Favorable and unfavorable morphological prognostic factors in peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung 3 cm or less in diameter

Many small adenocarcinomas can be detected as a result of recent advances in diagnostic radiology. Since the histological and biological heterogeneity of adenocarcinoma often makes it difficult to predict the outcome of operated patients, clarifying the morphological prognostic factors of the tumor is indispensable to the selection of appropriate treatment. We examined 200 cases of adenocarcinoma of the lung 3 cm or less in diameter (T1). Tumor size, tumor cell characteristics, growth pattern, characteristics of fibrosis, vessel and stromal invasion, and metastasis were evaluated to define favorable and unfavorable morphological prognostic factors by univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. There were no deaths in the 66 cases with more than a 75% of lepidic growth component defined as a region of tumor cells growing along alveolar walls and without stromal invasion, central focus of fibrosis 5 mm or less in maximum diameter, or no elastic fiber framework destruction by tumor cells. Multivariate analysis to investigate unfavorable factors revealed that vascular invasion (P<0.001) and a greater than 25% papillary growth component (P=0.043) were the most significant determinants of an unfavorable outcome. The favorable and unfavorable factors demonstrated in this study will be of great value in selecting the treatment of patients with small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung.     

直径小于2厘米胃癌预制因素分析

Objective  

The aim of our study was to identify clinicopathological characteristics as predictive factors for gastric cancer tumours of less than 2 cm in diameter.     

直径小于3cm的周围型肺鳞癌临床分析

随着影像学检查的进步,原发病灶直径小于3cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)在临床上越来越常见,其中以腺癌最为常见,文献报道也最多,而对小鳞癌的认识较少。本文回顾性分析直径小于3cm的周围型小肺鳞癌的临床资料,研究其临床特征和淋巴结转移的规     

CT引导肺穿刺对肺内〈3cm病灶的活检价值

目的评价CT引导肺穿刺对肺内〈3cm病灶的活检价值。方法回顾性分析CT引导下肺部病变穿刺活检213例,均有手术病理和临床随访资料证实。按病灶大小分为两组,其中≥3cm者136例,为大病灶组;〈3cm者77例,为小病灶组。比较两组病例的诊断准确率及并发症发生率。结果CT引导肺穿刺活检对大病灶组、小病灶组的诊断准确率分别为83．09％和84．42％,P〉0．05。气胸发生率为3．68％和15．58％,出血发生率为6．62％和24．68％,P均〈0．05,小病灶组气胸及出血发生率高于大病灶组。结论CT引导肺穿刺活检对于肺内〈3cm病灶的诊断准确率与≥3cm的病灶组相近;小病灶组的并发症发生率高于大病灶组,但无严重并发症,安全性较好。     

经皮消融治疗微小肝癌的疗效和预后因素分析

目的 评估经皮消融微小肝癌的疗效并进行预后因素分析.方法 2003年7月至2006年10月,对单个结节直径≤2 cm的33例微小肝癌行超声引导经皮消融,视肿瘤所在部位分别采用水冷式低杆温微波消融或多极无水酒精消融,每个肿瘤治疗一次.结果 肿瘤完全消融率为93.9%,局部复发率9.1%,远处复发率33 3%,1年、2年和3年无瘤生存率63.4%、63 4%和63.4%,总生存率84.5%、76.6%和71.2%.单因素分析显示甲胎蛋白基线水平与无瘤生存率显著相关,甲胎蛋白、治疗后远处复发与总生存率显著相关.多因素相关分析显示高甲胎蛋白水平和远处复发是显著影响总生存率的独立危险因子.结论 经皮消融对微小肝癌长期疗效良好,病人的甲胎蛋白基线水平和治疗后远处复发是影响预后的主要因素.     

Prognostic factors of gastric cancer tumours of less than 2 cm in diameter: rationale for limited surgery.

