早产儿动脉导管未闭手术治疗新进展

早产儿动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)的发病率较高,特别是在出生胎龄<28周的超早产儿(extremely preterm infant,EPI)中.血流动力学异常的PDA如持续存在,不仅可引起一系列并发症,还是早产儿死亡率升高的重要危险因素.关于早产儿PDA的管理一直是新生儿医...     

接近足月新生儿的研究进展

接近足月新生儿或称晚期早产儿(near-term infant or late preterm infant)是指胎龄在35～37周,更接近成熟足月的新生儿.在产科和儿科的临床工作中,接近足月新生儿往往被认为和足月新生儿无差异而被送回到母亲身边.但大量国外数据显示,接近足月新生儿和足月新生儿相比更容易出现一些临床问题.     

胎龄<28周和≥28周超低出生体重儿肠内喂养情况的比较

目的 了解胎龄<28周和胎龄≥28周超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)的肠内喂养情况和喂养不耐受的发生情况.方法 对2018年1月至2020年1月广州医科大学附属第三医院新生儿科收治的ELBWI进行回顾性分析,将其分为胎龄<28周组(n=41)和胎龄≥28周...     

超早产儿的喂养策略与临床实践

随着我国医学科学的进步和新生儿重症监护水平的提高,胎龄小于28周的超早产儿(extremely preterm infants)抢救成功率逐年上升,如何保证他们从宫内至宫外的平稳过渡、达到理想的生长状态从而改善远期预后成为我们新生儿科医生面临的挑战,值得我们去探索和实践。一、充分认识早期营养的必要性目前推荐早期积极的肠外营养策略以避免早产儿的代谢危机和早期的营养不良。但肠外营养不应     

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超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)是指出生体重低于1000g的新生儿,大多为胎龄小于32周的极早产儿[1]。伴随围生期医学和新生儿医学的不断发展,ELBWI出生率不断上升,可能存活者的体重和孕周不断降低。     

特殊健康状态儿童预防接种专家共识之一——早产儿与预防接种

正1概况早产儿是指出生时胎龄未满37周的新生儿,其身体各器官构建和生理功能呈不同程度的不成熟,根据不同胎龄分为极早早产儿(28周)、早期早产儿(28～32周)、中晚期早产儿(32～37周)[1]。2010年全球大约有1490万婴儿早产,占所有活产婴儿的11.1%[2]。国家卫生和计划生育委员会妇幼司统计,我国早产发生率约为7%,每年约有120万早产儿出生。早产儿各器官发育不成熟,     

支气管肺发育不良早产儿振幅整合脑电图的临床意义分析

目的 了解支气管肺发育不良(BPD)早产儿振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)的变化特点及临床意义.方法 回顾性纳入出生胎龄≤32+6周符合BPD诊断的早产儿156例为BPD组,选择同期住院的非BPD早产儿156例为对照组,应用早产儿aEEG评分系统比较两组患儿住院期间的aEEG结果 ,并按检查时间(纠正胎龄≤28+6周、29～...     

早产儿脑组织CT值测定(英文)

目的：早产儿脑组织CT值普遍较低，难以判断是否为正常范围。该文探讨早产儿正常脑组织CT值与足月儿脑组织CT值的差异。方法：对76例早产儿(按胎龄分为28～33+6周早产儿36例及34～36+6周早产儿40例)及50例正常足月新生儿(胎龄为37～42足周)进行头颅CT检查并测定各部位脑组织CT值。结果：28～33+6周早产儿和34～36+6周早产儿小脑、脑干、基底节、丘脑、白质、灰质CT值均低于足月儿相应部位脑组织CT值，其差异有显著性(P<0.01)。28～33+6周早产儿不同部位脑组织CT值均低于34～36+6周早产儿相应部位脑组织CT值，其差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论：早产儿脑组织CT值明显低于足月新生儿，故早产儿脑组织CT值有自己的正常值范围     

