精神分裂症患者子女个性特征的配对研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者子女与正常人子女的个性特征差异，并从中找出有关影响其个性的因素。方法 用自编问卷及艾森克个性问卷进行测试。结果 精神分裂症患者子女EPQP（psychoticism)分、N（neuroticism)分高于对照组，精神病质、神经病质和内倾型人数多于对照组，两组家庭环境及对子女教育情况存在明显差异。结论 精神分裂症患者对其子女性格的形成有一定的影响。     

IgG Subclass Values from Normal Children in Cape Town

Sensitive and reproducible enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISA) have been developed to quantitate IgG subclass levels using monoclonal antibodies. Normal values for serum IgG subclass levels were determined in 300 healthy children between 6 months and 14 years of age and in SO adults. High levels of IgG 1 and delayed maturational development of IgG 2 in children from Cape Town are different to results reported from developed countries. Genetic differences may account for this.     

A Comparative EEG Study in Normal and Autistic Children

We report here a comparative analysis of spectral power and mean coherence in the alpha, beta, and gamma rhythms in children aged 5–7 years, both normal and with early childhood autism, at rest and in conditions of a cognitive task (counting). In baseline conditions, both healthy children and those with autism showed a marked frontal-occipital alpha gradient. The cognitive task led to increases in the spectral power of the alpha1 range and its displacement into the left hemisphere without any alteration of alpha2; the task also produced a marked increase in spectral power in the alpha3 range. In healthy children, the cognitive task, as compared with baseline conditions, produced significant increases in the spectral power and coherence of the rapid rhythms in the central and frontal areas of the left hemisphere. In patients with early childhood autism, there was a right-sided predominance of spectral power in the alpha range both in baseline conditions and during the cognitive task. Baseline gamma-range spectral power in early childhood autism had greater values than in normal children and did not change during the cognitive task.     

听力障碍儿童与正常儿童篇章阅读理解对比研究

目的探究听力障碍儿童与正常儿童在篇章阅读理解的差异。方法以3(被试类别)×4(阅读提示策略)混合实验设计比较听力障碍儿童与正常小学4、6年级儿童共36人在4种策略提示阅读下的阅读理解指标。结果阅读成绩上类别主效应显著,P<0.001;阅读提示策略主效应显著,P<0.05;阅读时间、阅读速度上被试类别主效应不显著,阅读提示策略主效应分别为显著、不显著;交互作用均不显著。结论听力障碍儿童和正常儿童阅读在4种阅读提示策略上有相同变化趋势;提纲阅读提示策略有助于听力障碍儿童阅读理解。     

Electrophysiologic Correlates of Semantic Classification in Autistic and Normal Children

This study tested the hypothesis that language processing by high-functioning, verbal autistic children is less influenced by global semantic context than that of their normal peers. Behavioral measures of reaction time and error rate were employed to evaluate speed and accuracy in classifying auditorally presented words according to a superordinate category label. In addition, an electrophysiologic index of semantic expectancy, the N4 component of auditory event-related potentials, was used to assess the relative levels of activation of in-category versus out-of-category words. Age and nonverbal IQ matched groups of 8 normal and 8 nonretarded autistic children were studied. The age range for the autistic participants was 7 years 4 months to 10 years 8 months (M = 8 years 10 months) and for the normal participants was 7 years 6 months to 10 years 11 months (M = 9 years 1 month). Participants responded with a finger lift to any word belonging to the animal category. The instruction set and stimulus list composition (i.e., 50% animal words and 50% unrelated nonanimal words) set up an expectancy for animal words. The autistic children were slower in classifying targets as animal words and made more errors than the normal children, but the increase in error rate was not statistically significant. As expected, N4 was larger for the nontargets than for the targets in the normal control group. By contrast, the autistic children showed no difference in N4 amplitude for targets versus nontargets, providing support for the hypothesized failure of the categorical context to set up a selective expectancy for the target words. As in prior studies, the P3 component to the target stimuli was significantly reduced in amplitude in the autistic group. An unexpected finding was an increased latency of the N1 and P2 components of the obligatory auditory evoked potential that was most prominent over the left temporal region.     

