椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊疗现状

椎动脉夹层动脉瘤是一种常见的颅内血管疾病。根据夹层动脉瘤病变性质和部位的不同，在临床上主要表现为缺血性卒中或蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH），而以SAH为首发症状的患者，其发生动脉瘤再次破裂出血的可能性远大于相同部位的囊状动脉瘤患者。因此，在临床上，椎动脉夹层动脉瘤一旦明确诊断，均应尽快采取积极有效的治疗，降低病死率或致残率。     

夹层动脉瘤与缺血性卒中

夹层动脉瘤(dissecting aneurysm)又称动脉剥离(arterial dissection),是血液进入动脉壁形成血肿或动脉壁内自发性血肿,使血管壁间剥离,导致动脉管腔狭窄或血管破裂.夹层动脉瘤好发于主动脉及大分支,约20%侵犯颅内、外血管与脊髓血管,引起脑部或脊髓症状.Tumbull(1915年)首例报道脑夹层动脉瘤,至今国内外已有千余例报道.脑夹层动脉瘤人群年发病率约3/10万,2%的缺血性卒中可能由本病引起,50岁以下的缺血性卒中约10%的是夹层动脉瘤所致[1].     

颅内支架重叠技术治疗未破裂椎-基底动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的探讨颅内支架重叠技术在未破裂椎-基底动脉夹层动脉瘤（VBDAs）治疗中的临床效果。方法回顾性分析10例VBDAs患者,共12个未破裂VBDAs。运用颅内支架重叠技术,采用LEO支架进行治疗（对9例患者采用2枚支架,1例采用3枚支架）,通过改变动脉瘤腔的血流动力学栓塞动脉瘤,并保留载瘤动脉。所有患者均完成临床和影像学随访。结果①影像学检查表现分别为近端狭窄、串珠样变、波纹状、双腔征、壁间血肿。②术后即刻造影均显示,动脉瘤腔内对比剂滞留。1例患者术中支架移位,但未导致神经功能障碍。2例患者术后出现短暂性脑缺血发作,对症治疗后缓解。其余患者未出现神经系统并发症。出院前头部CT检查均未见新发脑梗死。③术后6个月造影结果显示,6个夹层动脉瘤完全闭塞,6个夹层动脉瘤部分闭塞。临床随访8～27个月,10例患者的最终改良Rankin评分均为0分,随访中患者均未出现该技术相关的并发症。结论颅内支架重叠技术治疗未破裂VBDAS是安全和有效的。     

破裂颅内动脉瘤的早期治疗

破裂颅内动脉瘤的再出血发生率、致残率和致死率均很高.早期治疗对降低再出血发生率非常重要,但对其适应证仍然存在很多争议.破裂颅内动脉瘤的早期治疗方式主要包括开颅手术和介入治疗.文章就破裂颅内动脉瘤早期治疗适应证和治疗方式的选择进行了综述.     

国产覆膜支架治疗DeBaKeyⅢ型夹层动脉瘤的疗效分析

目的总结评价国产覆膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤的手术适应证、临床疗效。方法对38例DebaKeyⅢ胸主动脉夹层患者行腔内隔绝术的临床资料进行回顾性分析,术后对所有患者行CT随访,评价其临床改善程度与真假腔的变化。结果37例患者全麻下均成功进行了覆膜支架血管腔内隔绝术,共使用40个血管支架,术中造影显示夹层裂口完全封闭或内漏明显减少。3例术中出现明显的内漏,再置入1枚短支架后内漏消失;1例因置入支架后血压下降,急诊行开胸手术人工血管置换术,15d痊愈出院。其余患者未出现与夹层及手术有关的并发症。术后3～24个月随访,所有患者复查螺旋CT或64排CT,假腔内血栓形成,真腔增大,未发现内漏、瘤体扩大及支架移位。结论应用覆膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗DeBaKeyⅢ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤创伤小、安全有效、成功率高、术后恢复较好,尤为适用于老年高危患者及亚急性或慢性期的患者。     

颅内椎基底动脉夹层动脉瘤的磁共振成像及治疗

颅内椎基底动脉夹层动脉瘤是临床较少见疾病。近年来，国外对该病的报道日益增多，但仍缺乏大宗病例报道。临床表现主要为蛛网膜下腔出血和脑干缺血。磁共振成像常见征象为动脉壁内血肿、双腔和内膜瓣。外科手术仍为主要治疗手段，介入治疗尚处于起始阶段，疗效评估有待于进一步探讨。     

