丁酸钠对人乳头状瘤病毒诱导的永生化食管上皮细胞恶性转化的促进作用

目的 在人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）18E6E7基因诱导人胚食管上皮细胞永生化的基础上,观察高、低剂量丁酸钠在细胞恶性转化过程中的促癌作用。方法 永生化食管上皮细胞SHEE先用高剂量于酸钠（80mmol/L),后用低剂量丁酸钠（5mmol/L)各处理8周,再经无丁酸钠条件继续培养14周。用相差显微镜、免疫组织化学SABC法和流式细胞仪检查细胞形态、增殖和调亡状况;用Hoechst33342和碘化丙啶检查活细胞和死细胞;细胞软琼脂集落形成及移植裸小鼠和严重联合免疫缺陷小鼠检查成瘤性。结果 当细胞暴露在80mmol/L丁酸钠,细胞死亡,只剩少量活细胞。在含5mmol/L丁酸钠培养基中细胞出现第一增殖期;撤去丁酸钠,细胞进入危象期,细胞倍增时间延长,如老化细胞。度过危象期,细胞进入第二增殖期,细胞继续增生和异型增生。在第二增殖期末细胞出现恶变,软琼脂培养有大集落形成,移植裸小鼠和SCID小鼠成瘤。结论 SHEE永生化上皮由丁酸钠诱导的恶性变通过了两个阶段的死亡威胁：高浓度丁酸钠引起细胞死亡,缺乏丁酸钠引起细胞危象。高剂量丁酸钠引起永生化细胞死亡,低剂量引起细胞增殖,说明丁酸钠对体外培养细胞有促恶变作用。     

腺病毒伴随病毒表达载体表达人乳头瘤病毒18型E6E7基因构建及其转化作用的鉴定

目的：探讨人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的E6E7基因在细胞恶性转化中所起的作用。方法：将人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的E6E7基因克隆至腺病毒伴随病毒表达载体中，通过包装的重组病毒感染，将E6E7基因导入并整合到永生293细胞的基因组中。结果：本研究成功地构建了HPV18 E6E7 AAV病毒并感染了永生293细胞，PCR／Southern杂交分析表明E6E7基因在转化细胞293TL中确有表达，转化细胞293TC和293TL具有明显的转化表型，和亲本293细胞相比，生长速度快，接触抑制消失，集落形成率提高20倍，且集落明显增大，形成时间短。结论：成功地构建了HPV18 E6E7 AAV病毒，HPV18 E6E7基因引起永生化人上皮细胞293的恶性转化。此病毒可用于感染正常上皮细胞，研究其致癌机制。     

丁酸钠对食管永生化上皮细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的作用

目的 研究丁酸钠对永生化食管上皮的增殖、分化和凋亡的作用。方法 用HPV18E6E7诱发的人胚食管上皮永生化细胞株SHEE,培养在50ml培养瓶和24孔培养板,实验组分别加入1mmol/L和5mmol/L丁酸钠,对照组未加药,作用4d。统计细胞克隆数,细胞超微结构用电镜检查;细胞周期和凋亡细胞数用流式细胞仪检查;Ki-67、细胞角蛋白用免疫组织化学SP法检查;激光共聚焦扫描显微镜检查用鬼臼毒素标记的F-肌动蛋白。结果 加入1mmol/L和5mmol/L丁酸钠4d克隆形成率分别为65.5%和25.5%,比对照组73.5%减少。细胞周期检查1mmol/L组S期细胞明显减少（4.6%),多停留在G0/G1期（83.8%)。与对照组比较,1mmol/L组细胞Ki-67表达降低,F-肌动蛋白和角蛋白表达增加,5mmol/L组细胞凋亡明显增多。结论 丁酸钠可以诱导SHEE细胞增殖停滞和细胞凋亡,并有促细胞分化作用。其与用药剂量和时间有关。     

HPV18永生化人胚食管上皮细胞的细胞遗传学研究

目的　研究HPV18永生化人胚食管上皮细胞的细胞遗传学改变 ,为深入研究食管癌发病机理提供实验依据。　方法　采用Giemsa染色、G显带、间期核荧光原位杂交 (FISH)分析人胚食管上皮永生化细胞株 (SHEE)染色体数目异常和结构畸变。　结果　人SHEE第 10、2 0代细胞染色体众数分别为 5 8～ 6 3、5 7～ 6 4,第 6 1代为双众数 :5 8～ 6 0、6 3～ 6 5。G显带发现 ,在大多数核型中出现异常染色体 :1 del(1) (q12 ) ;2 .del(1) (p32 ) ;3.der(4 ) ,t(4 ;?)(q31;?) ;4.der(5 ) ,t(5 ;?) (q31;?)。FISH结果显示 ,1号 3体和 7号 4体伴随传代数目增加而明显增加。 8号 2体保持相对恒定。　结论　SHEE细胞伴随传代数目增加 ,染色体众数有双众数分布倾向 ,染色体数目异常表现为不平衡增加 ,结构异常的染色体恒定存在 ,提示细胞的永生化是一个由多染色体参与的多阶段过程。     