早产儿肌张力和反射的发育

虽然Gesell等曾对早产儿肌张力和反射的评估做过阐述,但受到当时条件的限制,胎龄28至32周前存活儿极少。由于产科和儿科护理水平的提高,提高了胎龄23至24周早产儿存活的可能性,存活者多无严重缺陷。本文是关于极小早产儿肌张力及反射的研究报道。方法对象为42名1983年生,体重<1300g的早产儿;胎龄24～32周(2/3≤28周)。黑人占71%随访均无脑瘫。生后1周起由个儿神经病学家每周对肌张力和反射发育系统检查一次,直至出新生儿监护中心(NICU)。以经后龄(胎龄+周龄)记录发育情况平均观察至38周。上下肢发育差异应用配对t检     

不同胎龄早产儿胃肠动力和分泌功能成熟特点研究

目的探讨不同胎龄早产儿生后28天内胃肠动力和胃肠分泌功能成熟的特点。方法入选15例胎龄32周的小胎龄组早产儿和15例胎龄32~37周的大胎龄组早产儿,并以15例足月儿作对照组。于早产儿出生第7、14、21、28天,足月儿生后第7天,用超声检测胃排空率(GER)、胃窦运动指数(MI),取胃液测胃液p H值、胃蛋白酶原(PG)。结果两组早产儿的GER、MI均随着日龄增加而逐渐升高;小胎龄组第21、28天的GER水平,及第14、21、28天的MI水平均低于大胎龄组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与大胎龄组比较,小胎龄组GER、MI接近于足月儿水平的时间较晚。两组早产儿的胃液p H值均呈先上升后下降的趋势,小胎龄组第7、14、21天的胃液p H值高于大胎龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);与足月儿第7天比较,仅小胎龄组第14、21天的胃液p H值高于足月儿(P0.05)。小胎龄组各时间点的PG水平低于大胎龄组;两组早产儿的PG低于足月儿第7天水平,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),仅大胎龄组第28天PG水平与足月儿的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小胎龄组早产儿胃肠动力及分泌功能低于大胎龄组及足月儿,应采取更谨慎的喂养策略。GER和MI可作为判断早产儿胃肠动力的客观指标。     

术中判断肠活力三种方法的比较

术中准确地评价肠活力是外科医师面临的一个普遍问题。应用兔肠缺血模型，比较静脉荧光素、表面血氧测定和激光多普勒三种技术判断肠活力的精确性。结果：诊断效率静脉荧光素法为７８％，表面血氧测定为６８％，激光多普勒为９５％。后者精确度显著优于前二者，且操作简便、迅速，具有临床应用前景。     

早产儿视网膜病的危险因素分析及随访调查

研究早产儿视网膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的发生率、高危因素、治疗与随访情况。方法对2005年7月-2007年12月温州医学院附属第一医院NICU收治的符合ROP筛查标准的早产儿,于生后2周开始由资深眼科医师开始行间接眼底镜检查眼底,并进行随访。结果434例早产儿中ROP的发生率为5.5%(24/434例),24例ROP中Ⅰ期19例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期2例。Ⅲ期阈值病变者行激光光凝治疗,全部患儿均恢复正常。对434例早产儿行单因素分析得出,胎龄、出生体重、住院时间、吸氧、吸氧浓度、吸氧时间、呼吸暂停、新生儿肺透明膜病(RDS)、肺表面活性剂(PS)的应用、机械通气、输血、光疗时间、感染与ROP的发生有相关性(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示胎龄、出生体重、胎数、吸氧时间、光疗时间、代谢性酸中毒、母亲妊高症、颅内出血是影响ROP发生的主要因素。结论早产是ROP的根本原因,防治各种并发症、合理的氧疗是预防ROP的关键。建立完善有效的ROP筛查制度,早期发现、早期治疗ROP,可改善ROP的预后。     

Outcome of the Treatment of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

The use of specific dietary restrictions, cofactor administration, mobilisation of insoluble substances, environmental modifications, product replacement and selective enzyme inhibition are now established for the treatment of some inborn errors of metabolism. There is no generally accepted application for enzyme administration, cytopharmacology (manipulation of the cytoskeleton) or for cell transplantation except for bone marrow transplantation in disorders where the bone marrow is primarily at fault. The other uses of bone marrow transplantation which have been proposed require further evaluation. Results of recent research suggest that the scope of this approach is gradually being widened. There is also scope for development in the field of organ transplantation taking advantage of recent technical¹ and immunological progress. The treatment of inborn errors of metabolism by genetic modification is not yet on a practical clinical level; more laboratory and animal studies are needed before this can be attempted in man. Adenosine deaminase deficiency appears to be the disease in which this will be first attempted using a retroviral vector to insert the gene into the genome of pluripotential bone marrow cells.     