主动脉夹层动脉瘤误诊为心肌梗死的分析

主动脉夹层动脉瘤是指动脉内膜或中层撕裂后 ,血流冲击撕裂处使中层逐渐成夹层分离 ,在分离腔中积血、膨出 ,也可与动脉腔构成双腔结构。主动脉夹层动脉瘤倘若仅表现为胸部剧烈疼痛、大汗、急性心功能不全等 ,极易和心肌梗死混淆而误诊。因为两病的治疗原则不同 ,所以详细鉴别、明确诊断至关重要。我们曾将两例主动脉夹层动脉瘤误诊为心肌梗死 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料例 1,患者女性 ,6 4岁 ,因前胸痛、头晕 2天 ,加重半小时于 1999年 4月收入院。既往有高血压 5年。入院时查体 :体温 36 .8℃ ,血压 16 5/ 10 5mm Hg(1mm Hg=0 .133k Pa) …     

用腔内隔绝术治疗B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤46例

目的评价用主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术治疗StanfordB型主动脉夹层动脉瘤的近、中期临床疗效。方法2002年5月至2006年9月,行主动脉腔内隔绝术治疗B型主动脉夹层46例。其中男36例,女10例;年龄62±18岁。46例均经股动脉切开置入覆膜支架封堵胸主动脉破裂口,置入后造影检查证实疗效,术后随访1~52个月,平均17±16个月,分析其临床特点及疗效。结果住院期间及随访30d内无患者死亡;发生主动脉腔内隔绝术后综合征11例;2例患者左锁骨下动脉被封闭;5例发生内漏,术后3个月时其中4例内漏自行封闭。随访3个月时,所有患者内膜破裂口封闭,胸降主动脉和腹主动脉真腔扩大,假腔内血栓形成,支架位置、形态正常。术后半年1例发生截瘫,原因不明。术后1年1例出现迟发性内漏;1例升主动脉发现夹层,未行外科手术。随访期间3例死亡,4年生存率89.3%。结论用主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术治疗B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤的近、中期疗效满意。     

单纯冠状动脉支架置入术闭塞颅内夹层动脉瘤技术性报道

颅内后循环动脉瘤有着很高的病死率，血管内治疗已经被认为是后循环动脉瘤首选的方法。但宽颈、夹层或梭形动脉瘤仍是血管内治疗的难点．联合支架和弹簧圈这一新技术，使这些动脉瘤的冶疗成为可能．但通常要在支架置入后往动脉瘤内填塞弹簧圈。本文报道1例推动脉（VA）夹层动脉瘤．只采用单纯的冠状动脉支架置入技术而不用弹簧圈治疗而获得影像学和临床治愈。     

腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤107例分析

目的 探讨应用覆膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤的方法和效果.方法 对107例(男88例,女19例,年龄28～83岁)主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.术前采用CT血管成像(computerized tomography angiography,CTA)、经胸心脏超声(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)、磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance aniography,MRA)等技术对主动脉夹层动脉瘤进行评估.术中穿刺左肱动脉行主动脉造影了解破口的位置及撕裂的范围,在数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)监视下经股动脉将覆膜支架送入胸降主动脉封闭夹层破口.结果 107例成功进行了主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术.术后主动脉造影证实夹层裂口完全封闭或内漏明显减少,无中转开胸手术.术后随访1～48个月,术后1个月3例死亡.104例行CTA复查,术后3个月,所有患者内膜破裂口封闭,胸降主动脉真腔扩大,假腔内血栓形成,支架位置、形态正常.术后6个月,1例再发生升主动脉夹层,置入一枚支架后后假腔消失.术后1年,主动脉均未见病变.结论 覆膜支架腔内隔绝术是治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤的安全、有效的方法,近期疗效好.手术死亡率和并发症发生率低,手术成功率和生存率高.     

Spontaneous Celiac Artery Dissection Case Report and Literature Review

Symptomatic spontaneous celiac artery dissection is a rare condition that is being detected more often with the use of advanced imaging techniques. There is no consensus as to whether surgical or endovascular treatment is more appropriate.We describe the case of a 41-year-old hypertensive woman who presented with the sudden onset of sharp, persistent, right-upper-quadrant abdominal and epigastric pain. Magnetic resonance angiography of the abdomen revealed celiac artery dissection, with a flap compressing the lumen approximately 17 mm from the artery''s origin at the aorta. Because of the patient''s persistent epigastric pain, endovascular celiac artery stent implantation was performed with the use of 2 overlapping balloon-expandable stents. Twelve months after the procedure, the patient remained asymptomatic, and the stents were patent. This case and others in the medical literature suggest that endovascular treatment can be feasible in symptomatic patients with isolated spontaneous celiac artery dissection.Key words: Aneurysm, dissecting/diagnosis/radiography/therapy; angiography/methods; anticoagulants/therapeutic use; celiac artery/injuries/pathology/radiography; rupture, spontaneous/diagnosis/therapy; stents; vascular surgical proceduresIsolated spontaneous celiac artery dissection is rare. Most reported cases have occurred in men, and the cause and natural history of the condition are not well understood. In regard to symptomatic spontaneous dissection, it is debated whether surgical or endovascular treatment is more appropriate. We describe our endovascular treatment of spontaneous celiac artery dissection in a symptomatic female patient, and we discuss our findings in the context of previously reported cases.     

Penetrating aortic ulcer

In addition to classic aortic dissection and intramural hematoma, acute aortic syndrome also includes penetrating aortic ulcers (PAU). The recent advent of highly detailed axial imaging allows closer assessment of PAU and its pathophysiology. However, there is still ongoing discussion about the natural history of the disease, leading to challenging questions concerning the optimal treatment strategy, particularly in asymptomatic patients. In this review, current indications for treatment, with an emphasis on PAU repair in the endovascular era, are discussed.     

Top 10 candidate aortic disease trials

Aortic pathologies such as aneurysm, dissection and trauma are relatively common and potentially fatal diseases. Over the past two decades, we have experienced unprecedented technical and medical developments in the field. Despite this, there is a great need, and great opportunities, to further explore the area. In this review, we have identified important areas that need to be further studied and selected priority aortic disease trials. There is a pressing need to update the AAA natural history and the role for endovascular AAA repair as well as to define biomarkers and genetic risk factors as well as influence of gender for development and progression of aortic disease. A key limitation of contemporary treatment strategies of AAA is the lack of therapy directed at small AAA, to prevent AAA expansion and need for surgical repair, as well as to reduce the risk for aortic rupture. Currently, the most promising potential drug candidate to slow AAA growth is metformin, and RCTs to verify or reject this hypothesis are warranted. In addition, the role of endovascular treatment for ascending pathologies and for uncomplicated type B aortic dissection needs to be clarified.     

Natural history and therapeutic management of acute aortic syndrome

Acute aortic syndrome, an acute lesion of the aortic wall involving the media, comprises aortic dissection, intramural hematoma and penetrating ulcer. Recent advances in imaging techniques have helped us to understand the natural history and dynamics of this medical condition. Despite considerable advances in surgical treatment, the current high mortality rate in the acute phase can still be reduced by early clinical suspicion and improved surgical expertise. The advent and incorporation of endovascular treatment has opened up new perspectives in the management of this disease, and may improve the long-term prognosis. This article aims to review our current understanding of the natural history and therapeutic management of acute aortic syndrome.     

Simultaneous endovascular stent and renal stent placement for acute type B aortic dissection with malperfusion of kidney

Acute aortic dissection frequently causes life-threatening organ ischemia. The optimal therapy for acute type-B aortic dissection is still controversial. Surgery for acute dissection with organ malperfusion is known to carry a high morbidity and mortality; however endovascular treatment is becoming an alternative form of treatment. We report a clinical case of emergency percutaneous thoracal aorta endovascular stenting and renal artery stenting in a patient who had renal malperfusion and acute renal failure due to acute type-B dissection. The present case is a fundamental examples of collaboration between the cardiologist and cardiovascular surgeon in a hybrid procedure.     

Transcranial bypass for spontaneous intracranial carotid artery dissection--a case report

A case of spontaneous intracranial artery dissection (IAD) of the anterior circulation is reported. A 32-year-old man developed left hemiparesis with headache. Angiographies (AGs) showed progressive occlusion of the distal end of the right internal carotid artery. He underwent a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis 20 days after his initial symptoms. He improved gradually after operation. The prognosis and treatment of IAD are discussed. The authors conclude that cases with IADs of the anterior circulation should be followed up by cerebral AG or magnetic resonance angiography and that early bypass surgery should be considered to prevent massive cerebral infarction in some cases.     

Percutaneous endovascular treatment for isolated spontaneous superior mesenteric artery dissection: Report of two cases and literature review

Isolated spontaneous superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection is a rare and sporadically reported condition. Therapeutic options include medical treatment, surgery, and endovascular treatment. However, the optimal treatment strategy has still not been established. We herein present two patients with acute abdomen due to isolated spontaneous SMA dissection, in whom symptoms remained despite initial anticoagulation therapy. Percutaneous endovascular treatment with stenting of the dissected main trunk to achieve complete coverage of the entry site and balloon angioplasty for the distally involved side branches were performed successfully and resulted in complete resolution of the symptoms. According to our experience and previous case reports, early (within 1 week) elective percutaneous endovascular intervention with background anticoagulation therapy is a feasible and effective treatment strategy for symptomatic patients with isolated SMA dissection. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Endovascular ligature of splenic artery aneurysm with Amplatzer Vascular Plug: a case report

Splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) is a rare disease that is asymptomatic for a long time and is often only incidentally discovered during imaging performed for other reasons. The natural history of SAA is a progressive increase in size until rupture. Therefore, treatment is recommended in symptomatic patients and for aneurysms larger than 2 cm in diameter. Using different techniques, endovascular treatment is feasible in nearly all SAAs. In this report, we describe a technique using Amplatzer Vascular Plug in endovascular ligature to exclude an SAA of the middle tract of the splenic artery.     

Application of thoracic endovascular dissecting aneurysm repair for secondary type B aortic dissection

Type A aortic dissection is an emergency condition that requires immediate surgery. Graft replacement of the ascending aorta is the main treatment for this disorder. However, after ascending aortic replacement, the dissection flap may progress to the distal side (to the descending aorta) and a new intimal tear may develop. In this study, we report on a 66-year-old woman who had a history of ascending aortic replacement six months earlier. She was admitted to hospital with a new onset of back pain. Computed tomography revealed a new dissection tear originating from the distal side of the subclavian artery orifice. Thoracic endovascular dissecting aneurysm repair (TEVDAR) was carried out on the patient. Additional complications were not observed in the postoperative period. Complete cure was provided and the patient was discharged on the fourth day after the operation. TEVDAR may be safe and effective in preventing progression of the aortic flap and the formation of a new intimal tear in type A aortic dissections. Optional hybrid interventions could ameliorate the outcomes in aortic dissection cases.     

孤立性腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉夹层二例并文献复习

目的 探讨孤立性腹腔干及肠系膜上动脉(SMA)夹层的诊断及治疗方法.方法 收集中山大学附属第三医院收治的2例孤立性腹腔干并SMA夹层的临床资料,并结合文献报道的119例病例,对孤立性内脏动脉夹层(IDVA)的诊断及治疗方法进行分析总结.结果 119例IDVA中69例存在相关症状,全部病例均由增强CT或MRI检查确诊.发现IDVA后,采取外科治疗8例,支架置入术5例,保守治疗106例,均取得满意疗效.本组2例患者亦由CT检查发现,并经血管造影证实,1例行降压、抗凝治疗,1例行支架置入术,随访中均无不适.结论 腹腔增强CT或MRI检查是诊断IDVA的主要方法.大部分IDVA可选择保守治疗,但需密切CT随访病变情况;对于动脉破裂、管腔阻塞及保守治疗中夹层进展者,需行腔内介入治疗或外科手术治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of isolated celiac artery (CA) dissection and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection.MethodsIntegrating clinical data of 119 cases with isolated dissection of the visceral arteries ( IDVA ) reported in literature and 2 patients with spontaneous isolated dissections of both CA and SMA treated in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University,the diagnosis and treatment of IDVA were analyzed retrospectively.Results Among 119 cases reported in the literature,69 cases were symptomatic.All of the cases were diagnosed by contrast-enhanced abdominal CT or MRI.After IDVA was discovered,surgical treatment and endovascular stent placement was performed in 8 and 5 patients respectively,although the remaining 106 patients were managed conservatively with good results.In our 2 cases,the diagnosis of CA and SMA dissection was established by contrastenhanced CT and confirmed by conventional angiograghy.One patient was treated with anticoagulation and antihypertension,and the other patient was treated with endovascular stenting.Both of the patients didn't have discomfort during the follow-up period of 12 and 3 months respectively.ConclusionsContrastenhanced abdominal CT is the main tool for detection of IDVA.Most of the patients with IDVA can be managed conservatively,but close surveillance with imaging studies is necessary for early recognition of dissection progression.Patients with persistent or relapsed symptoms,and dissection progression,should undergo surgical or endovascular treatment.