Phacovitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular hole

BACKGROUND: Progressive nuclear sclerosis is a known complication of macular hole surgery that hinders patients' recovery to their best visual acuity postoperatively. We report the visual outcome, complications and efficacy of combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens (IOL) insertion and vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for patients with cataract undergoing macular hole surgery. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 32 consecutive patients (36 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification with insertion of a polymethylmethacrylate lens into the capsular bag and pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling in one session for repair of idiopathic macular hole. Patients were assessed between February 1998 and August 2001. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 70 (range 52 to 83) years, and 25 (78%) were women. The median duration of the holes before surgery was 8.3 months; in 19 eyes (53%) the duration was 6 months or less. Twenty eyes (56%) had stage 3 holes. The preoperative vision was 20/200 or worse in 29 eyes (80%). The mean grade of nuclear sclerosis was 2.4. The average length of follow-up after surgery was 11 (range 1.5 to 37) months. Primary hole closure was achieved in 28 eyes (78%). In five of the remaining eight cases the patient consented to a second procedure, which was successful in four cases, for a final closure rate of 89%. Postoperatively, the visual acuity improved by 2 lines or more in 22 eyes (61%). Of the 32 eyes with final closure, 11 (34%) attained a visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and 25 (78%) had an acuity of 20/100 or better. The most common complication was posterior capsular opacification (27 eyes [75%]), an expected complication when perfluoropropane or other gases are used for tamponade. INTERPRETATION: The results are comparable to those with standard macular hole surgery. Combined surgery is reliable and safe; the benefits support its use as a routine procedure for patients with cataract undergoing macular hole repair.     

视网膜内界膜平铺覆盖与内界膜剥除治疗巨大型黄斑裂孔疗效的比较

目的：探讨玻璃体切除(par plana vitrectomy,PPV)+视网膜内界膜(inner limiting membrane,ILM)平铺覆盖+玻璃体腔消毒空气填充术与PPV+ILM剥除+玻璃体腔消毒空气填充术治疗巨大型特发性黄斑裂孔(idiopathic macular hole,IMH)和高度近视黄斑裂孔(macular hole,MH)的疗效差异。

方法：选取巨大型IMH 40眼,巨大型高度近视性MH 40眼的临床资料进行临床对照研究。20眼巨大型IMH患者行传统ILM剥除(A1组),余20眼行ILM平铺覆盖(A2组); 20眼巨大型高度近视性MH行传统ILM剥除(B1组),余20眼行ILM平铺覆盖(B2组)。术后随诊6mo以上,对比分析MH的闭合率、手术前后最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity, BCVA )改善情况。

结果：A组患者手术前后BCVA改善情况差异有统计学意义(F_时间=96.193,P_时间<0.01, F_组间=4.971,P_组间=0.03,F_交互=18.772,P_交互<0.01); 对不同时间点进行两两比较,结果显示：术前和术后1、3、6mo之间,术后1mo与3、6mo,术后3mo与术后6mo之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),比较不同时间两组之间的t检验结果显示,A1和A2在术前视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1、3、6mo差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 B组患者手术前后BCVA改善情况差异有统计学意义(F_时间=136.150,P_时间<0.01, F_组间=5.179,P_组间=0.029, F_交互=7.079,P_交互=0.001); 对不同时间点进行两两比较,结果显示：术前和术后1、3、6mo之间,术后1mo与3、6mo,术后3mo与术后6mo之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),比较不同时间两组之间的t检验结果显示,B1和B2在术前视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1、3、6mo差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访6mo,A1组裂孔闭合16眼(80%),4眼(20%)贴附,A2组裂孔闭合20眼(100%); B1组裂孔闭合14眼(70%),6眼(30%)贴附,B2组中裂孔闭合18眼(90%),2眼(10%)贴附。A1组和A2组组间在黄斑裂孔闭合率上差异无统计学意义(P=0.053),B1组和B2组组间在黄斑裂孔闭合率上差异无统计学意义(P=0.118),视网膜内界膜剥除组裂孔闭合30眼(75%),10眼(25%)贴附和平铺覆盖组黄斑裂孔闭合38眼(95%),2眼(5%)贴附,差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.057,P<0.05)。

结论：对于巨大型IMH和巨大型高度近视MH患者,ILM平铺覆盖治疗组在闭合率及BCVA提高上明显优于ILM剥除组。     

内界膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑裂孔

在三通道睫状体平坦部玻璃体切除术中进行内界膜剥离治疗特发性黄斑裂孔,可以减少对黄斑的切线方向牵拉,使黄斑裂孔封闭,视网膜复位,提高术后视力,减少黄斑裂孔的复发。应用吲哚青绿、台盼蓝、曲安奈德等染色有助于提高内界膜剥离术的成功,但也存在一定的并发症。     

