结直肠癌淋巴结微转移的临床研究

目的 探讨结直肠前哨淋巴结(SLN)的定位方法及检测淋巴结微转移的有效方法,并分析其临床意义.方法 对60例结直肠癌患者采用亚甲蓝染色法淋巴结示踪,寻找染色的SLN,切除后的SLN行HE染色和细胞角蛋白CK20免疫组化检测;并与前期直接行淋巴结清扫的60例患者对比.结果 亚甲蓝组中可识别SLN者54例(90.0%),高于前期直接清扫组的24例(40.0%)(P＜0.05);54例中行常规HE染色检出36例阳性,18例阴性.18例SLN阴性者行免疫组化检测,6例(33.3%)检出有微转移灶.结论 联合应用亚甲蓝和细胞角蛋白CK20进行结直肠癌SLN定位优于单用其中之一种方法;免疫组化是检测淋巴结微转移的敏感方法.     

前哨淋巴结阳性Luminal B型早期乳腺癌非前哨腋窝淋巴结状态对预后影响研究

目的研究前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)阳性的Luminal B(HER2阴性)型早期乳腺癌非前哨腋窝淋巴结状态对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2008—2014年北京大学第一医院乳腺疾病中心经治的142例临床腋窝淋巴结阴性、SLN阳性的Luminal B(HER2阴性)型早期乳腺癌病例,对其临床病理学特点及与非前哨腋窝淋巴结是否存在转移进行相关性分析,并对非前哨腋窝淋巴结转移病人和无转移病人无疾病存活率(DFS)和总存活率(OS)进行对比分析。结果 142例SLN阳性病人中,平均每例病人检出SLN(2.06±1.26)枚,Spearman双变量相关性分析显示SLN转移数目与非前哨腋窝淋巴结是否存在转移具有相关性(r=0.167,P=0.047),而二元Logistics回归分析显示年龄、体重指数、是否绝经、原发肿瘤T分期、肿瘤组织学分级、脉管癌栓与该组SLN阳性病人非前哨腋窝淋巴结是否转移无相关性。非前哨腋窝淋巴结无转移病人78例(54.9%),DFS为93%,OS为93.1%;非前哨腋窝淋巴结转移病人64例(45.1%),DFS为95.2%,OS为91.9%。经Log-rank(Mantel-Cox)检验,两组在DFS(χ~2=0.011,P=0.918)及OS(χ~2=0.348,P=0.555)上差异均无统计学意义。结论 SLN阳性的Luminal B(HER2阴性)型早期乳腺癌病人,其阳性SLN数目与非前哨腋窝淋巴结是否转移存在相关性,其他临床病理因素无相关性,而非前哨腋窝淋巴结转移组和无转移组DFS和OS差异无统计学意义。     

结直肠癌前哨淋巴结定位检测及其临床意义

目的探讨定位结直肠癌（CRC）前哨淋巴结（SLN）方法以及临床应用价值。方法运用体内或体外注射亚甲蓝定位105例SLN，采用多层面HE染色检测SLN中转移癌，探讨对CRC分期的影响。结果体内定位SLN44例，成功41例，SLN平均数目为1．37枚，例，体外定位61例，成功58例，SLN平均数目为1．59枚，冽（P=0．1710）；SLN位置分布无差别（P=0．3450）。105例病人总淋巴结数目为1944枚，平均为18．51枚／例，总SLN定位成功率为95．24％，平均SLN为1．49枚／例。常规病理检测SLN转移阴性55例，其中行多层面HE染色发现微转移6例，提高7．40％淋巴结转移阴性病人的病理分期。结论结直肠癌体内、体外SLN定位均可获得成功，SLN多层面HE染色检测有助于提高早期结直肠癌的病理分期。     