婴幼儿法乐四联症手术治疗近期疗效的影响因素

目的 探讨影响婴幼儿法乐四联症手术治疗近期疗效的各相关因素.方法 将2003年8月至2011年2月经作者一期手术纠治的117例年龄≤3岁的法乐四联症患儿分为疗效良好、疗效较差两组.分析手术时患儿年龄、体重、术前HCT值、McGoon指数、EDVI、主动脉阻断时间、转流时间、室间隔缺损大小、升主动脉与肺动脉干直径比、...     

Spectrum of clinical presentations of vein of Galen aneurysm

Aneurysm of the vein of Galen is a rare intracranial vascular malformation. It is known to have diverse manifestations and varying severity. Four cases with different modes of presentation and outcome are reported. A mortality of 50 per cent was encountered. Among the survivors, one had neurologic sequelae whereas the other had attained age-appropriate developmental milestones. The former was a rare case of spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm while the latter was a boy who underwent therapeutic embolization.     

主动脉缩窄的治疗研究进展

主动脉缩窄(coarctation of aorta,CoA)是主动脉的局限性狭窄,狭窄最常见于峡部,是一种常见的先天性心血管畸形,占所有先天性心脏病的5％ ～8％.缩窄导致上肢血压升高,下肢血压降低,并可引起心功能下降,未经治疗的CoA预后不佳.治疗方式包括外科治疗及经皮介入治疗,不同治疗方式的并发症发生率不同,术后长期监测其并发症、心功能是评估预后的重要指标.该文对主动脉缩窄的治疗方式及术后并发症、心功能情况的研究进展作一综述.     

小儿法洛四联症根治术106例临床分析

目的探讨小儿法洛四联症根治术的特点,以提高手术疗效。方法对1998-02—2005-07在河南省郑州市第七人民医院接受法洛四联症根治术的106例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果治愈103例,死亡3例,病死率为2.9%。术后随访率100%,随访3～93个月,无晚期死亡。全部病例心功能皆恢复至Ⅰ或Ⅱ级(NYHA)。结论绝大部分法洛四联症患儿可施行一期根治术,提高手术成功率的关键在于合理的体外循环灌注、严密修补室间隔缺损和恰当疏通右室流出道。     

Treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity is a potentially blinding disorder of premature infants. Retinal ablation of the avascular retina originally described using cryotherapy but now most commonly undertaken with laser photocoagulation, reduces the unfavourable structural outcomes and improves the functional visual acuity outcome. The CRYO-ROP study showed the long-term benefit of treatment of threshold disease compared with no treatment, however even with cryoablation 44.4% of treated eyes had a visual acuity of 6/60 or worse at 10 year follow-up. The ETROP study of earlier treatment for high-risk pre-threshold disease, rather than treatment at threshold, has shown that pre-threshold treatment of type 1 disease produces a significantly improved outcome. Despite treatment some infants develop retinal detachment for which various surgical treatments have been described, although not always with a good functional outcome. Future treatment modalities may include the use of anti-VEGF therapies.     

Reliability of subjective estimates of exercise capacity after total repair of tetralogy of Fallot

Sixty-nine patients (age 10 × 3.5 years, median 9.7 years) operated on for tetralogy of Fallot, underwent excercise testing 5.1 × 2.5 years after total correction. Aerobic capacity was assessed by the ventilatory threshold method. After the exercise test, parents completed a validated standardized questionnaire to evaluate the habitual level of physical activity of their child. They were then asked to place their child into one of three groups, describing their child's activity level, compared to normals (below average, average and above average). In the average and above-average groups, 73% and 65% of the patients were misclassified when compared to objective exercise testing. However, in the below-average group, no misclassifications were found. Subjective estimates of activity level, and consequently exercise tolerance, were poorly associated with objective measurements of exercise performance in these patient groups. Our results question the reliability of self-reported estimates of physical activity level and consequently exercise capacity in children after surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot.