吻合血管节段性腓骨移植修复邻近关节巨大腔性骨缺损

目的：邻近关节骨肿瘤或肿瘤样病变切除后的修复。方法：仿据排骨血供的特性,设计吻合血管腓骨多节段移植,修复胫骨上端、股骨下端及股骨近端骨缺损。结果：临床应用10例,经术后3个月随访,移植骨愈合良好,关节功能恢复令人满意。结论：采用该方法,修复邻近关节骨肿瘤切除后巨大腔性骨缺损,远优于吻合血管或单纯松质骨植入,从根本上避免或替代了异体半关节移植。     

骨肿瘤病段切除并骨缺损修复

目的 修复切除骨肿瘤后的骨缺损肢体,恢复其功能。方法 采用特制人工金属假体,带血管蒂游离骨、异体关节、自体骨、骨水泥等修复骨缺损。结果 26例中应用带血管蒂游离骨或自体骨植骨术愈合最佳并且无复发;异体骨移植有一定的排异反应;骨水泥堵塞只适用于特殊部位骨缺损的修复;人工假体修复,功能恢复良好。结论 对某些良性骨肿瘤及低度恶性的骨肿瘤作病段切除后,选择适当的替代物修复缺损行之有效。     

骨膜带血管的自体骨改善股骨上段异体骨固定13例

目的：探讨骨膜带血管自体骨对促进异体骨固定的治疗。方法：回顾性分析总结了13例膜带血管自体骨促进异体骨固定的临床资料。结果：13例因人工关节翻修手术造成股骨上段骨缺损经骨膜带血管的自体骨促进异体骨固定的治疗，术后10例随访1－4．5年，效果满意。结论：股骨上段骨缺损的病例较少，但治疗困难。除应用定制的长柄假体外，采用异体骨移植同时应用骨膜带血管的自体骨促进其固定也不失为一种良策。     

On Injuries to the Acromio-Clavicular Joint: Treatment and Results

A study was made of bone ingrowth into fiber metal composite prostheses used to replace large segments of the femur in baboons. Bone grafts of two different types were used to cover the segment: chips of bone with large particle size and ground bone with a smaller particle size. The prosthetic segment was bridged by bone at 3 and 6 months in all cases irrespective of the structure of the transplant. In animals sacrificed at 6 months bone ingrowth occurred, with a marked difference between specimens with the two different grafts. In the ground bone specimens ingrowth occurred over the total surface area, and bone penetrated deep into the composite. With the chip grafts ingrowth was more irregular occurring only in some areas and it was always superficial. The difference is believed to be due to the improved contact between the fiber metal surface and the transplant. The lesser bulk of the ground transplant is advantageous when the soft tissue cover of the bone is thin.     

Penetration of Acrylic Bone Cements into Cancellous Bone

The depth of penetration of five commercial acrylic bone cements into cancellous bone was measured in vitro. Under standard, idealized conditions, cement penetration was found to vary significantly with different cements. Penetration was critically influenced by the coarseness of the cancellous bone and increased directly with the effective volume of the “cells” within the osseous matrix. An inverse correlation was determined between the mean cement viscosity during flow into the bone and final penetration depth. The dough time, set time and working time of each acrylic formulation was found to have no significant effect upon the depth of cement penetration.

It is suggested that in addition to the techniques adopted for introduction of cement to the bone, the selection of the bone cement itself may critically influence the incidence of late loosening following total joint replacement.     

Penetration of Acrylic Bone Cements into Cancellous Bone

The depth of penetration of five commercial acrylic bone cements into cancellous bone was measured in vitro. Under standard, idealized conditions, cement penetration was found to vary significantly with different cements. Penetration was critically influenced by the coarseness of the cancellous bone and increased directly with the effective volume of the “cells” within the osseous matrix. An inverse correlation was determined between the mean cement viscosity during flow into the bone and final penetration depth. The dough time, set time and working time of each acrylic formulation was found to have no significant effect upon the depth of cement penetration.

It is suggested that in addition to the techniques adopted for introduction of cement to the bone, the selection of the bone cement itself may critically influence the incidence of late loosening following total joint replacement.     

Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis by Free Grafts of Cancellous Autologous Bone Tissue: A Preliminary Report

Chronic osteomyelitis was treated by free grafts of autologous bone tissue in 13 consecutive patients aged 18 to 81 years. In all patients the osteomyelitis was located in the leg, and Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism. Seven had an infected non-union. The duration of the osteomyelitis varied from less than 1 year to 75 years. Surgical debridement and grafting of cancellous and cortical cancellous bone were performed at the one operation. The osteomyelitis healed after a single operation in all patients but one, who needed three operations before the infection was eradicated. In one patient a second bone grafting operation was necessary before weight-bearing could be allowed. Although the number of patients is small, the results agree well with larger series published recently. Grafting of autologous bone tissue seems to be a very valuable method of treatment for chronic osteomyelitis.     

骨移植物再血管化与骨改建的相关研究

目的探讨骨移植物再血管化与骨改建的相互关系,并对深冻自体骨和深冻异体骨的再血管化和骨改建进行比较。方法实验动物选用纯种成年健康新西兰大白兔36只。建立兔桡骨干15 mm骨—骨膜缺损模型,于其左侧缺损区植入深冻异体骨,右侧缺损区植入深冻自体骨。于术后4、8、12、16、20、24周处死动物,进行放射学、组织学及免疫组织化学观察,并借助计算机图像分析仪进行定量分析,分别用再血管化指数(每平方毫米总骨面积内的血管数)与新骨形成面积代表再血管化和骨改建程度。结果X线片显示,与宿主骨骨性愈合时间,自体骨移植组较异体骨移植组约提早4周。对再血管化指数及新骨形成面积的计量资料相关分析表明,两者呈高度正相关(r自体=0.938 8;r异体=0.969 6)。术后8~24周自体骨移植组较异体骨移植组有较高的再血管化指数(8周时分别为1.618±0.631和1.298±0.706,24周时分别为2.943±0.847和2.790±0.944)和较多的新骨形成(8周时分别为1.988±1.614和1.563±1.700,24周时分别为6.103±2.912和5.800±2.962,P<0.05)。结论骨移植后再血管化与骨改建呈高度正相关。移植骨的再血管化对骨改建可能起重要作用,免疫排斥反应可能通过影响移植骨的再血管化而最终影响骨改建。     

The Relaxation of Some Acrylic Bone Cements

The creep and relaxation of acrylic cements during conditions simulating the conditions in the acetabulum have been examined. CMW and Simplex were found to reach stresses of about 10 N/cm² after 1 year whereas Palacos had lost most of its stress after 6 weeks.     

The Formation of Stress by Acrylic Bone Cements During Fixation of the Acetabular Prosthesis

The forces developed by acrylic cement during the final phase of polymerization under conditions that simulate the cementing of the acetabular prosthesis are evaluated. Calculations show that forces of 500–1100 N may be reached in a three-point fixational system. the importance of the dimensions of the plastic and the bone and the relevance of the E-moduli are discussed.     

Osteogenesis After Bone and Bone Marrow Transplantation: Studies of Cellular Behaviour Using Combined Myelo-osseous Grafts in the Subscorbutic Guinea Pig

In order to study factors influencing osteogenesis after bone and bone marrow transplantation, we have caused guinea pigs to become scorbutic, and looked at the cell morphology at sites of bone formation. We had previously studied normal guinea pigs and found that autologous marrow in intermuscular implants was associated with bone production by the ninth day, regardless of the type of stored allogeneic bone transplanted with it. in subscorbutic guinea pigs, using identical implants, bone did not appear within the first 13 days, and the cell population around the implants was different. These experiments support the dominant role of bone marrow cells in osteogenesis and cast further doubt on the primary role of devitalised bone as an inducer of bone formation. Interference with cell function by deprivation of a single essential molecule, Vitamin C, produces great change in the ability of cells to synthesise bone, or pre-osseous matrix.     

Reconstruction of Large Diaphyseal Defects of the Femur and the Tibia with Autologous Bone

Abstract   Post-traumatic segmental bone defects of the femur and the tibia above the critical size require special attention because conventional bone grafts result in high rates of nonunion. The biological and biomechanical aspects of this challenging surgery, as well as ongoing refinements to achieve mechanically stable bone healing with correct bone alignment are reviewed. Choosing the best appropriate method is mainly dependent on both the location and etiology of the bone defect. Three patients with successful bone reconstruction using two-stage reconstruction with cancellous bone graft, double-barrel free vascularized fibula transfer and distraction osteogenesis are described. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed in accordance with recent literature.     