结直肠癌前哨淋巴结体外标记的研究

目的探讨结直肠癌前哨淋巴结（SEN）体外亚甲蓝定位活检方法的可行性，研究前哨淋巴结组织学状况能否用于预测区域淋巴结转移情况。方法将32例手术切除的结直肠癌标本纵行剪开，在癌肿四周注射亚甲蓝，2—5min后沿着蓝染的淋巴管追踪寻找首先蓝染的前哨淋巴结。将其切下后单独进行病理切片，检测有无癌转移，并与系膜淋巴结病理结果予以比较。结果有30例标本成功显示57枚SLN，平均每例标本显示1．9枚SLN。在SLN阳性的13例患者中。5例非SLN呈阳性，8例非SLN呈阴性；在17例SLN为阴性的标本中，15例非SLN呈阴性，仅2例非SLN呈阳性。统计本组患者SLN标记成功率为93．8％（30／32），准确率为93．3％（28／30），假阴性率为11．8％（2／17），特异性为100％（13／13）。结论结直肠癌标本前哨淋巴结体外亚甲蓝标记法可行，其组织学状况可较准确反映区域淋巴结群的癌转移情况。     

前哨淋巴结活检在结直肠癌根治术中的应用研究

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）在结直肠癌根治术中临床应用的可行性及其价值。方法应用美蓝对67例结直肠癌患者行前哨淋巴结（SLN）定位活检,分体内、体外组,采用HE染色病理检查法、CK-20免疫组化染色（SP法）检测SLN中转移癌。结果共检出淋巴结660枚,其中SLN130枚,检出率19．7％。腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术和开腹结直肠癌根治术对SLN的检出差异无统计学意义（P=0．742）;体内、体外两种SLN的标记方法差异无统计学意义（P=0．564）;SP法检测SLN癌转移的敏感性明显高于HE染色,而假阴性率明显低于后者;肿瘤细胞在SLN的转移率明显高于区域淋巴结的转移率（P〈0．01）。结论结直肠癌根治术中体内、体外SLN定位方法均可以获得成功,均具有切实的可行性,与手术方式无关,并能够预测区域淋巴结的转移状况;通过SP法检查有助于明确结直肠癌的病理分期,有利于判断预后和个体化治疗方案的制定。     

前哨淋巴结定位检测在直肠癌外科中的应用研究

目的探讨定位直肠癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）方法以及临床应用价值。方法运用体内或体外注射亚甲蓝定位47例SLN,采用术中冰冻切片检查、HE染色病理检查、CK-20免疫组化染色（S—P法）检查检测SLN中转移癌。结果体内定位SLN成功32例,体外定位15例,成功14例。47例患者总淋巴结数目为849枚,平均为18．86枚／例,总SLN定位成功率为97．87％,平均SLN为1．87枚／例。常规病理检测SLN转移阴性26例,其中免疫组织化学方法检测CK-20发现微转移6例,上调23．08％（6／26）淋巴结转移阴性患者的病理分期。结论直肠癌体内、体外SIN定位均可获得成功;SLN CK-20免疫组化染色（S-P法）检查有助于提高早期直肠癌的病理分期准确率;SLN术中冰冻切片检查有助于术中指导切除范围。     

食管癌喉返神经旁淋巴结预测锁骨上淋巴结转移的临床分析

目的探讨食管鳞状细胞癌患者喉返神经旁淋巴结(recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node,RLN)预测锁骨上淋巴结(supraclavicular lymph node,SLN)转移的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年4月河南省安阳市肿瘤医院胸外科收治的83例食管鳞状细胞癌患者的临床资料,其中男53例、女30例,年龄(64.07±7.05)岁。结果 SLN转移率为24.1%(20/83),胸腹部淋巴结转移组(N_(1～3))和未转移组(N0)的SLN转移率分别为37.8%(14/37)、13.0%(6/46),差异有统计学意义(P=0.009)。亚组分析,RLN转移阳性组和阴性组SLN转移率分别为39.1%(9/23)和18.3%(11/60),差异有统计学意义(P=0.047)。单侧RLN转移阳性均可导致对侧SLN转移。年龄、性别、肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤位置、肿瘤分级、肿瘤最大径、T分期、病理分型与SLN转移无相关性(P0.05)。胸腹部淋巴结转移是SLN转移的独立预测因素(P=0.002)。结论 RLN转移阳性不是SLN转移的独立预测因素。任何肿瘤位置、T分期的食管鳞状细胞癌患者出现胸腹部淋巴结转移时均应行SLN清扫,即使单侧RLN阳性也应行双侧锁骨上淋巴结清扫。     