自发永生性转化人胚肺上皮细胞系HLEC的建立及鉴定

目的对源自人胚肺组织原代培养、形态似上皮类型的细胞系——人肺上皮细胞(HLEC)的生物学特性进行鉴定,为相关研究和应用提供模型和依据。方法分别采用相差显微镜下观察、细胞计数、β-半乳糖苷酶染色、免疫荧光细胞化学。人Alu序列PCR扩增、染色体计数、软琼脂集落形成实验和裸鼠致瘤实验对HLEC的形态学特征、生长特性、衰老状态、上皮细胞标志物、来源、细胞遗传学特点和恶性转化等生物学特性进行研究鉴定。结果HLEC角蛋白和上皮型细胞间黏附分子钙黏着素E-cadherin免疫荧光染色阳性,染色体众数在41～44,人Alu序列PCR扩增结果阳性,β-半乳糖苷酶阳性细胞的比例未见随细胞代数的增加而升高,软琼脂和裸鼠体内均不生长,微丝及黏着斑结构正常。结论HLEC细胞具有永生化细胞特征、属相对正常人肺上皮亚二倍体细胞,可用于肺癌癌变机理研究和癌细胞的相对正常对照。     

人类风湿性关节炎滑膜细胞系(RASB)的建立和生物学特性的观察

目的　建立人类风湿性关节炎滑膜细胞永生细胞系。　方法　用重组有HPV16病毒E6 E7基因阅读框架的逆转录病毒载体转染原代培养的人类风湿性关节炎滑膜细胞 ,经G418筛选 ,获取细胞克隆RASB ,并从形态学、生长特性、核型组成、致瘤性和分泌功能等多方面对建系细胞RASB进行生物学观察。　结果　实验和观察证实 ,转化滑膜细胞染色体整合HPV病毒DNA ,表达HPVE6蛋白 ,基本保留了B型滑膜细胞特征形态、细胞骨架和分泌功能 ,倍增时间缩短一半 ,对裸鼠无致瘤性 ,软琼脂培养形成细小集落。已稳定传代大于 10 0代。　结论　建立了能长期体外稳定传代的人类风湿性关节炎滑膜细胞系。此细胞系的建立将为类风湿关节炎致病机理的研究和治疗提供极有意义的体外细胞模型。     

HPVDNA永生化人宫颈上皮细胞的生长方式与宫颈上皮内肿瘤的比较

目的：研究人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）DNA永生化人宫颈上皮细胞在器官培养的生长特点及将其与体内宫颈上皮内肿瘤（CIN）进行比较。方法：先用HPV16和18型DNA转染人宫颈上皮细胞,建立永生化的人宫颈上皮细胞株,再用胶原筏培养方法分析永生化人宫颈上皮细胞在器官培养的生长特点,将其与体内CIN的形态进行了比较。结果：人宫颈上皮细胞经HPV16和18DNA转染后,可以使其变成一种永生化细胞。细胞生物学研究显示永生化细胞是一种前恶性细胞。胶原筏培养显示水生化人宫颈上皮细胞的生长行为类似体内CIN。结论：HPV感染主要影响宫颈癌的发生的早期阶段。     

宫颈鳞状细胞癌和癌前病变中Skp2表达及其与HPV16/18感染的关系

目的 探讨skp2在宫颈鳞状细胞癌和癌前病变中的表达规律及其与人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染之间的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学(ABC法)和原位杂交检测Skp2蛋白和HPV16/18 DNA在30例正常宫颈鳞状上皮、29例宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变、31例高级别上皮内瘤变和31例宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达.结果 Skp2在正常宫颈鳞状上皮中呈阴性,与宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变(阳性表达率为13.8%,4/29)之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).随着上皮病变级别升高,表达也逐渐增强,在宫颈鳞状细胞癌中表达更强;HPV16/18 DNA在四组中的阳性表达率,除高级别上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞状细胞癌两组间差异无统计学意义外(均为96.8%),其余各组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);在宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变中skp2蛋白表达和HPV感染相关无统计学意义,但在高级别上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞状细胞癌两组中均呈正相关(γ高级别=0.373,γ癌 =0.416,P<0.05).结论 Skp2过表达主要在宫颈鳞状细胞癌形成的中晚期起作用,可作为一个早期诊断恶性的指标,且可能与HPV16/18感染有协同作用.E7-skp2-Rb可能是HPV感染诱导宫颈鳞状细胞癌形成的一条新致癌途径.     

