横行腹直肌肌皮瓣应用于乳腺癌术后即时乳房再造的临床研究

目的探讨横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)应用于乳腺癌术后即时乳房再造的临床研究。方法选取2016年4月至2018年4月间广东省高州市人民医院收治的行TRAM乳房重建术治疗的20例乳腺癌患者为TRAM组,另同期选取采用背阔肌肌皮瓣再造术(LDM)治疗的20例乳腺癌患者为LDM组。比较两组患者乳房再造术后外观、乳房体积变化和术后并发症。结果两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间和住院总费用比较,差异无统计学意义(P <0. 05)。TRAM组患者乳房重造后外观评价优良率为95. 0%,LDM组为90. 0%,两组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。重复测量方差分析显示,两组患者不同时点乳房重建后乳房体积比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。且术后1、3、6、12个月,两组患者的乳房体积比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。两组患者术后伴有局部积液和血肿等并发症,两组患者乳房重造后并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。结论乳腺癌术后即时TRAM乳房再造方法术中出血少,再造乳房外观较佳,且术后并发症少,对乳腺癌根治术后患者生活质量的提高具有积极意义。     

带蒂腹直肌皮瓣在乳房重建手术中的应用

随着人民生活水平的提高和医学技术的发展,乳腺癌患者接受全乳切除术后对乳房重建的需求日益增长。带蒂腹直肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis muscle,TRAM)手术是重要的自体组织乳房重建方法。该文就TRAM皮瓣的解剖与血供、TRAM手术的适应证和禁忌证、手术步骤以及并发症进行介绍,同时还对TRAM手术中的一些细节问题进行了探讨。TRAM术式作为自体组织乳房重建技术,不需要假体,从而避免了假体相关的并发症。另外相比于假体重建,自体组织重建的外形和柔软度都更接近于自然乳房,具有更好的重建效果。同时带蒂的TRAM术式不需要显微血管吻合技术和密切的术后皮瓣检测,容易被外科医师掌握并在更多的医学中心开展。因此TRAM皮瓣仍然具有一定的应用前景。     

乳腺癌根治术I期横型腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

乳腺癌是一种严重影响妇女身心健康甚至危及生命的常见病和多发病，其发病率在我国占全身各种恶性肿瘤的7～10％，且发病率逐年上升，呈年轻化趋势。现在，乳腺癌早期诊断病例的增加和综合治疗的进展，患者多能长期生存，甚至获得治愈，乳腺癌是目前临床治疗效果最佳的实体肿瘤之一。根治性手术切除仍是国内治疗乳腺最主要的手段。因此，乳房缺如(全切除)或乳房毁形(部分切除)的病例持续     

早期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕复合体的改良根治术--Ⅰ期腹直肌肌皮瓣重建乳房

背景与目的：改良根治术目前已成为早期乳腺癌主要外科治疗方法之一,但术后如何重建乳房及保留乳头乳晕复合体一直是争论的焦点。本研究探讨早期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕复合体的改良根治术——Ⅰ期腹直肌肌皮瓣重建乳房的方法及临床应用。方法：对早期乳腺癌患者行皮下乳腺切除,腋窝淋巴结清除,腹直肌肌皮瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造,最大限度地保留乳房皮肤以及乳头乳晕复合体。结果：应用该方法治疗10例早期乳腺癌,术后随访24～48个月,所有病例均无肿瘤局部复发及远处转移,重建乳房外形良好,乳头乳晕区皮肤无坏死,皮肤无明显萎缩、变硬,半年后乳头感觉恢复,供区无腹壁疝形成。结论：保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术——Ⅰ期腹直肌肌皮瓣重建乳房,外形效果良好,对早期乳腺癌要求保持乳房外形的患者可能是一种较好的治疗方法;因本研究例数较少,该技术的疗效有必要行更大样本的研究来证实。     

腹直肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌术后胸壁复发及放射性溃疡外科治疗中的应用

目的探讨带血管蒂腹直肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌术后胸壁复发及放射性溃疡胸壁切除重建中的应用.方法全麻下行胸壁复发灶、放射性溃疡软组织广泛切除加部分全层胸壁切除,切取带有腹壁上动静脉血管蒂的纵行腹直肌肌皮瓣修复胸壁缺损,重建胸壁.结果应用3例,其中胸壁复发全层胸壁切除2例,均Ⅰ期甲级愈合、放射性溃疡1例,术后Ⅱ期愈合,无围手术期死亡,无腹壁疝发生.结论带血管蒂腹直肌肌皮瓣移植用于乳腺癌术后难治性胸壁复发及放射性溃疡胸壁切除重建,具有抗感染能力强、覆盖面大的优点,重建后的胸壁稳定,不需额外支持物.     