乳癌前哨淋巴结中mammaglobin检测的临床意义

目的 探讨乳癌前哨淋巴结中mammaglobin检测的临床意义。方法 32例乳癌患者术中注射亚甲蓝定们前哨淋巴结（SLN），巢式RT－PCR法检测腋淋巴结中mammaglobin mRNA的表达。结果 SLN定位成功率为93.8%(30/32),SLN与非SLN组微转移检出率有显著统计学差异（P＜0.01）；在常规病检阴性的淋巴结中，巢式RT－PCR法的微转移的检出率为14.4%（36／263）。结论 mammaglo-bin巢式RT－PCR法是较常规病理检查更为敏感的检出淋巴结转移的方法。联合SLN定位和巢式RT－PCR的检测，可明显提高乳癌腋淋巴结微转移的检出效率。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检对腋窝淋巴结转移的预警价值研究

目的探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)预警腋窝淋巴结转移的价值. 方法对56例乳腺癌行亚甲蓝前哨淋巴结定位、活检和腋窝淋巴结清扫术,标本常规行HE染色、免疫组化病理检查. 结果 SLN成功检出52例(52/56,92.8%),常规病理检查证实SLN转移22例;SLN无转移,但非SLN发现转移者1例,假阴性率为4.3%(1/23).常规病理检查无转移的29例患者,免疫组化检测发现1例CK-19( )、EMA( ),另1例CK-19( ),CEA( ),而所属非前哨淋巴结无肿瘤转移. 结论乳腺癌亚甲蓝前哨淋巴结定位、活检可以预示腋窝淋巴结转移.     

直肠癌根治术切除标本中淋巴结检出数量分析

目的 研究未行术前新辅助治疗且无远处转移的直肠癌根治手术患者的淋巴结检出数量,探讨目前直肠癌淋巴结检出标准的合理性.方法 对2000年1月至2008年6月收治的原发性结直肠癌(Ⅰ-Ⅲ期)患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,比较直肠癌组和结肠癌组淋巴结检出数量.统计数据采用Mann-Whitney检验和X2检验.结果 2282例结直肠癌患者人组,其中直肠癌1216例,结肠癌1066例(包括直肠乙状结肠交界癌).直肠癌组与结肠癌组比较,直肠癌组淋巴结检出数量显著少于结肠癌组(9.4±0.1 vs.10.5±0.1,P=0.000);直肠癌组检出淋巴结达12枚者少于结肠癌组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).两组性别比例无统计学差异(P=0.092),但直肠癌组年龄明显小于结肠癌组(P=0.000).两组之间TNM分期无统计学差异(P=0.067).依肿瘤距肛缘距离将直肠癌分为低位(距肛缘≤7 cm)直肠癌组;中高位(距肛缘＞7 cm,但≤15 am)直肠癌组,两组分别为834例(68.6%)和382例(31.4%).结果 显示低位直肠癌组淋巴结检出数量明显少于中高位直肠癌组(9.2±0.1 vs.9.9±0.2,P=0.009),两组分别与结肠癌组比较,两组淋巴结检出数量均少于结肠癌组,差异有统计学意义(9.2±0.1 vs.10.5±0.1,P=0.000;9.9±0.2 vs.10.5±0.1,P=0.016).结论 对未行术前新辅助治疗、且无远处转移的直肠癌根治术患者,淋巴结检出数量少于结肠癌根治术患者.提示对直肠癌患者可能应设定不同于结肠癌的淋巴结检出标准.     

专利蓝和放射物联合示踪检测胃癌前哨淋巴结及其临床意义

目的 探讨胃癌中前哨淋巴结(SLN)概念的适用性,评估前哨淋巴结活检预测胃癌区域淋巴结转移状态的价值及其指导胃癌淋巴结清扫范围的临床意义。方法26例胃癌患者,术前经胃镜于病灶周围黏膜下注入^99mTc标记的硫胶体,术中于病灶周围浆膜下直接注入专利蓝,将γ探测仪检测放射活性高出背景组织10倍以上或(和)蓝染的淋巴结视为胃癌前哨淋巴结,行常规病理检查和细胞角蛋白免疫组化染色,分别计算前哨淋巴结诊断胃癌淋巴结转移状态的准确性、敏感性、阴性预测值和假阴性率,并根据前哨淋巴结活检结果决定胃癌的手术方式。结果胃癌前哨淋巴结的检出成功率为96％(25／26),每例检出1～6个,平均3．2个／例。胃癌前哨淋巴结仅限于N1分布的占50％(13／26),仅限于N2或N3分布的占12％(3／26)。SLN诊断胃癌周围淋巴结转移状态的准确性为96％,敏感性为94％,阴性预测值为7／8,假阴性率为6％。对前哨淋巴结的彻底病理检查使2／7胃癌病例的淋巴结病理分期得到上调。结论前哨淋巴结概念适合于胃癌;联合示踪法胃癌前哨淋巴结活检可准确预测胃癌周围淋巴结的转移状态,并可能用于指导胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围。     

