改良俯卧位机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者中的应用

目的 探讨在机械通气的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者中改良的俯卧位头高脚低倾斜30°机械通气方法,相比常规的俯卧位机械通气的优点.方法 选择行机械通气的ARDS患者44例,按随机数字表法分为俯卧位组和倾斜俯卧位组,每组22例.患者平时持续30°半卧位,每天进行俯卧位机械通气1次,每次4 h.分别记录两组患者在俯卧位机械通气前、中、后血流动力学及呼吸等指标的变化,并作统计学分析.结果 两种俯卧位机械通气后患者的氧合指数均有改善,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与倾斜俯卧位组比较,俯卧位组体位改变后出现肺静态顺应性下降[2h时(25.6±5.8)ml/cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)比(37.2±20.5)ml/cm H2O],平均气道压上升[2 h时(18.5±3.9)cm H2O比(15.6±5.3)cm H2O],心率增快[2 h时(112.0±16.2)次/min比(102.0±11.3)次/min],平均动脉压下降[2 h时(86.0±6.7)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)比(93.5±7.5)mm Hg],中心静脉压上升[2 h时(15.5±3.3)cm H2O比(12.6±4.3)cm H2O];这些改变在俯卧位期间持续存在(P＜0.05),恢复30°半卧位后1 h消失.结论 改良的俯卧位通气,既有俯卧位改善氧合的作用,又可以避免俯卧位对肺静态顺应性和血流动力学的影响.     

Assessment of interfractional prostate motion in patients immobilized in the prone position using a thermoplastic shell

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interfractional prostate motion of patients immobilized in the prone position using a thermoplastic shell. A total of 24 patients with prostate calcifications detectable using a kilo-voltage X-ray image-guidance system (ExacTrac X-ray system) were examined. Daily displacements of the calcification within the prostate relative to pelvic bony structures were calculated by the ExacTrac X-ray system. The average displacement and standard deviation (SD) in each of the left–right (LR), anterior–posterior (AP), and superior–inferior (SI) directions were calculated for each patient. Based on the results of interfractional prostate motion, we also calculated planning target volume (PTV) margins using the van Herk formula and examined the validity of the PTV margin of our institute (a 9-mm margin everywhere except posteriorly, where a 6-mm margin was applied). In total, 899 data measurements from 24 patients were obtained. The average prostate displacements ± SD relative to bony structures were 2.8 ± 3.3, −2.0 ± 2.0 and 0.2 ± 0.4 mm, in the SI, AP and LR directions, respectively. The required PTV margins were 9.7, 6.1 and 1.4 mm in the SI, AP and LR directions, respectively. The clinical target volumes of 21 patients (87.5%) were located within the PTV for 90% or more of all treatment sessions. Interfractional prostate motion in the prone position with a thermoplastic shell was equivalent to that reported for the supine position. The PTV margin of our institute is considered appropriate for alignment, based on bony structures.     

新型侧俯卧体位垫的研制与手术中应用研究

目的:研制一款新型侧俯卧体位垫,用于胆胰疾病患者内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)侧俯卧位手术,以解决术中体位安置困难问题.方法:采用高密度加硬海绵、优质聚氨酯(PU)皮革等材料,用魔术贴组合;体垫由头垫模块、胸腹垫模块和下肢辅助垫模块构成,组合各模块研制成新型侧俯卧体位垫.选取在医院行侧俯卧位手术的54例胆胰疾病患者,...     

Predictors of vitamin D supplementation amongst infants in Ireland throughout the first year of life

Aim

To investigate predictors of compliance with the recommendation that all infants in Ireland are supplemented daily from birth to 12 months of age with 5 μg of vitamin D.

Subjects and methods

A prospective observational study was conducted. Self-complete questionnaires recorded socio-demographic characteristics, health behaviours and supplementation practices for 158 mother-infant dyads at 4, 9 and 12 months post-partum. A 2-day food diary was also obtained on 12-month-old infants to examine the contribution of diet to vitamin D intakes.

Results

At 4, 9 and 12 months of age, 57.6% (n = 91), 34.2% (n = 54) and 23.4% (n = 37) of infants, respectively, were supplemented as recommended. In multivariate analyses, receiving supplementation advice from health professionals in the early post-partum period was the most significant predictor of correctly supplementing 4-month-old [p?<?0.01; odds ratio, OR: 61.94 (95% confidence interval, CI: 11.53–332.83)], 9-month-old [p?<?0.01, OR: 10.30 (95% CI: 2.29–46.27)] and 12-month-old [p?=?0.04, OR: 3.85 (95% CI: 1.05–14.08)] infants. Amongst 12 month olds, mean intakes from diet and supplementation combined (7.6?±?4.7 μg/day) were suboptimal.

Conclusion

Suboptimal vitamin D supplementation practices were evident throughout infancy. Dietary intakes of vitamin D did not compensate for suboptimal supplementation practices. Supplementation practices may improve if health professionals advocate safe supplementation during routine infant health checks.

     

Evaluation of child care practice factors that affect the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome: Interview conducted by public health nurses

We examined the child-rearing environmental factors that affect the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) using a nationwide survey. Infants who died due to SIDS between January 1996 and June 1997 in Japan were identified from death certificates. Controls of the same gender, birthplace, and birth months as the corresponding SIDS were chosen from birth certificates. Interviews of both cases and controls were undergone in January and February, 1998 by public health nurses. The following child-rearing factors exhibited a significant relationship with the occurrence of SIDS: Concerning the sleeping position, the prone position was associated with increased risk compared with the supine position, with an odds ratio of 3.02 (95% c.i. 2.07–4.65). Regarding the feeding method, artificial feeding alone demonstrated a higher risk than breast feeding alone, with an odds ratio of 4.92 (95% c.i. 2.78–9.63). With regard to smoking, infants with both parents who smoked exhibited a higher risk than infants where neither parent smoked, with an odds ratio of 3.50 (95% c.i. 1.74–8.32).     

Growth in the first year of life and the risk of type 1 diabetes in a Danish population

The aim of the study was to investigate whether growth parameters at birth and age 1 year were associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Danish population and to what extent this explains the increase in T1D incidence. The study is a population-based case-control study; it compares 490 cases from the Danish diabetes register 1996-99 aged 0-14 years and 696 randomly selected controls (2 per case) from the population register matched for gender and date of birth. We found an increased risk of T1D during childhood in children with a body mass index (BMI) on or above two standard deviations at age 1 year (OR = 3.77 [95% CI 1.41, 10.1]). Children developing diabetes were significantly taller at age 1 year (OR = 1.04 [95% CI 1.00, 1.08]). Children born 1981-99 have significantly higher BMI and weight at birth and a significantly lower BMI and weight at age 1 year compared with children born 1966-74. Thus the increasing incidence of T1D could not be explained by changes in growth parameters at birth or at age 1 year.     

The utility of volunteer home-visiting support to prevent maternal depression in the first year of life

Background   Maternal depression can be detrimental to infant development. Structured home visiting initiated either in pregnancy or soon after the birth by a professional has led to better outcomes for mothers and their children but some vulnerable families may respond more favourably to a local volunteer. The value of volunteer support provided in the UK by Home-Start for maternal well-being is noted in qualitative studies, but there is no evidence of its impact from trials. The support is not structured and both the frequency and content of visits may vary.
Methods   A cluster randomized study allocated Home-Start local schemes to intervention or control conditions. Mothers in all areas were screened at routine health checks in late pregnancy. In intervention areas names of those scoring 9+ on the Social Disadvantage Screening Index were passed to Home-Start to be offered a volunteer. Not all those offered the support accepted the offer. In control areas no support was offered. Research assessments were conducted at 2 and 12 months. The outcomes were major or minor depression occurring between 2 and 12 months (Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – Third Edition – Revised) and depression symptoms at 12 months (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). Three groups were compared: supported, case-matched controls and those offered but not receiving support.
Results   Almost one-third experienced depression during the time period. Volunteer support had no identifiable impact on the emergence of maternal depression from 2 to 12 months or on depression symptoms when infants were 12 months. The major predictor of both was depression identified at 2 months.
Conclusions   It was not found that informal support initiated following screening for disadvantage in pregnancy reduced the likelihood of depression for mothers with infants.     

Baby swimming: exploring the effects of early intervention on subsequent motor abilities

Aim The aim of the study was to explore the effects of baby swimming on subsequent motor abilities. Background A range of motor abilities was examined in 4‐year‐old children who had previously participated in a programme of baby swimming (n= 19) and compared with a matched group of coevals who had not had this experience (n= 19). Results As predicted from the nature of the exercises that comprise the programme, the effects of baby swimming were restricted to abilities associated with prehension and balance. Conclusions Suggestions are made as to how the theme of this hypothesis‐generating, demonstration study can be pursued in the future with more rigorous experimental controls and applications to children with disabilities and impairments.     