Trypan blue-assisted peeling of the internal limiting membrane during macular hole surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of surgeries for macular holes using trypan blue to facilitate delamination of the internal limiting membrane. DESIGN:A retrospective series of 18 patients. METHOD: All patients underwent a three-port pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane delamination using trypan blue 0.06% to assist visualization. The main outcome measures were postoperative visual acuity and clinically evident retinal pigment epithelial changes. RESULTS: The median preoperative visual acuity was 20/200, and the median postoperative visual acuity was 20/70. All but one macular hole were closed after surgery (94%). At the last recorded follow-up, 10 patients (56%) had improved visual acuity of at least two chart lines. No adverse reaction related to trypan blue was observed up to 1 year postsurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Trypan blue staining of internal limiting membrane may accomplish more complete dissections of the internal limiting membrane and better surgical and visual outcomes.     

玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥离术治疗特发性黄斑裂孔

目的评价玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥离术治疗特发性黄斑裂孔的临床疗效。方法采用玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥离术治疗特发性黄斑裂孔17例17眼,对患者术前术后视功能、术后黄斑裂孔闭合及手术主要并发症等进行检查和随访。结果本组17眼均成功剥离内界膜。随访5～24个月,其中13眼黄斑裂孔完全闭合,4眼裂孔直径缩小,裂孔封闭成功率为76.47%;17眼中14眼视力提高,视力提高率为82.35%;视物变形等症状也有明显改善。并发症主要有术中毛细血管性出血、术后一过性高眼压及晶状体后囊下混浊。结论玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥离术可有效封闭特发性黄斑裂孔,提高视功能。     

Retinal thinning after internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular hole

Purpose

To determine the changes in retinal thickness and whether they correlate with the size of the macular hole (MH) after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling.

Study design

Retrospective, interventional case series

Methods

Consecutive patients with an MH and undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling were studied. The retinal thicknesses in the inner 4 sectors as defined by the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) before and at 2 weeks and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the surgery. The basal and minimum diameters of the MHs were measured. The correlations between the retinal thicknesses and the size of the MH were determined.

Results

Thirty-three eyes of 32 consecutive patients (18 women; mean age, 64.2 ± 8.8 years) with an MH were studied. Thirteen eyes had a stage-2 MH; 12 eyes, a stage-3 MH; and 8 eyes, a stage-4 MH. The mean retinal thickness in the temporal sector was 362.8 ± 29.9 µm preoperatively, 337.9 ± 20.6 µm at 2 weeks postoperatively, and 307.6 ± 20.2 µm at 12 months postoperatively (P < .001 for both, paired t tests). The respective mean thicknesses in the superior, inferior, and nasal sectors were 373.9 ± 34.9, 367 ± 28.7, and 385.5 ± 35.9 µm preoperatively; 361.6 ± 22.7, 359.4 ± 20.6, and 383.4 ± 29.0 µm at 2 weeks postoperatively (P = .0087, P = .049, P = .635); and 339.4 ± 18.9, 331.6 ± 21.4, and 371.3 ± 23.2 µm at 12 months postoperatively (P < .001, P < .001, P = .033). The changes in the retinal thickness at 2 weeks and 12 months in all 4 sectors were significantly correlated with the basal and minimum diameters of the MH.

Conclusions

Retinal thinning was observed soon after the MH surgery mainly in the temporal sector but also in the superior and inferior sectors. The thinning was greater in eyes with a larger MH, indicating that retinal structures dynamically change after internal limiting membrane peeling.

     

Evaluation of the internal limiting membrane after conventional peeling during macular hole surgery

We evaluated the histologic features of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) of the retina removed during macular hole surgery without indocyanine green staining. Our investigation focused on the presence or absence of retinal structures adherent to the retinal surface of the ILM. Because only tiny retinal cellular fragments were observed especially in ILM folds, we conclude that conventional ILM peeling can be performed safely with a cleavage plane between the retinal surface of the ILM and Müller cell endfeet.     