乳腺癌患者腋窝前哨淋巴结微转移及孤立癌细胞的评价

目的 评价连续切片及免疫组化技术在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)转移诊断中的价值,探讨微转移和孤立癌细胞的临床意义.方法 对80例腋窝淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌患者,用99mTc-SC和异硫蓝联合法进行前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB),对所有SLN和非SLN进行常规HE染色及免疫组织化学分析.结果 78例(97.5%)成功检出SLN,其中76.5%的SLN同位素和染料检查均为阳性.32例(41%)SLN转移阳性,其中13例(40.6%)为微转移.共有14例(43.8%)患者SLN是惟一阳性的淋巴结.SLN预测腋窝状态的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为96.9%,100%和98.7%.SLN转移的患者,其SLN之外的转移率明显高于仅有微转移的患者(78.9%vs.23.1%).结论 连续切片及免疫组化技术是乳腺癌SLN转移诊断的敏感方法.仅有SLN微转移患者的SLN之外的腋窝淋巴结转移率低,但其预后意义及对手术方案的影响尚待进一步研究.     

Detection of Lymph Node Micrometastases and Isolated Tumor Cells in Sentinel and Nonsentinel Lymph Nodes of Colon Cancer Patients

About 20% to 30% of colon cancer patients classified as node negative by routine hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining are found to have micrometastases (MM) or isolated tumor cells (ITC) in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) if analyzed by step sections and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Whether SLNs are in this respect representative for all lymph nodes was addressed in this study. SLNs were identified using the intraoperative blue dye detection technique. If all lymph nodes (SLNs and non-SLNs) of a patient were negative by routine H&E staining, they were step-sectioned and analyzed by IHC using pancytokeratin antibodies. We identified at least one SLN in 47 of the 55 patients (85%) and examined a median of 26 lymph nodes per patient (range 10–59). By routine H&E staining, 14 of the 47 patients showed lymph node metastases (30%); the remaining 33 were classified as node-negative. In this group (33 patients), 1011 lymph nodes were analyzed by step sections and IHC: 14 of 70 SLNs. (20%) but only 37 of 941 non-SLNs (4%) had MM/ITC (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 13 of the 33 H&E-negative patients were found to have MM/ITC (39%). In 11 of the 13 patients, MM/ITC were identified in both SLNs and non-SLNs in 1 patient in the SLN only, and in 1 patient in a non-SLN only (sensitivity for the identification of MM/ITC: 92%; negative predictive value: 95%). The SLN biopsy is a valid tool to detect, as well as exclude, the presence of MM/ITC in colon cancer patients. Our results may be of prognostic relevance and influence patient stratification for adjuvant therapy trials.     

Intraoperative methylene blue sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer

Background: Isosulfan blue is not available for clinical use in Malaysia. This study describes the use of methylene blue as an alternative to isosulfan blue in colorectal sentinel node mapping. Methods: Methylene blue dye was injected around colonic and rectal tumours and the first blue‐stained nodes were suture tagged and harvested after standard colorectal resection. Standard histopathological examination was then carried out to detect nodal metastasis. All negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) were subjected to 10 further step sectioning and immunoperoxidase staining for cytokeratin 20 to detect tumour deposits. Results: Thirty‐one patients were enrolled from August 2005 to July 2006. Twenty‐five attempts at identifying the SLN were successful (80.7%). Of the 18 (58.1%) who had nodal metastases (stage III), 3 had negative SLN but positive other lymph nodes (false‐negative rate of 21.4%). In one (4%), the SLN was the exclusive site of metastasis. Conclusion: Methylene blue can be used as an alternative sentinel node marker for rectal cancer (above the peritoneal reflection) and colonic cancer.     