MNNG诱导TERC基因沉默的16HBE细胞恶性转化模型的建立

目的: 建立N-甲基em>N’-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, MNNG)诱导的人端粒酶RNA组分(telomerase RNA component, TERC)缺陷的人支气管上皮细胞株(16HBE)恶性转化细胞模型。方法:将靶向TERC基因的shRNA干扰质粒载体转染16HBE细胞,G418抗性克隆筛选得到稳定转染的16HBE-1细胞,RT-PCR检测16HBE-1细胞TERC mRNA的干扰效率;用1 mg/L MNNG对16HBE-1细胞进行隔代染毒,每次染毒1 h;直到染毒27次转化灶的出现。分离扩增转化灶细胞并命名为16HBE-T,用软琼脂克隆形成实验和裸鼠成瘤实验鉴定细胞的转化程度。结果:从转化灶分离培养的细胞能在软琼脂中生长,且转化细胞能在裸鼠体内成瘤,HE染色后光镜下显示为鳞癌。结论:成功建立MNNG诱导的TERC基因缺陷的16HBE细胞恶性转化模型。     

人乳头瘤病毒阴性的喉鳞癌细胞系的建立

目的 建立1株人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）阴性的喉鳞状细胞癌细胞系,为体外研究喉癌提供理想的实验模型。方法 以逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）证实为HPV阴性的高分化喉鳞癌手术切除标本接种于裸鼠皮下,取连续传代2次的裸鼠皮下移植瘤进行体外原代培养。通过光镜、电镜、生长曲线、细胞周期时相、软琼脂克隆实验、异种移植成瘤实验、角蛋白、癌胚抗原及HPV检测,对其生物学特性进行初步分析。结果 经裸鼠过渡所建立的高分化喉鳞癌细胞系（Lscc-02）目前已传至86代,细胞生长增殖稳定。该细胞系呈单层形式生长,群体倍增时间为39．1h。透射电镜下见胞质内典型的张力原纤维,细胞问以桥粒方式连接。染色体为人类核型,呈亚三倍体,众数分布在63～72。该细胞系具有恶性肿瘤细胞生长特征：软琼脂中形成克隆,裸鼠接种成瘤且形态结构、分化程度与原发瘤相似。免疫组织化学显示高分子量细胞角蛋白及癌胚抗原阳性,PCR显示HPV阴性。结论 建立Lscc-02细胞系为研究无HPV感染喉癌的发生、发展规律及HPV与喉癌演进的关系提供了有价值的体外模型。     

人乳头状瘤病毒18型E6E7基因诱导人胚食管上皮永生化

目的为研究病毒和肿瘤的关系,用人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）１８型Ｅ６Ｅ７基因感染胎儿食管上皮,建立一株新的人食管上皮永生化细胞株（ＳＨＥＥ）。方法ＨＰＶ１８Ｅ６Ｅ７腺病毒伴随病毒（ＨＰＶ１８Ｅ６Ｅ７ＡＡＶ））载体的构建;胚胎食管组织培养,ＨＰＶ１８Ｅ６Ｅ７ＡＡＶ感染,继续培养传代。用光镜、电镜检查其形态;聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）、荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）检查该病毒片段;用软琼脂培养和裸鼠接种检查致瘤性。结果经过长时间的传代培养,ＳＨＥＥ的表型仍保留原代上皮细胞培养的特征,表现为单层生长和锚锭依赖性生长,在软琼脂培养不形成克隆,接种裸鼠未成瘤。ＳＨＥＥ细胞系电镜检查可见张力原纤维,免疫组织化学检查细胞角质蛋白阳性,证实为鳞状上皮来源。ＦＩＳＨ和ＰＣＲ检测显示有ＨＰＶ１８Ｅ６Ｅ７基因。结论用ＨＰＶ１８Ｅ６Ｅ７基因建立食管上皮永生化细胞株ＳＨＥＥ,支持ＨＰＶ１８可能和食管癌病因有关的观点,可进一步用以研究食管癌的病因和发病机制。     

A comparative study of telomerase activity and malignant phenotype in multistage carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells induced by human papillomavirus.

To examine certain characteristics of multistep carcinogenesis, we studied telomerase activity and malignant phenotypes in the immortal, premalignant and malignant stages of esophageal epithelial cells induced by HPV. An immortalized human fetal esophageal epithelial cell line (SHEE) was induced by E6E7 genes of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18. Cells in the 10th passage, (SHEE10), 31st passage (SHEE31), 61st passage (SHEE61) and SHEE61A which were selected and expanded from anchorage-independent growth colonies of SHEE61, were examined as follows: cell morphology by electron-microscopy; the cell cycle by flow cytometry, telomerase activity by TRAP assay, tumorigenic detection including anchorage-independent growth by soft agar culture and tumor formation by inoculating cells into SCID and nude mice, and detection of HPV18 E6E7 oncoprotein by Western blot. The morphology of the SHEE10 cells exhibited good differentiation, the SHEE60 and SHEE61A cells were relatively poorly differentiated, and the SHEE31 cells were differentiated in two distinct ways. The telomerase was activated in SHEE31, SHEE61 and SHEE61A, but not in SHEE10 cells. SHEE61 and SHEE61A cells were weakened in contact-inhibition and increased in anchorage-independent growth. Inoculated into SCID and nude mice, the cells of the earlier two passages could not develop tumors; the SHEE61 developed one tumor in four SCID mice, but not in nude mice, and the SHEE61A cells developed tumors in both strains of immunodeficient mice. HPV18 E6E7 DNA detection by Western blotting was positive in all cell passages. In the process of carcinogenesis by HPV, the cells of SHEE31 are in an immortalized state with telomerase activity. The fact that SHEE61 cells remained immortalized and also demonstrated anchorage-independent growth, reveals premalignant character; the cells of SHEE61A exhibited malignant transformation with tumor formation in mice. The results revealed that the telomerase activity, anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation in nude mice are the indicators for immortalization, premalignancy and malignancy, respectively.     

Immortal phenotype of the esophageal epithelial cells in the process of immortalization

To search for potential biomarkers used to monitor the process of immortalization, we investigated the relative level of telomerase activity and other immortal phenotypes in the SHEE esophageal epithelial cell line. This human fetal esophageal epithelial cell line, induced by human papilloma virus (HPV) 18 E6E7, was continually propagated over 100 passages. Fourteenth passage cells (SHEE14) were cultured in a flask with a serum-free medium and continually cultured to the 30th passage (SHEE30). Cells of SHEE14, SHEE20 and SHEE30 were examined according to cell morphology, cell cycle, apoptosis, contact-inhibition growth, anchorage- dependency, dose-dependency to epithelial growth factors (EGF), telomerase activity and tumorigenicity. The SHEE14 cells exhibited good differentiation with contact-inhibition and anchorage-dependent growth. The SHEE20 cells exhibited increase of senescent and apoptotic cells, and difficulty in propagation. The SHEE30 cells exhibited a higher proliferative index and some undifferentiated cells, with weakened contact-inhibition and anchorage-dependent growth. The telomerase was activated in cells of SHEE30, but not in SHEE14 and SHEE20 cells. The different response to dose-dependency to EGF was not statistically different in SHEE14 and SHEE30. Three groups of cells displayed lack of tumor formation in nude mice. Compared with SHEE14 and SHEE20, SHEE30 cells were of immortalized status with immortal phenotype, which consisted of telomerase activity, increase of cell proliferation, weakened contact-inhibition and anchorage-dependent growth, dose dependency to EGF and lack of tumor formation. From passage 14 to 30th passage, SHEE cells went through cellular senescence, apoptosis and immortalization. With a view toward diagnostic and biological aspects, telomerase activity is a crucial step and a cardinal requirement for immortalization. The telomerase activity and other immortal phenotypes are potential markers for monitoring the process of immortalization.     

人乳头状瘤病毒18型E6E7基因诱导胎儿食管永生化上 …

目的 ＳＨＥＥ细胞系是经人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）１８型Ｅ６Ｅ７基因诱导的永生化上皮细胞株,已传代超过５０代。研究胎儿食管上皮永生化的细胞 ＳＨＥＥ生物学特性,包括增殖,分化和调亡。方法 细胞于１９９培养基培养,用光镜、电镜和荧光显微镜研究其生长率、形态和染色体分析;用流式细胞仪研究其细胞增殖动力学;用免疫组织化学方法研究Ｋｉ６７和角蛋白和用末端转移酶标记（ＴＵＮＥＬ）凋亡细胞。结果 细胞培养呈单导     

Cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes in malignant transformation of immortalized esophageal epithelial cells

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which the expression of p53, c-myc, bcl-2, ras genes and chromosomes, along with activity of hTERT, impacts on the malignant transformation of immortalized esophageal epithelial cells. The SHEE cell line was established from an embryonic esophageal epithelial cell induced by transduction of E6E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18E6E7). In cells of the 85th passage (SHEE85), the malignant transformation of SHEE was confirmed by morphology, cell proliferative index and tumor formation in SCID mice. C-myc, p53, bcl-2 and ras genes were assayed by the multi-PCR method with house-keeping gene GAPDH as control. The modal number of chromosomes was analyzed and its expression of subunit of telomerase, hTERT, was assessed by RT-PCR. Expression of HPV18E6E7 was assayed by Western blotting. The results showed that cells of SHEE85 were atypical and exhibited proliferative status with a proliferation index of 45.70%. Tumors formed in SCID mice with invasion of adjacent tissue. The karyotype belonged to hypotriploid and displayed expression of hTERT. C-myc, k-ras, bcl-2 and p53 (expression of phosphoprotein) were positive in SHEE85. Expression of HPV18E6E7 was positive. Taken together, SHEE85 cells were in fully malignant transformation and their molecular mechanism involved the expression of cellular genes, such as p53, bcl-2, c-myc and ras, and aberrance of chromosomes. It is probable that all of these changes were related with HPV18E6E7.     

Identification of pathways and genes in the process of E6/E7-induced carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was associated with some carcinomas, especially malignant tumors in upper digestive tract, upper respiratory tract, and genitourinary system. The mechanism of the viral transformation of normal cells is still not very clear. To investigate the tumorigenesis of epithelial cells, E6/E7-induced malignant transformation model cells were used for expression profiling analysis by performing RNA expression microarray detection. Bioinformatics analysis was applied to investigate the cellular process changes along with the E6/E7 expression in SHEE cells. The differentially expressed genes were further grouped and uploaded for Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes analysis. The protein-protein interaction results were visualized. The hub genes and their first-neighbors genes were selected, followed by gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. The obtained results demonstrated that tumor-related biological processes began to emerge during the carcinogenesis process from 48th passage to 76th passage of SHEE cells after E6/E7 expression. Ten hub genes were identified and analyzed during the E6/E7-induced tumorigenesis. This study explores the gene expression network in the progressive transformation of immortalized esophageal epithelial cells induced by E6/E7 expression. Understanding the biological processes and hub genes that first appear during the transformation will provide some clues to the mechanism of E6/E7-induced carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells.     

Human papillomavirus 8 E6 disrupts terminal skin differentiation and prevents pro-Caspase-14 cleavage

Expression of the betapapillomavirus (betaPV) E6/E7 genes has been shown to impair both keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis. Especially late-terminal keratinocyte differentiation shares certain aspects with apoptosis, such as fragmentation of DNA and activation of caspases. Here we investigated the disruption of keratinocyte differentiation in organotypic skin (raft) cultures of primary (PHK) and immortalized (N/TERT) human keratinocytes, in particular by human papillomavirus (HPV)8.Immunohistochemical analysis of HPV5 and HPV8 E6/E7-expressing PHK revealed thickening of the rafts and complete absence of stratum corneum formation, even after 18 days of culture. This phenotype was confirmed in N/TERT raft cultures. When expressed separately, the aberrant morphology was observed only in rafts expressing E6, not E7. Immunofluorescence analysis of HPV8 E6 PHK rafts showed an increase in number and size of Filaggrin- and Caspase-14-positive cells in the granular layer. In raft lysates analyzed by western-blot, the presence of pro-Caspase-14 in the differentiated keratinocytes was confirmed, but in the HPV8 E6 rafts none of the Caspase-14 subunits were detected.In conclusion, in the raft system, HPV8 E6 prevented late-terminal keratinocyte differentiation resulting in an accumulation of Filaggrin and pro-Caspase-14-positive cells in the absence of stratification. This differentiation arrest was accompanied by the failure to express Caspase-14 subunits, suggesting absence of Caspase-14 activation and probable abrogation of Filaggrin maturation in HPV8 E6-expressing keratinocytes.