhalant use and information processing (IP) in adjudicated polysubstance users. Polysubstance users who used inhalants (n= 158) were compared with polysubstance users who did not use inhalants (n= 303). Hispanic Americans comprised 72% of the participants; European Americans, African Americans and Asian Americans comprised 28% of the participants. Method Standardized intelligence and achievement tests were used to assess information‐processing constructs of working memory and processing speed. Psychosocial and substance abuse standardized surveys were used to assess drug use severity and psychosocial problems associated with substance use. Results Polysubstance users who used inhalants (PSI users) were younger, used more drugs more frequently and had more psychiatric admissions than non‐inhalant polysubstance users (PSO users). Statistical analysis also shows that PSI users performed worse on measures of IP selected tests in comparison with the PSO users. Conclusion Inhalant users begin abusing substances at a younger age and suffer from more verbal and non‐verbal processing, behavioural, language and memory problems than non‐inhalant users.     

Toluene vapor exposure and urinary excretion of hippuric acid among workers in China.

A factory survey was conducted in three provinces in China from 1985 to 1989. The time-weighted average toluene concentrations in breathing zone air were monitored by diffusive sampling, whereas hippuric acid (HA) concentrations in shift-end urine samples were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Exposed workers (456 men and women) were those for whom toluene (up to 548 ppm toluene) accounted for greater than or equal to 90% of total exposure (by vapor concentration in ppm), whereas 517 nonexposed controls were recruited from the same factories or from factories of the same region. There was a linear correlation between the intensity of toluene exposure and HA concentration in the shift-end urine. Comparison of the results with findings in the literature shows that the toluene-induced increase in urinary HA concentration among workers in China is significantly smaller than the published values, whereas HA concentrations in urine samples from nonexposed controls are comparable to the levels previously reported.     

Toluene at Environmentally Relevant Low Levels Disrupts Differentiation of Astrocyte Precursor Cells

Recent findings that describe endocrine disruption caused by exposure to low levels of certain chemicals in the environment have led to a paradigm shift in the way toxicology studies are designed. Toluene at high levels damages the human central nervous system; however, the effects of toluene at low levels have not been studied. The authors used serum-free mouse embryo cells—a precursor of astrocytes—to predict the effect of chemicals on developing brain cells. When serum-free mouse embryo cells were exposed to low levels of toluene, induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein was inhibited. This study demonstrated that environmentally relevant low levels of toluene could disrupt normal prenatal brain development.     

甲苯神经毒性对小鼠神经行为功能的影响

[目的]研究甲苯对小鼠神经行为的影响,探讨其神经毒性及相关机制。[方法]将2月龄昆明小鼠随机分成5组,甲苯2.5μl剂量组、1.0μl剂量组、生理盐水组、假手术组和空白对照组。运用脑立体定位仪,将甲苯直接注入小鼠脑室,观测注射后3d、5d、1w、2w及3w小鼠自主活动次数及水迷宫潜伏期的变化。[结果]①与对照组比较,1.0μl剂量组水迷宫潜伏期延长(P<0.05);2.5μl剂量组明显延长(P<0.01)。②2.5μl剂量组显著增加小鼠自主活动次数,与生理盐水组比较,3d、5d、1w及2wP<0.01;与假手术组比较,3dP<0.05,5d、1w及2wP<0.01。1.0μl剂量组无明显影响。[结论]甲苯能明显降低小鼠学习记忆功能,2.5μl能显著增加小鼠自主活动。     

涂料中游离甲苯二异氰酸酯的气相色谱测定法

目的 建立一种操作简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高的测定游离甲苯二异氰酸酯的新方法。方法 样品经丙酮稀释后，用气相色谱法，经25％SE—30色谱柱分离测定。以保留时间定性，峰高或峰面积定量。结果线性范围在0．000—0．025％内，r=-0．9997，RSD为0．08%—0．75％，回收率为95．0％—106．7％。结论 该方法可简便、快速、准确地测定涂料中游离甲苯二异氰酸酯。     

乙酸钠及添加剂吸收净化甲苯废气的实验研究

在散堆填料塔中以乙酸钠和添加剂为吸收剂,进行了净化甲苯废气的实验研究。考察了乙酸钠浓度、添加剂、空塔气速以及液气比对含甲苯废气去除效果的影响,从而确定了最佳工艺条件。     

Clinical, socio-demographic, neurophysiological and neuropsychiatric evaluation of children with volatile substance addiction

BACKGROUND: Abuse of organic volatile substances in children has become a social health problem that is increasing in the recent years. Among these substances, toluene is highly preferred by abusers because of its euphoric effect, cheapness and easy availability. There is no published research on the clinical and neurophysiological evaluation of children with short-term volatile substance addiction. METHODS: In this study, socio-demographic characteristics were questioned in 12 children with a mean age of 15 years and a duration of toluene abuse for a mean of 2.3 years, and the clinical characteristics of central and peripheral nervous system damage caused by volatile substances, particularly by toluene were analysed, and probable neurological disorders were investigated by means of neurophysiological and neuropsychological tests. All tests were compared with a control group. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of the children included in the study had pathological findings in the neurological examination. There was pyramidal involvement in 25% and peripheral nerve involvement in 33.3% of the cases. Evaluation of the cognitive functions revealed 33.3% pathology in the 'Short Test of Mental Status' which assesses functions of orientation, attention, learning, arithmetic calculation, abstraction, information, construction and recall. Sensorial polyneuropathy was found in 33.3% of the cases in nerve conduction studies. Somatosensory-evoked potentials revealed pathology in 16.7% of the cases and brainstem-evoked potentials in 50% of the cases. No pathology was observed in electroencephalography and visual-evoked potentials. CONCLUSION: In our study, neurophysiological and neuropsychiatric tests revealed that toluene causes slow progressive, clinical and subclinical central and peripheral nerve damage. In Turkey, because of cheapness, easy availability and legal use of volatile substances, the clinical extent of systemic and neurological toxicity of volatile substance abuse is increasing. Abuse of volatile substances, a currently increasing social issue, may create important physical problems which can be permanent.     

活性炭管苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯标准物质的研制

经均匀性和稳定性检验证明苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯含量均匀，量值稳定性大于一年，经多家实验室定值，取得了准确的特性量值（μｇ），低含量：苯３８．８±３．７，甲苯９８．６±４．４，邻二甲苯９７．１±１．９；高含量：苯８６．０±６．３，甲苯１９４±７，邻二甲苯１９５±５。此标准物质已被国家技术监督局批准为标准物质。