BACKGROUND: A recent trend in the surgical treatment of patients with early gastric cancer in Japan has been to limit surgery to an extent that ensures complete cure and improvement in the patient's quality of life. If a gastric cancer tumour can be completely eradicated by laparoscopic surgery, the patient can be cured of cancer without major operative stress. A small gastric cancer tumour of less than 2 cm in diameter is an indication for laparoscopic surgery, but little is known about what protocol of surgical treatment is appropriate for this type of tumour. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinicopathological features of 150 patients with gastric cancer tumour of less than 2 cm in diameter were reviewed retrospectively from hospital records between 1985 and 1995. The results of retrospective analysis of clinicopathological data of 24 patients with advanced cancer were compared with those of 126 patients with early cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses of patients with small gastric cancer tumours were performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of clinicopathological features. RESULTS: A significant difference was seen between the gross tumour appearances in the two groups; Borrmann type-4 tumours were more common in the advanced group. Lymph-node metastasis, lymphatic vessel invasion and vascular invasion were found more frequently in the advanced cancer group than in the early cancer group. Scirrhous type was more common in the advanced cancer group. In univariate analysis, unfavourable prognostic factors included deep cancer invasion, presence of lymph-node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and vascular invasion. Using Cox's proportional hazard regression model, only nodal involvement emerged as an independent statistically significant prognostic parameter associated with long-term survival. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic surgery should not be performed on tumours that are Borrmann type in macroscopic appearance and scirrhous-type histologically. Lymph-node metastasis is an independent prognostic factor. We recommend laparoscopic surgery involving local resection of the stomach without lymphadenectomy for small, early gastric cancer tumours that satisfy the criteria mentioned above. However, the validity of this recommendation should be tested by a prospective randomized control trial in the future.     

Detection and Diagnosis of Small Peripheral Lung Cancers Less than 15mm in Diameter

OBJECTIVE To assess the value of chest X-ray film, conventional CT (CCT), Spiral CT (SCT) and high resolution CT (HRCT) for detection and diagnosis of small peripheral lung cancers less than 15 mm in diameter. METHODS Chest X-ray film, CCT, SCT and HRCT were taken in 59 cases of peripheral lung cancers less than 15 mm in diameter confirmed by pathological examination following an operation. The value of these procedures for diagnosis was analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS In 47% of chest X-ray films and 17% of CCT, small lung cancers were not detected. However no tumor escaped detection by SCT. HRCT was superior for showing density and detailed image signs compared to chest films and CCT. The HRCT features of small peripheral lung cancers were quite different from those of larger peripheral lung cancers. CONCLUSION The SCT is the best method for detection, and HRCT for diagnosis of small peripheral lung cancers less than 15 mm in diameter. CT guided percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy should be advocated.     

15?mm以下周围型小肺癌的影像学检出和诊断

目的 评价胸部平片、常规CT（CCT）、螺旋CT（SCT）和高分辨率CT（HRCT）等各种影像学手段对15mm以下周围型小肺癌的检出和诊断能力。方法 回顾性分析59例经手术病理证实的15mm以下周围型小肺癌的临床表现及胸部平片、CCT、SCT和HRCT等的检查结果。因咳唔、咯血等症状就医发现5例,由健康体检发现37例,因其他疾病检查发现17例。病理Ⅰ期53例,Ⅱ期以上6例。结果 胸部平片的假阴性诊断率为47．5％,CCT的假阴性诊断率为17．6％,只有SCT可以检出全部病例而未发生漏诊。HRCT在显示肿瘤密度和各种征象细节的能力和准确性方面均优于胸部平片和CCT。15mm以下周围型小肺癌在HRCT征象方面与较大肺癌比较有明显差别。结论 SCT、HRCT是检出和诊断15mm以下周围型小肺癌的最佳影像学手段。应当提倡CT引导下的经皮肺穿刺活检技术。     

Characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer 3 cm or less in diameter

We retrospectively investigated 308 cases of non-small cell lung cancer of ≥3 cm diameter. There were 204 adenocarcinomas, 78 squamous cell carcinomas, 15 large cell carcinomas, and 11 other carcinomas. According to TNM staging, there were one case stage 0, 208 stage I, 22 stage II, 49 stage IIIA, 15 stage IIIB, and 13 cases stage IV. T1 disease was seen in 262 cases, T2 in 19, T3 in 10, T4 in 16, and Tis in 1. No disease was seen in 217 cases, N1 in 30, N2 in 60, and N3 in 1. The 5-year survival rate of all case was 63%. There were statistically significant differences amont T status (T1 vs. T3, T4), N status (N0 vs. N1, N2), and M status (M0 vs. M1) (P < 0.01). The 5-year survival rates of cases with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were 60% and 64%, respectively. In 204 cases of adenocarcinoma, T3 disease was found in one case, T4 disease in 15 (7%), and nodal involvement (N1 + N2) was present in 69 (34%). In 78 cases of squamous cell carcinoma T3 was seen in 6 (8%), T4 in 1, and nodal involvement in 14 (18%). The incidence of T3 disease, T4, and N(+) varied significantly according to histology (P < 0.05). Our investigation suggested that cases of small-sized lung cancer were often at an advanced stage at detection, and that the spread of disease differed according to histology. The patient with small-sized lung cancer should be offered a standard operation regardless of histology.     