Aspirin Intolerance and Recurrent urticaria in Normal Adults and Children

The frequency of aspirin intolerance by history in 2,592 normal individuals was 0.3%. Although the frequency of aspirin intolerance was similar in adults and children, the bronchospastic type predominated in adults, and only the urticarial regardless of etiology, was significantly greater in adults than in children. The frequency of recurrent urticaria, regardless of etiology, was significantly greater in adults than in children (3.8% vs. 0.3, P <0.001). In adults the frequency of aspirin intolerance was over 20 times greater in individuals with recurrent urticaria than in normal individuals (6.5% vs. 0.3%, P <0.001).     

Masculinity/Femininity Predicts Brain Volumes in Normal Healthy Children

Previous research has shown sex differences in brain morphology (De Bellis et al., 2001 De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., Frustaci, K., Masalehdan, A., … and Boring, A. M. 2001. Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 11: 552–557. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). However, these studies have not taken gender into account. Gender is a phenotype that describes behavior. In this study, we examined the relationship between gender, sex, and brain volumes in children. One hundred and eight children ages 7 to 17 were administered the Children's Sex Role Inventory (Boldizar, 1991 Boldizar, J. 1991. Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: The children's sex role inventory. Developmental Psychology, 127: 505–515. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) and obtained volumetric brain data via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We found that, in the frontal lobe, higher masculinity predicted greater volumes of white matter. Also, in the temporal lobe, higher femininity predicted greater volumes of gray matter.     

Overcorrection Treatment for Nighttime Self-Injurious Behavior in Two Normal Children

Long-standing nighttixme self-injurious behaviors in two normalchildren were eliminated by the use of overcorrection procedures.Both children were hospitalized during treatment and were requiredto overpractice behaviors incompatible with their self-injuriousbehaviors contingent upon the initiation of the latter. Patientswere taught the treatment techniques and conducted them in thechildren's homes after discharge. Follow-up evaluations confirmedthe long-term effectiveness of the treatment. The ease withwhich the children's parents accepted the overcorrection procedureand rationale argues strongly for its use in such cases. Themodification of behaviors during sleep by operant techniquesis discussed as well.     

Characteristics of the Orienting Response in Hyperactive and Normal Children

Characteristics of the skin conductance orienting response (OR) to nonsignal and signal stimuli in 20 hyperactive and 20 normal children were compared. When 30 nonsignal tone stimuli of 6-sec duration and 70 db intensity were presented, attributes of the OR to stimulus onset and its habituation were similar for both groups. However, when the task demands increased and Ss were required to make an active response to discrete stimuli in a delayed reaction time (RT) task, controls exhibited a significant increase in both tonic and phasic OR measures while hyperactives remained relatively unresponsive. Performance on the RT task was also clearly deficient in the hyperactive Ss; compared to controls, hyperactives exhibited slower RTs and a greater amount of variability in performance. It was suggested that for the hyperactives the warning signal given at the outset of each RT trial did not have the intended effect of alerting the S and preparing him to respond to the reaction signal.     

癫痫幼儿与正常幼儿自我延迟满足的比较

目的:探索脑损伤对自我控制的影响.方法:本研究应用经典的自我延迟满足实验对癫痫幼儿和正常幼儿的自我控制行为进行比较研究.受试包括来自大连市内医院记录在案的9名癫痫幼儿和来自大连市普通幼儿园的36名正常幼儿(年龄为4～5岁).结果:癫痫组幼儿的平均延迟时间短于正常组幼儿[(76±75) s vs.(591±308) s,P<0.001].在11种延迟策略由低到高的4种水平上,癫痫幼儿在水平Ⅱ寻求策略和水平Ⅲ自我分心、问题解决策略上得分均低于正常幼儿[(2.11±2.42)vs.(24.33±20.56),(2.11±2.62)vs.(12.69±11.79);均P＜0.001].在水平Ⅱ上,癫痫幼儿寻求母亲和寻求目标得分均低于正常幼儿[(0.67±0.87)vs.(2.83±3.90),( 1.44±1.88)vs.(21.50±19.13);均P＜0.01];在水平Ⅲ上,动作分散和静坐得分低于正常幼儿[(1.22±1.72)vs.(11.33±10.18);(0.22±0.67)vs.(2.56±4.91),均P＜0.01].结论:癫痫引起的大脑损伤导致癫痫幼儿自我延迟满足能力的发展水平明显滞后于正常同龄幼儿,癫痫幼儿带有明显的低自我控制倾向.     

孤独症和正常儿童心理理论能力比较

目的考察孤独症儿童心理理论的特点,探讨孤独症心理理论缺失假说。方法18名3-15岁的孤独症儿童为实验组,30名3-16岁的正常儿童为对照组,接受了龚氏非文字智力测验以及“外表-真实任务”、“意外位置任务”和“意外内容任务”三个心理理论测验任务。结果⑴在龚氏非文字智力测验中,孤独症组IQ低于正常组(98.8±25.2/117.2±14.3,t=-2.760,P<0.05)。⑵所有被试在各项心理理论任务上的得分之间均存在显著正相关(r=0.612~1.000,P<0.01)。⑶孤独症组的外表-真实任务(247/927,u=-5.007,P<0.001)、位置错误信念问题(173/862,u=-5.661,P<0.001)、内容自我错误信念问题(178/725,u=-4.277,P<0.001)及内容他人错误信念问题(163.5/739.5,u=-4.639,P<0.001)得分均低于正常组。结论孤独症儿童心理理论发展水平远落后于同龄正常儿童,存在严重的心理理论缺损。     

Gender Differences in the Development of EEG Coherence in Normal Children

General developmental patterns of mean electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence, computed from 16 scalp locations, were separately determined for 224 girls and 284 boys ranging in age from 2 months to 161/2 years. Principal components analysis of mean coherence developmental trajectories demonstrated gender-specific patterns and timing differences in the onset of synchronized-asynchronized oscillations. No brain region in either sex had a maturational plateau period. Differences in gender-specific rhythms were statistically significant in brain regions paired with frontal and temporal cortices. From birth to age 6 years, girls exhibited synchronized EEG coherence peaks in cortical regions known to be associated primarily with concurrent discrimination, language processing, fine motor skills, and social cognition. During this same early period, boys exhibited synchronized EEG coherence peaks in cortical regions known to be associated primarily with spatial-visual discrimination and executive planning related to gross motor movement, visual targeting, and accessing stored information. After age 6 years, both sexes exhibited large shifts in EEG coherence patterns with female synchronized changes now occurring in occipital and right temporal processing regions and male synchronized changes now occurring in frontal and left temporal processing regions.     

小儿臀部肌肉注射安全区的解剖学探讨

在51具小儿尸体上,观察测量了臀部常规肌肉注射区的局部结构,结合临床所见臀肌注射后坐骨神经损伤情况,提供了以髂嵴最高点至髂前上棘连线中点为圆心,半径为10～15mm 的范围为小儿臀肌安全注射区,该区中心点至坐骨神经的距离为6.2cm。     

The Development of State Regulation in Normal Children: An Indirect Comparison With Children With ADHD

The goal of this study was to evaluate the developmental trajectory of response inhibition and state regulation in 60 nonreferred boys ranking in age from 7 to 12 years. For this purpose, we used a go-no go test that was derived from Sanders's (1983) theory of state regulation. In this test, go-no go stimuli were presented on a monitor with a presentation rate of 1 sec (fast condition), 4 sec (medium condition), or 8 sec (slow condition). In accordance with Sanders's theory, we hypothesized that, if state regulation develops in the elementary school years, then the youngest age group (7 and 8 years) would demonstrate poor impulse control, particularly in the fast and slow conditions, in which state regulation was assumed to be essential. Our hypothesis was supported. Findings reflected a developmental course in state regulation in the elementary school years. We discuss the clinical impact of the results with reference to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.     

The Development of State Regulation in Normal Children: An Indirect Comparison With Children With ADHD

This study examined the interaction of Attention Deficits and Learning Disabilities on the immediate memory abilities of children. Forty children, between 7 years 0 months and 13 years 11 months old, independently diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [3rd ed., rev. [DSM‐III‐R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987]) by a pediatrician and a pediatric psychologist were matched to 40 children who were independently diagnosed with Undifferentiated Attention Deficit Disorder (UADD; criteria from DSM‐III‐R) according to Full Scale IQ, grade, and sex. These children were further subgrouped based on the presence of an identified Learning Disability (LD) in reading. Consequently four groups of children were formed, ADHD+LD, ADHD‐LD, UADD+LD, and UADD‐LD. All children were administered the Color Span Test, a test of immediate visual and verbal memory. The findings revealed that, overall, children with attention deficits and a comorbid LD (ADHD+LD, UADD+LD) had greater memory deficits, suggesting that LD had an “additive effect.” In addition, children with ADHD exhibited significantly more memory deficits than children with UADD.