In Vivo Studies of Bone Grafts: The Possibility of Vascular Anastomoses in Healing Bone

A titanium chamber enabling vital microscopic studies of bone tissue in situ was installed in the tibiae of 10 rabbits. Using a gentle surgical technique the chamber and surrounding bone were cut en bloc, twisted 360° and reinserted into the same donor bed. Vital microscopy of these orthotopical bone grafts revealed that the circulation was mainly regained via ingrowth of newly developed vessels of host origin, starting at 5–8 days after grafting. Bone remodelling was observed at 3 weeks post grafting in these cases. in two grafts, however, an additional mode of blood flow recovery was seen. Here vessels of more than 30 microns width, registered before grafting, apparently were functioning also afterwards, indicating end-to-end anastomoses between host and pre-existing graft vessels. in these two grafts bone remodelling started as early as 1 week after transplantation.     

In Vivo Studies of Bone Grafts: The Possibility of Vascular Anastomoses in Healing Bone

A titanium chamber enabling vital microscopic studies of bone tissue in situ was installed in the tibiae of 10 rabbits. Using a gentle surgical technique the chamber and surrounding bone were cut en bloc, twisted 360° and reinserted into the same donor bed. Vital microscopy of these orthotopical bone grafts revealed that the circulation was mainly regained via ingrowth of newly developed vessels of host origin, starting at 5-8 days after grafting. Bone remodelling was observed at 3 weeks post grafting in these cases. in two grafts, however, an additional mode of blood flow recovery was seen. Here vessels of more than 30 microns width, registered before grafting, apparently were functioning also afterwards, indicating end-to-end anastomoses between host and pre-existing graft vessels. in these two grafts bone remodelling started as early as 1 week after transplantation.     

骨形态发生蛋白复合同种松质骨载体修复节段性骨缺损的实验研究

目的　本实验将探讨同种松质骨作为 BMP的载体修复节段性骨缺损。方法　将 rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体 (其中含 rh BMP- 2 0 .4 mg)植入兔桡骨 15 m m人工缺损处 ,以新鲜自体松质骨植入 ,单纯同种松质骨植入作为对照 ,通过放射学骨缺损修复 L ane评分 ,Nilsson骨愈合组织学评分 ,扫描电镜观察 ,比较术后 4、8、12周各组修复骨缺损的效果。结果　 rh BMP- 2复合同种骨载体组术后 4、8、12周各项评分与同期自体骨组之间无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,明显优于单纯同种骨组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 rh BMP- 2具有高效的骨诱导能力。同种骨是一种较理想的 BMP载体 ,rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体的骨修复效果与自体骨基本一致     

自体骨软骨移植与含富集骨髓干细胞松质骨移植修复兔关节软骨缺损

目的:评价自体骨软骨移植与含富集骨髓干细胞松质骨镶嵌移植两种方法修复全层关节软骨缺损的生物学特征和效果。方法:采用新西兰大白兔制作左右后肢全层软骨缺损模型,分别进行自体骨软骨镶嵌移植、含富集骨髓干细胞松质骨镶嵌移植修复,对照组不作任何修复,每组12只。术后第4、8、12周处死动物取材,分别进行膝关节活动度测定、大体观察、光镜观察与电镜观察。结果:移植实验组在第12周时均能以类透明软骨组织修复缺损,对照组为纤维肉芽组织。形态学检查表明,两种方法均能以类透明软骨组织覆盖缺损,骨软骨移植组无明显免疫排斥现象,随着时间延长,修复高度逐渐增加。骨软骨移植组同含富集骨髓干细胞松质骨镶嵌移植组效果无显著差别。结论:骨软骨移植、含富集骨髓干细胞松质骨镶嵌移植两种方法均能以类透明软骨组织修复全层关节软骨缺损,含富集骨髓干细胞松质骨镶嵌移植更适用于较大面积软骨缺损的修复。     

The Plated Femur: Relationships Between the Changes in Bone Stresses and Bone Loss

Calculations were made of the alterations in the in vivo cyclic bone stresses due to the application of various plates on the canine femoral shaft. The plate configurations analyzed were those used by previous investigators when studying the influence of plating on bone remodeling. The magnitude of the reduction in the loads borne by the bone tissue and the degree of shift in the bone stress neutral axis during the stance phase of gait was influenced by the geometry of the plate, the plate elastic modulus, and the location of plate application. From a correlation of the calculated alterations in bone stresses with the resulting measured changes in bone mass, it appears that bone remodeling is very sensitive to small changes in cyclic bone stresses. Changes in cyclic bone stresses of 1 MPa (less than 1 percent of the ultimate strength) can cause measurable differences in bone remodeling after a period of a few months.