小病灶(≤3.0 cm)原发性支气管肺癌分析

目的 分析小病灶（≤3.0cm）原发性支气管肺癌患者的病理分期及生存率特点，为临床选择适当的治疗方式提供理论依据。方法 回顾性分析223例小病灶原发性支气管肺癌的病理类型、分期及生存率与病灶大小的关系。结果 223例手术病理标本，病灶最大直径≤3．0cm，占同期手术的18．6％，其中病灶≤2．0cm者仅67例。男女之比为2：1，中位年龄60岁。周围型74．6％，中央型25．4％。病理类型中腺型为主，占57．0％；鳞型占25．1％；鳞腺混合型占14．3％。中位生存期（MST）以鳞型最长为68个月，低分化伴小细胞型最短，仅16个月。Ⅰ期43．5％；Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期分别为22．4％、28．7％及5．4％。病灶直径≤2．0cm者，5年生存率为53．3％；病灶直径2．1～3．0cm者，5年生存率为39．7％。随期别的增加，5年生存率明显降低，期别与生存期之间呈明显相关性。无淋巴结侵犯5年生存率为56．4％，N1、N2降至26．2％和7．0％，N3为0％。手术残端阳性者MST仅26个月，较残端阴性者（66个月）明显缩短，5年生存率为18．4％。结论 占手术患者〈20％的小病灶肺癌以男性、周围型、腺型为主；对病灶虽小有邻近部位侵犯、淋巴结及远处转移较多的小病灶肺癌应引起临床重视。     

Cytologic factors associated with prognosis in patients with peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung measuring 3 cm or less in greatest dimension

BACKGROUND: Recently, peripheral lung adenocarcinomas (PLA) measuring < or = 3 cm in greatest dimension often have been diagnosed using diagnostic radiology. The objective of the current study was to determine which cytologic factors are associated with a favorable outcome and an unfavorable outcome in patients with PLA. METHODS: Imprint smears from 134 patients with PLA were examined. Sixteen cytologic factors, including necrosis, cellular distribution, overlapping of cell clusters, cluster aggregation, cluster size, cluster thickness, nuclear irregularity, nuclear size, variation in nuclear size, multinucleated cells, intranuclear inclusions, type of intranuclear inclusions, appearance of nucleoli, eosinophilic nucleoli, multinucleoli, and mitosis, were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. A counting method was used to determine the prognosis for individual patients. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis, a cluster size that measured > or = 831 microm in short dimension (P = 0.0011), moderate or severe nuclear irregularity (P = 0.0030), > or = 5 multinucleated cells per 100 tumor cells (P = 0.0047), moderate or severe variation in nuclear size (P = 0.0061), medium or large nuclear size (P = 0.0169), and > or = 1 mitotic cell per 100 tumor cells (P = 0.0412) were associated significantly with a poor outcome. In the multivariate analysis, cluster size in short dimension (P = 0.0018), multinucleated cells (P = 0.0066), and nuclear irregularity (P = 0.0310) were found to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of cytologic features using intraoperative imprint smears, namely, cluster sizes < or = 830 microm in short dimension, < or = 4 multinucleated cells per 100 tumor cells, and mild nuclear irregularity, may provide favorable predictive information in patients with PLA.     

多层螺旋CT与立体定向穿刺系统导引下肺内小结节穿刺活检的临床应用

 目的 探讨MSCT与Pinpoint导引下穿刺活检术在肺内小结节诊断的临床应用价值。方法 32例肺内小结节（＜2 cm），均经MSCT与Pinpoint导引穿刺行组织学检查，分析穿刺病理取材正确率及并发症发生率。结果 32例均经手术病理及临床随访而明确诊断。其中恶性22例，良性病变10例，穿刺确诊30例；2例穿刺未取得病理结论，经手术证实分别为腺癌、错构瘤。恶性预测值及敏感性分别为100 %，95.7 ％，穿刺总准确性93.8 ％。气胸2例（6.2 ％），未经闭式引流或抽气处理；肺出血4例（12.5 ％），其中1例有一过性咳血，均未经特殊处理。结论 MSCT与Pinpoint导引下肺内小结节穿刺活检可以获得较好的组织学标本，是一种安全、准确的诊断和鉴别方法。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗5 cm以下肝癌的疗效及预后因素