Validity and reliability of Infant Neurological International Battery for detection of gross motor developmental delay in Iran

BACKGROUND: Child development screening is important issue for early detection of developmental delay and disability. Children in different environment acquire developmental abilities at different age. In this paper we report the examination of Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB) as a screening tool for early detection of gross motor developmental delay in Iran. METHODS: In this study, we reported the result of a study which was conducted on 6150 consecutive 4- to 18-month infants who were referred form Karaj Health Network (Tehran Province) over a 12-month period. A questionnaire was filled for each child, and an evaluation was carried out with INFANIB by occupational therapists. Assessed infants had been classified in three categories: normal, transiently abnormal and abnormal neuro-development. The transient group infants were divided to normal and abnormal group after 3 months' follow-up. The abnormal group was referred to developmental centre for neuro-developmental examination. For depicting validity of the test, some of the normal, transient and abnormal group was evaluated randomly by paediatrician for neuro-developmental exam and for reliability of test between paediatrician and occupational therapist 54 infants scored randomly by both of them. RESULTS: The INFANIB was valid for normal and abnormal group with 90% sensitivity, 83% specificity, 79% positive predictive value and 93% negative predictive value (NPV). Also the reliability coefficient between the examiners (paediatrician and occupational therapists) was calculated, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that INFANIB is proposed as an appropriate screening test in developing countries such as Iran as a reliable measurement of gross motor developmental delay and short time of performing.     

婴儿运动表现测试在昆明地区小婴儿中的应用研究

目的 通过使用婴儿运动表现测试(TIMP)对昆明地区168名婴儿进行测试,并与美国常模数据进行比较,分析影响得分的相关因素及临床应用价值,为TIMP的本土化提供一定的参考依据。 方法 对昆明地区168例足月儿及矫正胎龄 34~57⁺⁶ 周早产儿进行TIMP测试,并记录原始得分及婴儿一般情况。 结果 1)随着婴儿胎龄的增加,TIMP测试得分逐渐升高,且各组测试得分均明显低于同周龄组美国常模标准,差异有统计学意义(t＝-3.763、-4.181、-3.554、-3.423、-2.489、-3.463、-4.579、-2.612、-2.359、-3.249、-3.038、-4.248,P<0.05);2)足月儿的TIMP得分高于早产儿(t=2.615,P<0.05);出生体重≥2 500 g婴儿的TIMP得分高于出生体重在1 500~<2 500 g之间的婴儿(t=-2.593,P<0.05);测试时矫正年龄在<40周、40~44周、45~48周、49~52周、≥53周的各组婴儿间TIMP得分比较,差异有统计学意义(F=168.226,P<0.001)。3)出生时胎龄(足月或早产儿),以及进行TIMP测试时的矫正胎龄分组是TIMP得分的影响因素(β=0.164、0.743,P<0.05)。 结论 TIMP评估得分能反映不同矫正胎龄婴儿的运动表现能力,各组测试得分均明显低于同周龄组美国常模标准,因此需要建立中国常模提供本土化数据参考;并对早产儿及低出生体重儿给予早期评估和干预。     

侧卧位分娩方式对母婴围生期结局的影响

目的分析第二产程使用侧卧位分娩方式对母婴围生期结局的影响。方法选择2019年5月至2021年3月在北京市大兴区妇幼保健院进行阴道分娩的124例产妇作为研究对象,采取随机数字表法将其分为对照组和研究组,每组各62例。对照组采取仰卧膀胱截石位,研究组采取侧卧位。比较两组的产程、会阴侧切以及Ⅱ度会阴裂伤数量、新生儿脐动脉血pH值、产后出血量。结果两组第一产程、第二产程、第三产程比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组会阴侧切及Ⅱ度会阴裂伤比例均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组新生儿脐动脉血pH值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组产后2及24 h出血量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在第二产程使用侧卧位分娩方式,有利于保护产妇会阴部,降低出血量,改善新生儿脐血pH值。该方式的使用对于硬件要求不高,便于临床推广使用。     

Relation between the socioeconomic status of the family and primary allergy prevention in infant feeding in Hajdu-Bihar County, Hungary

BACKGROUND: The relationship between socioeconomic status and preventive care is an important issue in public health practice in Hungary. Our aim was to investigate the association between the socioeconomic status and the present practice of primary allergy prevention in infant feeding in Hajdú-Bihar County, Hungary. METHODS: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was performed among 3076 infants aged 0-6 months. We studied how socioeconomic status, type of settlement, allergic background of the family and skin symptoms indicative for allergy were related to primary allergy prevention in infant feeding. Prevalence odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Independent determinants of breast feeding were age [OR corresponding to one month change 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-0.77], the female gender (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.06-1.46), the socioeconomic status of the family (OR comparing the worst with the best category 0.63; 95% CI 0.43-0.93), and birth weight (OR comparing <1500 g to >2500 g category 0.17; 95% CI 0.07-0.41). Among supplementary nutrient users independent determinants of the use of hydrolysed infant formulae were the socioeconomic status (OR comparing the worst with the best category 0.06; 95% CI 0.01-0.27), the type of settlement (OR comparing village with town 0.48; 95% CI 0.28-0.80), history of allergy in the family (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.28-4.11), and skin symptoms indicative of allergy (OR 3.46; 95% CI 1.96-6.14). CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic status is related to the implementation of primary allergy prevention in infant feeding.