Validation of sentinel node mapping in patients with colon cancer

Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping techniques have been validated in breast cancer and melanoma. This study summarizes our experience with SLN mapping for colon cancer. Methods Fifty-five patients with colon cancer underwent intraoperative SLN mapping. One mL of 1% isosulfan blue was injected subserosally around the tumor. The first nodes highlighted with blue were identified as the SLNs. SLNs underwent multiple sectioning and immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin. The overall learning curve was calculated. Results Lymphatic mapping adequately identified at least 1 SLN in 45 patients (82%). SLNs adequately predicted regional status in 44 of 45 (98%) cases. In 9 of 45 cases (20%), the SLNs were the only sites of metastases. Among the 14 cases that were SLN positive, 6 of 55 patients (11%) were positive only by immunohistochemistry. Of the 31 cases with negative SLNs, 1 case had a 3.5-mm pericolonic tumor-replaced non-SLN (3% false-negative rate). The overall learning curve stabilized after five cases. Conclusions Intraoperative SLN mapping is a feasible technique, with a quick learning curve, and had a reasonable SLN identification rate. Negative SLNs accurately predict the status of non-SLNs 97% of the time. Eleven percent of patients were upstaged by demonstration of micrometastases and may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.     

Ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: improving the accuracy of pathologic staging?

BACKGROUND: A subset of patients with colon cancer staged by conventional methods have occult micrometastases and do not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and staining by immunohistochemistry is a technique that may identify such occult micrometastases, thereby upstaging patients with positive findings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ex vivo SLN mapping in colon cancer could be applied successfully to patients at our institution. METHODS: Seventeen patients with intraperitoneal colon tumors undergoing resection were studied prospectively. SLNs were identified as the first blue stained node(s) after ex vivo peritumoral injection of isosulfan blue dye. Additional lymph nodes were harvested and processed in accordance with standard pathologic evaluation for colon cancer. All nodes were examined after routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. SLNs that were negative on H&E were analyzed further by multilevel sectioning and immunohistochemistry staining using anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Of the 17 study patients, SLNs were identified in 16 (94%) cases. The SLN was the only positive node in 3 patients. An identified SLN was positive (by H&E) in all patients with associated positive non-SLN nodes. The average number of nodes retrieved per patient was 16 (range, 4-54). Overall, SLNs accurately reflected the status of the entire lymph node basin in 16 (94%) patients. Two (12%) patients with negative nodes by H&E potentially were upstaged after further SLN analysis. The negative predictive value for SLN mapping was 89%. CONCLUSIONS: The ex vivo technique of SLN mapping for colon cancer is feasible. In the current study, SLN results were concordant with non-SLNs in the majority of patients. Furthermore, this technique may have upstaged 2 (12%) patients. Whether this ultimately will affect overall survival has yet to be determined.     

Ex Vivo Sentinel Lymph Node Study For Rectal Adenocarcinoma: Preliminary Study

Intraoperative sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection has been reported for colon cancer, but no study has focused on rectal cancer. Only an ex vivo technique can be performed easily in this location. We evaluated SLN detection using blue dye injection in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. This prospective study included 31 patients. Preoperative radiotherapy (45 Gy) was done in 15 cases. After proctectomy the surgical specimen was examined in the operating room. Submucosal peritumoral injections were done. One to three SLNs were retrieved. The SLNs were sectioned at three levels and examined histologically and then, if negative by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). There were 7 abdominoperineal resections, 12 colorectal anastomoses, 11 coloanal anastomoses, and 1 Hartmann procedure. The median number of lymph nodes harvested was 21 (7–38). A SLN was identified in 30 cases (feasibility 97%). The mean number of SLNs was 2 (0–3). A micrometastasis was discovered in 3 of 23 pNO cases when H&E was used on multisection levels, thus changing the stage to pN1. Each time the only positive lymph node was the SLN. IHC evaluation did not change the result, as only isolated tumor cells were discovered in one case. Only four of seven N+ patients had a positive SLN, resulting in a false-negative rate of 43%. Ex vivo detection of SLNs is possible for rectal cancer and is a simple technique. Classic analysis using H&E remains the gold standard. However, SLNs detection can change the tumor stage by upstaging nearly 15% of the tumors from T2-3N0 to T2-3 N+.