目的研究肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗直径＜5 cm肝癌的效果以及预后因素.方法对1995年2月～2004年2月间肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗的直径＜5 cm的原发性肝癌患者160例的效果进行回顾性分析,log-rank方法单因素分析影响预后的因素,多因素分析采用Cox比例风险模型确定独立的危险因素.结果肝动脉化疗栓塞后的1年、3年、5年生存率分别为77.52%、47.42%、33.68%.血清胆红素水平＞17.0μmol/L、凝血酶原时间超过14 s、有门静脉癌栓和有远处转移是影响预后的独立的危险因素.结论对于手术不能切除的直径＜5 cm的肝癌,肝动脉化疗栓塞是可供选择的有效治疗方法,但有血清胆红素升高或凝血酶原延长的病人,或有门静脉癌栓和远处转移的病人,预后较差.     

Minute gastric cancers less than 5 mm in diameter

Minute gastric cancers with maximum dimensions of less than 5 mm were studied clinicopathologically. There were 49 intramucosal cancers among 46 patients and nine submucosal cancers among nine patients. No lymph node metastasis was found. Macroscopically, eight (13.8%) were evaluated, 12 (20.7%) were flat, and 38 (65.5%) were depressed. Most submucosal cancers were of the depressed type (8/9, 88.9%). Classification of cancers according to association with other large cancers into single group (22 cases) and multiple group (33 cases) revealed that (1) the majority of the minute gastric cancers (20/22, 90.9%) in the single group were the depressed type and (2) submucosal cancers in the single group were 8/22, accounting for 36.4%, a much higher incidence as compared with 1/36 (2.9%) in the multiple group. These facts indicate that gastric cancers should be detected when they are about 5 mm in maximum dimension and before they invade beyond the submucosal layer, especially in single and depressed type.     

直径不超过2 cm周围型非小细胞肺癌的临床病理特征、手术方式及预后

背景与目的:随着CT扫描技术应用逐渐普及,对于直径不超过2 cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的检出率也逐渐提高.本研究通过对周围型小NSCLC的临床病理特征以及患者生存期的分析,试图探讨最佳的手术方式.方法:回顾性分析2000年1月-2001年7月手术切除的直径≤2 cm的周围型小肺癌75例.对手术切除方式(肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫或局部切除)、淋巴结转移情况、胸部cT影像学表现以及患者生存期与肿块大小进行比较分析.结果:接受肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫者57例,接受局部切除者18例.病灶在>1.5～≤2.0 cm者淋巴结转移率为14.63%,病灶在>1.0～≤1.5 cm者淋巴结转移率为14.81%,两组间差异无显著性(P=0.10).病灶≤1.0 cm者均未见淋巴结转移.无淋巴结转移和伴有淋巴结转移者的5年生存率分别为92.31%和60.0%(P=0.000).12例CT显示为磨玻璃影(GGO)表现者均未见有淋巴结转移,5年生存率为91.67%.结论:即使是≤2 cm的病灶仍可伴有纵隔和肺门淋巴结转移,手术切除方法宜采用肺叶切除加淋巴结清扫.但对于≤1.0 cm的病灶,尤其在高分辨CT上显示有GGO改变的病灶,可考虑行局部切除,而无需行淋巴结清扫.     

直径≤10mm的小肺癌33例外科治疗体会

为了探讨小肺癌的临床特点及手术治疗,提高肺癌早期诊断水平,回顾性分析手术治疗最大直径≤10 mm的33例小肺癌患者的临床资料,总结外科治疗体会。结果无1例术前明确诊断,术中冷冻良恶性确诊率100%。腺癌19例,肺泡癌8例,鳞癌5例,小细胞癌1例。病理分期T1N0M024例,T2N0M05例,T1N0M03例,T2N0M01例。初步研究结果提示,≤10 mm的小肺癌病变进展慢,以腺癌和肺泡癌为主,临床及影像特征不明显,术中冷冻是可靠的诊断方法,手术方式以肺叶切除+淋巴结廓清为宜,纵隔淋巴结转移较少见。     

Usefulness of tumor pressure as a prognostic factor in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma where the diameter of the tumor is 3 cm or less