女性乳腺癌保留胸大肌术后Ⅰ期乳房再造

目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治术同时行上蒂横行腹直肌带蒂肌皮瓣（TRAM）Ⅰ期乳房再造的可行性。方法：行乳腺癌改良根治术Ⅰ期乳房再造7例，其中1例同时行乳头乳晕再造、1例行Ⅱ期乳头乳晕再造。结果：6例患者转移皮瓣全部成活，1例部分皮肤血运欠佳，经二次处理后痊愈。再造乳房术后外观评价：良6例，差1例。结论：此术式既达到了乳腺癌根治的目的又得到了乳房重建的效果，是治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌值得推荐的好方法。     

游离腹直肌肌皮瓣在颅底外科的应用

随着外科技术的发展及影像诊断设备的改进，特别是CT、MRI的广泛应用，颅底区病变不再被视为手术的“禁区”，而颅底区组织缺损的修复、封闭颅腔、防止脑脊液漏及颅内感染则是手术中较为棘手的问题。近年腹直肌肌皮瓣广泛用于全身各处组织缺损的修复，尤其在依底外科领域的应用，为依底区修复提供了一种有效、可靠的方法。现将有关文献资料综述如下：一、历史回顾1975年Brown等首次报道以腹直肌穿支血管为蒂的腹壁皮瓣[1]。1977年由Drever报道[2]的腹壁岛状皮瓣后带蒂的腹直肌肌皮瓣广泛用于乳腺及胞壁的修复。1979年Holmstrom报道游离…     

乳腺癌术后即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房重建27例分析

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后应用扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房重建的疗效。方法对27例乳腺癌患者施行乳腺癌改良根治术（其中6例行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术,21例行保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术）,术后即时切取包括背阔肌及其表面的脂肪和岛状皮肤、髂嵴上方脂肪、背阔肌前沿侧胸部脂肪和肩胛区脂肪构成扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣,转移至胸壁重建乳房。结果27例即时乳房重建全部获得成功。切除乳房的组织量为180-330ml（平均215ml）,移植重建乳房的扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣组织量为210-380ml（平均245ml）。24例术后辅助化疗,5例辅助放射治疗。随访6～24个月（中位随访12个月）,所有患者均生存,术后无一例局部复发、转移。美容效果：优17例,良6例,一般3例,差1例。结论乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤或乳头乳晕改良根治术后应用扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房重建形态良好,不影响术后辅助治疗和远期疗效,作为目前乳腺肿瘤治疗的一种有效补充手段,值得临床推广。     

神经吻合术与乳腺癌术后即刻 TRAM 皮瓣乳房再造

目的：介绍乳腺癌术后应用下腹横型腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM皮瓣）即刻乳房再造的方法，并探讨神经吻合对再造乳房皮肤感觉恢复的疗效。方法：23例乳腺癌患者改良根治术后，Ⅰ期应用单蒂或双蒂横型腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）行乳房再造，单蒂TRAM乳房再造18例，双蒂TRAM乳房再造4例，游离TRAM乳房再造1例，对4例患者进行了神经吻合术，对7例患者进行了血管吻合术。结果：再造手术均取得成功，经过2—72个月随访，无局部复发。行神经吻合的患者再造乳房皮肤感觉较没有行神经吻合者好，患者对再造乳房满意度高。结论：乳腺癌术后Ⅰ期乳房再造能同时满足肿瘤的治疗和形体美容的要求，并且神经吻合术可以一定程度恢复再造乳房皮肤感觉，提高生活质量。     

Immediate transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction in underweight Asian patients

Background

TRAM breast reconstruction is commonly thought to be inadequate for underweight patients and LD flap with implant is usually recommended. However, it is often difficult to find an appropriate implant for thin Asian women with small breasts. The authors present the results of using TRAM flap alone for immediate breast reconstruction in underweight Asian patients.

Methods

Between September 2001 and October 2006, 564 patients underwent immediate TRAM flap-only breast reconstruction. Among these, 18 were underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m²) and 317 were normal weight (18.5 kg/m² ≤ BMI < 23.0 kg/m²). Complications were classified as systemic, breast, and donor site. Complication rate, oncologic outcome and overall satisfaction and recommendation were compared between two groups. Standardized postoperative photographs were also subject to a panel for cosmetic assessment.

Results

the overall complication rate was 22.2 % in underweight group and 27.1 % in normal weight group (p = 0.32). There was a tendency that the breast complication rate was higher in the normal weight group and the abdominal complication rate was higher in the underweight group. However, neither of these was statistically significant. Mean satisfaction was not statistically different, either (8.44 vs. 8.60, p = 0.54). Panel assessment for overall cosmesis, symmetry and scarring showed no significant between-group differences.

Conclusions

Immediate breast reconstruction using TRAM flap alone can be performed with acceptable complication rates and comparable patients’ satisfaction score in a well selected underweight Asian women as in a normal weight group.     