吲哚青绿辅助视网膜内界膜剥离治疗特发性黄斑裂孔

目的 探讨玻璃体切割，吲哚青绿（indocyanine green,ICG）辅助视网膜内界膜剥离治疗特发性黄斑裂孔的手术疗效。 方法 31例患者（31只眼）为3期(14只眼，占45.2%)和4期(17只眼，占54.8%)特发性黄斑裂孔，所有患者均行玻璃体切割术，玻璃体腔注入1.25 mg/ml ICG，剥离裂孔周围2～3个视盘直径的内界膜，手术结束时充填14%的C-3F-8混合气体，手术后患者俯卧位2周,手术后平 均随访9.1个月。 结果 31例患者(31只眼) 手术前视力中位数(M)是20/200。手术后最终随访28只眼解剖复位，21只眼视力提高2行以上，除1只眼因视网膜周边裂孔，视网膜脱离外，ICG辅助的内界膜剥离无明显并发症。 结论 ICG辅助视网膜内界膜剥离治疗3～4期特发性黄斑裂孔安全有效。 （中华眼底病杂志，2003，19：137-140）     

Long-term follow-up after macular hole surgery with internal limiting membrane peeling

PURPOSE: To report long-term anatomical and functional results after pars plana vitrectomy with peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) for idiopathic macular hole. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive series. METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with a follow-up of at least 12 months were included. The surgical technique consisted of a standard pars plana vitrectomy, removal of the ILM, and an intraocular gas tamponade (15% hexafluoroethane [C(2)F(6)] gas mixture) followed by head-down positioning for at least 5 days. Follow-up examinations included a clinical examination, Goldmann perimetry, optical coherence tomography, and static microperimetry using a Rodenstock scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO-105). Stimulus size was 0.2 degrees (Goldmann II), intensities employed were 0 and 12 dB. Twenty-degree fields were used for all tests. RESULTS: Mean period of review was 32 months (median 34). Anatomic closure was achieved in 86 (87%) of 99 patients by one surgical procedure. Nine patients underwent a successful second operation with an improvement of visual acuity in 7 patients. The closure rate after two surgical interventions was 96%. Best-corrected visual acuity improved from a median of 20/100 preoperatively to a median of 20/40 postoperatively (P <.001). An improvement of visual acuity was achieved in 94% of patients. In 13 of 99 patients (13%) a combined vitrectomy and cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant was performed; 72 patients (73%) underwent cataract surgery later. Ninety of 99 patients (91%) were pseudophakic on last presentation. Paracentral scotomata did not change in size, density, or shape over time. Its incidence was not correlated with the stage of the macular hole. No postoperative epiretinal membrane formation or late reopening of the macular hole was observed. One patient presented with a peripheral visual field defect after vitrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Macular hole surgery with peeling of the ILM without the use of adjuvants or ILM staining leads to good functional long-term results. Paracentral scotomata remained subclinical in most cases and may be due to a mechanical trauma of the nerve fiber layer.     

玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除治疗黄斑裂孔的疗效观察

目的 评价玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除治疗黄斑裂孔的临床效果.方法对53例（53只眼）黄斑裂孔进行玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除的临床资料进行回顾性分析.分析手术前后矫正远视力、黄斑裂孔的分期,术后裂孔是否闭合与术后视力预后的关系.结果相干光断层扫描观察形态恢复正常者42只眼,改善者8只眼,无改善者3只眼.12只眼术后出现一过性眼压升高.手术后裂孔闭合者视力都有不同程度提高.手术有效率94.3%,裂孔闭合率79.2%.结论使用玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除,可以增加黄斑裂孔闭合率、提高患者术后视力.     

Indocyanine-green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling in macular hole surgery – a follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Macular hole surgery including vitrectomy and peeling of epiretinal membranes and the internal limiting membrane (ILM) has become a standard procedure in retinal surgery. Poor visualization of the ILM is an obstacle for successful surgery. Recently, indocyanine green (ICG) has been reported to be a helpful intraocular substance in identifying these membranes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen eyes with macular holes stages 2-4 were included. Intraoperatively, the ILM was stained with three drops of 1:9-diluted ICG. After 1 min incubation, the vitreous cavity was rinsed with Ringer's lactate solution, and the ILM was peeled. Autologous thrombocytes were applied to the macular hole and the eye was endotamponaded with 20% SF-6 gas. Preoperatively, 6 weeks postoperatively, and in 3-month intervals thereafter, visual acuity, fundus photographs, scanning laser ophthalmoscope imaging, and Humphrey 24-2 static perimetry was performed. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, the ILM could be nicely visualized by ICG, which allowed easier and less traumatic peeling. At 6 weeks follow-up, visual acuity had improved in 14 of 18 patients, and the macular hole was closed 6 weeks after surgery. Scanning laser imaging revealed a strong signal. During prolonged follow-up, visual acuity declined due to cataract formation. CONCLUSION: ICG as an intraocular tool for staining of the ILM is helpful in macular hole surgery. We observed no negative effects on retinal function, but patients should be followed.     

玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔的疗效

目的：比较经睫状体平坦部玻璃体切除术( pars plana vitrectomy, PPV )与 PPV 联合内界膜剥离术( internal limiting membrane peeling,ILMP)治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔的临床效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析高度近视黄斑裂孔患者(伴或不伴黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离)33例36眼的病例资料。根据手术方式不同,分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组。Ⅰ组15眼行玻璃体切除术(不剥离内界膜);Ⅱ组21眼行玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离术,术中根据患者病情不同,给予不同的辅助方式,如行硅油填充、C3 F8填充、光凝、冷凝等。术后随访3~12mo,以术后最佳矫正视力( best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、裂孔闭合及视网膜复位情况作为疗效观察指标,并将两组数据进行统计学分析。
　　结果：Ⅰ组15眼术后最佳矫正视力( LogMAR )较术前平均提高0.167,差异有统计学意义(t=2.46,P=0.027);Ⅱ组术后最佳矫正视力( LogMAR )较术前平均提高0 .456,差异有统计学意义(t=6.753,P=0.000);两组间术后视力提高程度比较,差异有统计学意义( t=-2.943, P=0.006)。Ⅰ组患者黄斑裂孔闭合率46.67%;Ⅱ组患者黄斑裂孔闭合率85 .71%;比较两组术后裂孔闭合率,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.287,P=0.025)。Ⅰ组视网膜最终复位率91 .67%。Ⅱ组视网膜最终复位率94 .73%,比较两组患者视网膜复位情况,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.856,P=0.418)。
　　结论：玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离术可以显著提高高度近视黄斑裂孔的闭合率和术后视力,但对于视网膜的复位率较不剥膜者无明显区别。     

微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔

目的　观察微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔的临床效果。方法　回顾性非随机临床对照研究。收集２０１０年１月至２０１５年１月高度近视性黄斑裂孔患者２４例２４眼,同期收集特发性黄斑裂孔患者４３例４３眼作为对照组,两组均行标准三通道经睫状体平坦部２３Ｇ微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术。观察两组术前及术后最佳矫正视力（ｂｅｓｔｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｅｄｖｉｓｕａｌａｃｕｉｔｙ,ＢＣＶＡ）及光学相干断层扫描检查黄斑裂孔封闭情况。结果　高度近视性黄斑裂孔组与特发性黄斑裂孔组的解剖闭合率（７９．２％ 和８８．４％）及术后ＢＣＶＡ（ＬｏｇＭＡＲ）（０．５６±０．４２和０．６３±１．３８）比较,差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）,两组末次随访时ＢＣＶＡ（ＬｏｇＭＡＲ）分别与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（ｔ＝４．８８６、６．７３５,均为Ｐ＜０．００１）。两组术中均未见医源性裂孔形成,术后无眼内出血或眼内炎等严重并发症发生。结论　玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术是修复高度近视眼解剖和功能的有效方式。     

Negative effects of enlarging internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular hole surgery

AIM: To observe the effects of the different extents of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling on the surgical success and anatomical and functional outcomes of idiopathic macular hole (IMH). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 36 patients were reviewed and divided into two groups according to the extent of ILM peeling: group A (18 patients), with the peeling area within one-half of the optic disc macular distance as the radius; group B (18 patients), with the peeling area larger than that of group A but did not exceed the optic disc macular distance as the radius. The main outcomes included the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), light-adaptive electroretinography, macular hole (MH) closure rate, central macular thickness (CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness [nine regions based on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) ring] before and 1, 3, and 6mo after surgery. RESULTS: The closure rate was 94.4% (17/18) both in groups A and B. The BCVA in both groups improved significantly compared with the preoperative values, but there was no difference between the two groups. The b-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram analysis was significantly improved in both groups compared to that of the preoperative period, with a greater increase in group A than in group B at 6mo (P=0.017). The CMT in both groups gradually decreased after surgery, and there was no difference between the two groups. The RNFL thickness of the temporal outer ring region in group B was significantly lower than that in group A at 3 and 6mo after surgery (P=0.010, 0.032). The GCC thickness of the temporal outer ring region in group B was significantly lower than that in group A at 6mo after surgery (P=0.038). CONCLUSION: Enlarging the extent of ILM peeling doesn’t affect the IMH closure rate and visual acuity recovery, but the greater the extent of peeling, the greater the damage to the inner retinal structures.