BACKGROUND: The current study was designed to determine the usefulness of pretreatment tumor pressure as a new prognostic factor in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 3 cm or smaller in diameter). METHODS: The study included 39 patients with small HCC in whom tumor pressure was determined. They underwent percutaneous ethanol (with Lipiodol) injection therapy (Lp-PEI) or transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of the hepatic artery. Tumor pressure was determined percutaneously under ultrasonographic guidance. The factors analyzed were age, gender, mean blood pressure, the presence/absence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), alcohol abuse, Child's classification, the presence/absence of esophagogastric varices, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, tumor size, number of tumors, degree of tumor differentiation, the presence/absence of tumor capsule, tumor pressure, and the method of treatment. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards model was conducted on the factors that may have affected prognosis (P < 0.25) according to the univariate analysis using a proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The rates of local and distant recurrence were higher (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively) and the survival rate was lower (P = 0.03) in patients with high tumor pressure than in those with low tumor pressure. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor pressure (P < 0.01), AFP level (P = 0.01), and age (P = 0.01) were significant predictive factors associated with local recurrence. Tumor pressure (P < 0.01) and AFP level (P < 0.01) were both significantly associated with distant recurrence. The only significant predictive factor associated with survival rate was tumor pressure (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The current study revealed that tumor pressure was associated significantly with survival rates after Lp-PEI or TAE in patients with small HCC. There were also significant predictive factors associated with local recurrence, these being tumor pressure, AFP level, and age, and with distant recurrence, namely, tumor pressure and AFP level. Tumor pressure measured before the initial treatment of patients with small HCC may be a useful new prognostic factor.     

Surgical margins in cutaneous melanoma (2 cm versus 5 cm for lesions measuring less than 2.1-mm thick)

BACKGROUND: This study addressed the question of whether limited surgery for primary malignant melanoma with a 2-cm margin is as good as a 5-cm margin. An update of a 16-year follow-up is provided. METHODS: Nine European Centers, over a period of 5 years, prospectively randomized 337 patients with melanoma measuring less than 2.1 mm in thickness to undergo a local excision with either a 2-cm or a 5-cm margin. Three hundred twenty-six patients were eligible for statistical analysis. Excluded from the trial were patients older than 70 years; those with melanomas from the toe, nail, or finger; and those with acral-lentiginous melanoma. A separate randomization was performed to independently test an adjuvant treatment with a nonspecific immunostimulant, isoprinosine, compared with observation. The median follow-up time was 192 months (16 years) for the estimation of survival and disease recurrences. RESULTS: There were 22 tumor recurrences in the 2-cm arm and 33 in the 5-cm arm. The median time to disease recurrence was 43 months and 37.6 months, respectively. The 10-year disease-free survival rates were 85% for the group with a 2-cm margin and 83% for the group with a 5-cm margin. There was no difference in the 10-year overall survival rates (87% vs. 86%). Isoprinosine did not demonstrate any activity in this setting. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that for melanoma less than 2.1-mm thick, a margin of excision of 2 cm is sufficient. A larger margin of 5 cm does not appear to have any impact on either the rate or the time to disease recurrence or on survival.     

Small lung tumors with the size of 1cm or less in diameter: clinical, radiological, and histopathological characteristics

BACKGROUND: The detection rate of small nodules in the peripheral lung area is increasing due to the widespread use of CT scanning. However, the radiological and pathological characteristics of very small tumors have not been fully investigated. METHODS: We evaluated 44 lung tumors with the size of 1cm or less in diameter resected from 38 patients (19 men and 19 women, with an average of 62 years) from 1997 through 2001. The clinical records, the findings of high-resolution CT (HRCT) and histopathological features of resected specimens were analyzed. Adenocarcinoma was histologically further subclassified into types A to F according to the Noguchi's classification. RESULTS: Lobectomy was performed in 20 patients, wedge resection in 15 and segmentectomy in 3, respectively. Thirty-two tumors were adenocarcinomas, 4 were squamous cell carcinomas, and eight were atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), respectively. All carcinoma cases were proved to be stage IA. In adenocarcinoma, type A was detected in 12 tumors, type B in 13, type C in 1, type D in 2, type E in 1, and type F in 3, respectively. Most of AAH and type A showed pure ground-glass attenuation on HRCT scan, whereas types B to F as well as squamous cell carcinoma frequently had malignant CT signs such as lobulation and convergence of peripheral vessels. Lymphatic or vascular invasion was observed in two adenocarcinomas (types D and F) and two squamous cell carcinomas, and HRCT scan of these four tumors showed soft-tissue attenuation occupying more than two-thirds of each nodule. All patients are currently alive without signs of recurrence after a mean follow-up period of 35.5 months. CONCLUSION: Types A and B of adenocarcinoma were the most common histologic types among lung tumors with the size of 1cm or less in diameter. Limited lung resection appears to be an adequate for such small lung tumors in which soft-tissue attenuation consists of less than two-thirds of the nodule on HRCT.