某移动BSL-3实验室通风空调系统方案探讨与应用

目的结合工程实例研究并设计适用于移动式BSL-3实验室的通风空调系统方案,为今后该类装备的建造以及制定相关标准规范提供参考依据。方法考虑到该系统特殊性,在设计思路方面,对生物安全要求、压差控制等进行了详细说明;在结构方面采用了气密门、生物安全防护箱体等设施设备;在控制方面,分析了各种阀门的使用条件和压差、温湿度等参数控制方案,采用了风机变频和变风量相结合的压差控制技术。结果调试和实际运行表明,该系统满足了移动式BSL-3实验室的负压及压力梯度、空气洁净度、温湿条件等环境参数控制要求,具有较好的适用性。结论本文设计一套可应用于移动式BSL-3实验室的通风空调方案,以期为从事生物安全实验室设计人员提供借鉴和参考。     

高海拔地区BSL-3实验室空气负压环境对氧气含量的影响

目的分析高海拔地区生物安全三级(BSL-3)实验室空气负压对氧气含量的影响。方法采集当地气象部门气压资料,结合实验室气流组织设置,计算分析负压环境对氧气含量的影响。结果在拉萨市,BSL-3实验室内空气含量与室外相比减少0.001%。结论高海拔地区BSL-3实验室空气负压环境对适应人群的影响有限。     

BSL-3主实验室通风系统HEPA过滤器原位消毒措施

目的根据《实验室生物安全通用要求》(GB 19489-2008),在原位对排风HEPA过滤器进行消毒灭菌和检漏,提出BSL-3主实验室通风系统HEPA过滤器原位消毒的适用措施。方法根据BSL-3主实验室通风系统在线消毒要求,使用PVC蛇形软管,选择高压风机的通风实施经验,提出消毒通风旁路设计。结果 (1)负压排风系统和正压送风系统消毒旁路包括:在总排风管密封阀前接消毒旁路气密阀,其后为PVC蛇形软管、风量控制阀、风机、蛇形软管、气密阀,接至实验室送风总管密阀门后,与主实验室构成消毒气流环路。(2)排风系统的消毒旁路包括:总排风管气密阀前接消毒旁路气密阀、其后为蛇形管、风量控制阀、风机、蛇形管、穿墙风管气密阀,穿墙风管至实验室,构成消毒气流环路。在实验室发生消毒气体。结论本研究提供了在线消毒通风旁路设计,特点一是流率大,可调节;二是消毒旁路便于装卸。     

全国22省（市）负压生物安全二级实验室建设现况的调查分析＊

目的：掌握我国负压生物安全二级（BSL-2）实验室现状,为卫生行政部门制定政策提供依据。方法：设计并统一发放“负压（BsL-2）实验室调查表”,培训后由各单位专人负责填写并回收,对调查结果进行统一录入和整理分析。结果：在反馈的22个省（自治区、直辖市）中,共有负压BSL一2实验室358套,投入使用占95．8l％。其中疾病预防控制机构所属的负压BSL一2实验室最多,占72．63％;缓冲间与核心工作间数量比例为1：1的实验室所占比例最大,为69．39％;缓冲间面积／核心工作间面积多数在1／8以上,占85．14％;安装高效排风过滤器的实验间达到77．28％;同时安装初效、中效排风过滤器的占34．67％。结论：由于缺乏针对负压BSL一2实验室的标准规范,各单位实验室从面积、压力到排风装置等都存在较大差异。建议卫生行政部门尽快制订负压BSL一2实验室相关标准和规范。     

BSL-3实验室负压控制系统探讨

本文介绍了BSL-3实验室中实现负压控制的送、排风系统以及送、排风量的具体计算,同时还详细阐述了实现负压控制的具体方案,为BSL-3实验室负压系统的设计提供了理论依据;另外还从节能的角度介绍了BSL-3实验室中使用全热交换器来实现能源消耗最优化.     

风口式生物安全型高效空气过滤装置的研制

目的研制一种可方便对高效空气过滤器进行原位检漏和消毒的风口式生物安全型高效空气过滤装置。方法依据国家标准对高等级生物安全实验室排风高效空气过滤器的原位检漏与消毒等要求,进行高效空气过滤装置的结构设计。结果风口式生物安全型高效空气过滤装置设有过滤器扫描检漏装置和气体消毒接口,具备对高效空气过滤器原位扫描检漏和气体消毒功能,并可验证消毒效果,能满足相关标准要求。结论该装置适用于生物安全实验室的污染空气排放处置,可满足我国生物安全实验室建设的需要。     

重庆市疾病预防控制中心BSL-3生物安全实验室运行管理

BSL-3生物安全实验室是从事高致病性病原检测研究必不可少的技术平台,BSL-3实验室的生物安全不仅关系到实验人员的安全,也关乎到其他人群、外环境和社会稳定,所以建立相应的BSL-3生物安全实验室管理体系并严格实施是确保实验室正常运行和生物安全的重要环节。     

气溶胶光度计研发分析

高效过滤器和超高效过滤器做为净化过滤产品被广泛应用于洁净厂房、生物安全实验室、手术室、洁净工作台、生物安全柜、手套箱等。本文所讲的气溶胶光度计就是检验高效过滤器和超高效过滤器在使用中是否达到净化过滤的效果。     

疾病预防控制中心实验室空调通风系统的设计要求

疾病预防控制中心（简称疾控中心）的建设重点在实验室，而实验室建设重点在于空调通风系统。实验室环境于空调通风系统而言主要是对压力梯度、洁净度及温湿度等方面有一定的要求。通常，以空气洁净度（空气中悬浮粒子洁净度）为指标的洁净实验室，可分1—9等级，1级为洁净度最高。疾控中心实验室常用的有5级（百级）、6级（千级）、7级（万级）和8级（十万级）。对于以生物安全为核心的生物安全实验室，根据其所处理对象的生物危害程度和所采取的防护措施把生物安全实验室分为4级，     

生物安全实验室围护结构关键节点的密封设计

阐述了高等级生物安全实验室(BSL-3、BSL-4实验室)围护结构墙板材料选型、装配以及各种穿墙管道、充气密闭门和排风高效过滤单元等关键节点的密封设计,解决了围护结构的气密性问题.试验样板间的测试结果表明,实验室样板问的气密性达到了当室内空气压力上升到500 Pa以后,自然衰减的气压在20 min内小于250 Pa的压力衰减指标要求.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.