Optimizing pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap breast reconstruction

With improved detection and genetic screening for breast cancer, increasing numbers of patients are choosing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. Advances in breast reconstruction and mastectomy techniques over the last 25 years have increased expectations for breast reconstruction. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap in modern breast reconstruction.The pedicled TRAM flap is the most common method of autologous breast reconstruction. TRAM flap reconstruction involves the transfer of lower abdominal skin and subcutaneous fat based on the superior epigastric vessels. Common risk factors for complications from pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction include smoking, obesity, and postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with these risk factors are often candidates for a vascular delay procedure whose purpose is to enhance the blood flow within the TRAM flap.Despite advances in free flap breast reconstruction, pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction remains an excellent option for unilateral breast reconstructions. Unlike microsurgical breast reconstruction, the pedicled TRAM flap does not require sophisticated postoperative monitoring and can be performed efficiently in any hospital setting. Furthermore, with the addition of a vascular delay procedure, pedicled TRAM reconstructions can be safely performed even in traditionally "high risk" patients.     

Transposition of myocutaneous flaps in breast reconstruction following radical mastectomy: latissimus dorsi vs. rectus abdominis flap

We evaluated two homogeneous groups of patients (20 each) who had undergone radical mastectomy and who underwent breast reconstruction in our department by transposition of a latissimus dorsi or of a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. The results achieved were very similar (in terms of postoperative hospitalization, complication rate, thoracic symmetry). We therefore believe that both these techniques should be considered as first choice in breast reconstruction following radical mastectomy. However, from the aesthetic viewpoint, the use of the latissimus dorsi is best suited to tall, slim patients, whereas the rectus abdominis allows us to obtain better results in patients of sturdy build, with a voluminous residual breast.     

Immediate breast reconstruction following modified radical mastectomy

Reducing postoperative psychological morbidity is an important goal in breast cancer patient care; a multidisciplinary approach is crucial in order to select candidates for immediate breast reconstruction. There is no oncologic reason for a delay after a modified radical mastectomy. Our procedure allows immediate breast reconstruction without significantly prolonging operative time and hospitalization. Complete muscular coverage of the implant and shifting of the redundant skin to the mastectomy site minimize the risk of postoperative complications and provide a natural looking reconstructed breast. Delayed reconstruction of the nipple-areolar complex performed at the time of contralateral mammaplasty ensures satisfactory breast symmetry. Satisfactory reconstruction of the nipple-areolar complex is achieved without additional scars by means of grafts taken from the opposite breast or utilizing the cryopreserved nipple and areola.     

保留乳头乳晕改良根治术同期TRAM瓣乳房重建治疗早期乳腺癌的临床研究

目的:探讨临床早期乳腺癌(Ⅰ、ⅡA期)保留乳头乳晕复合体(nipple-areolar complex, NAC)的乳腺癌改良根治术同期应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)转移乳房重建的可行性.方法: 26例临床早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳头乳晕的改良根治术同时应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣转移乳房重建.结果: 26例均获成功,除1例患者出现部分皮瓣血运欠佳外,其余均无并发症.所有患者均获随访,随访时间10～58个月(平均26个月),重建乳房效果良好,均无癌局部复发或远处转移.结论: 临床早期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕的改良根治术同期应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣转移乳房重建安全可行,可同时满足肿瘤治疗和形体美两方面的要求,提高了患者的生活质量.     

吲哚菁绿血管造影在带蒂横行腹直肌皮瓣乳房重建术中的应用

目的探讨应用吲哚菁绿(ICG)血管造影指导带蒂横行腹直肌(TRAM)皮瓣乳房重建术中皮瓣修剪的可行性。 方法采用前瞻性研究方法,分析天津医科大学肿瘤医院和郑州大学附属郑州中心医院2015年1月至2017年6月收治的64例带蒂TRAM皮瓣乳房重建患者的临床资料。使用随机数字表法将患者分为造影组(34例)和对照组(30例)。造影组采用ICG血管造影指导TRAM皮瓣修剪,对照组采用传统经验修剪皮瓣。2组患者术后12 h皮瓣血供异常发生率、皮瓣相关并发症发生率及重建乳房术后外观评价等级的比较,均采用χ²检验,患者术后总体满意度评分比较采用t检验。 结果造影组患者未出现ICG血管造影相关并发症,并且,依据造影结果切除血流灌注不良的部分后,乳房塑形满意。造影组患者术后12 h皮瓣血供异常发生率为2.9% (1/34),对照组为13.3% (4/30),2组比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²＝1.165,P＝0.280);并且,造影组患者皮瓣相关并发症发生率为2.9%(1/34),对照组为10.0%(3/30),2组比较,差异也无统计学意义(χ²＝0.418,P＝0.518)。术后随访1年,造影组患者乳房外观评价为非常好者占97.1%(33/34),明显高于对照组的76.7%(23/30)(χ²＝4.338,P＝0.037);造影组与对照组患者总体满意度评分分别为(8.91±0.38)分和(8.47±0.57)分,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(t＝3.622, P＝0.001)。 结论吲哚菁绿血管造影能在术中动态显示带蒂TRAM皮瓣的血供范围,对指导皮瓣修剪有一定的帮助,有助于获得较好的乳房外观。