舌咽神经痛显微外科手术治疗后的远期疗效

目的 探讨舌咽神经痛的有效手术方法及远期疗效。方法 １９８６年至１９９８年间对２１例舌咽神经痛患者进行了外科手术治疗,其中显微血管减压术５例,血管减压术同时行舌咽神经根及迷走神经根上部１～２根丝切断术４例,舌咽神经根及迷走神经根上部１～２根丝切断术１２例。结果 ２１例患者术后疼痛全部消失,３例出现偶发性干,其中１例伴轻度声嘶及吞咽功能障碍。全部病例平均随访时间为７．２年,疼痛无１例复发。结论 显微     

Neurogenic tumors of the cervical vagus nerve: report of four cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Nerve sheath tumors arising from the cervical vagus nerve are extremely rare. These tumors most often present as asymptomatic, slowly enlarging, lateral neck masses and therefore often come initially to the attention of otolaryngologists and general surgeons. Because they are nerve tumors, however, neurosurgeons must be able to recognize and treat these rare entities. We report three cases of schwannoma and one case of neurofibroma of the cervical vagus nerve that were encountered at our center (Louisiana State University Medical Center) during a 31-year period. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patients ranged from 31 to 61 years of age at the time of presentation to Louisiana State University Medical Center. Presenting complaints included hoarseness, Horner's syndrome, and palpation of an enlarging, asymptomatic, cervical mass. Reviews of systems revealed episodes of aspiration for one patient and frequent respiratory illnesses for two patients. These episodes were possibly related to their tumors. Imaging studies demonstrated well-circumscribed masses in the region of the carotid sheath. INTERVENTION: Using microsurgical techniques, gross total resection of all four tumors was accomplished. For one patient, the vagus nerve needed to be divided and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed. For the other three patients, resection of the tumor was achieved with the vagus nerve in continuity. CONCLUSION: Vagal nerve schwannomas and neurofibromas in the neck are rare neoplasms. We present four cases of these benign tumors. The pathological features, epidemiological characteristics, presentation, differential diagnosis, and management are discussed. Gross total resection with preservation of the vagus nerve remains the treatment of choice.     

Intrathoracic tumors of the vagus nerve

Two patients had resection of a middle mediastinal neurilemmoma of the vagus nerve. Twenty-seven other neurogenic tumors of the intrathoracic vagus are reviewed. These tumors are generally asymptomatic except for hoarseness in an occasional patient.     

上肢软组织恶性肿瘤的手术治疗和预后

目的 总结10年来上肢软组织恶性肿瘤的分类、发生、发展、治疗及预后。方法 对22例上肢软组织恶性肿瘤，采用手术治疗将肿瘤及边缘的正常组织一并切除，尽量保留肢体及其重要血管和神经，以保存上肢功能。行神经移植修复3例，带蒂皮瓣覆盖创面8例。对10例复发病例再次切除肿瘤组织后，进行化学治疗和放射治疗等综合治疗。结果 术后随访最短3个月，最长10年半，平均5年；其中2例滑膜肉瘤于术后1年因远处转移而死亡，其余病人无远处转移。5年生存率为87．5％，生存5年以上者共14例。局部复发14例，复发率为70％；由于多次复发最终上肢截肢1例，手指截指2例，肢体保存率为85％。结论 上肢软组织恶性肿瘤以手术治疗为主，辅以化学治疗和放射治疗等综合治疗。     

Evaluation of laryngeal function after implantation of the vagus nerve stimulation device.

OBJECTIVES: The vagus nerve stimulation device (VNS) is used for the management of seizures. This study evaluated what effect the diameter of the vagus nerve helical electrode might have on true vocal cord (TVC) mobility. The study was prompted after 2 cases of TVC immobility. Electrode nerve compression was suspect. METHODS: Eighteen patients underwent intraoperative vagus nerve measurement and electrode placement with subsequent voice and TVC evaluation. Electrode selection was based on vagus nerve measurements. RESULTS: Seven patients had vagus nerves measuring less than 2 mm diameter and received the 2-mm inner diameter electrode. Eleven patients had vagus nerves measuring more than 2 mm in diameter and received the 3-mm inner diameter electrode. No patients experienced transient or permanent hoarseness or paresis/paralysis. CONCLUSION: Precise vagus nerve measurements and electrode selection appear to decrease the incidence of nerve compression injury and TVC immobility.     

Nerve tumors of the hand and forearm.

Peripheral nerve tumors comprise less than 5% of all tumors of the hand. The most common solitary nerve tumor is the neurilemmoma, which arises from the neural sheath, is well encapsulated, minimally symptomatic, and may be surgically enucleated without producing a neurological deficit. Neurofibromas may be solitary, multiple, or associated with von Recklinghausen's disease. They are usually centrally placed with nerve fibers traversing the tumor mass making it more difficult to remove the tumor without producing permanent neurological damage. Malignant tumors include neurofibrosarcomas which often are very aggressive, requiring wide excision or amputation, and the rare neuroepitheliomas. Reported nerve tumors, intraneural in location but nonneural in origin, include fibrofatty infiltration of the median and digital nerves, intraneural lipoma, hemangioma, and ganglion cysts. These lesions may be treated by decompression or excision, depending on the nature of the tumor. Four unusual cases are described.     

颈动脉体瘤外科治疗并发症的分析

目的：总结46例颈动脉体瘤手术治疗结果以及并发症防治的经验。方法;对采用肿瘤剥除术,同时切除颈外动脉术,与颈动脉分叉－并切除后血管重建术以及颈总动脉结扎术等方法治疗的颈动脉体瘤手术效果和并发症进行回顾性分析。结果：手术切除率91．3％,偏瘫2例,舌下神经损伤4例,舌咽神经损伤2例,迷走神经损伤1例,副神经损伤1例,其中1例同时有舌咽,迷走,舌下神经损伤。长期随访复发2例,再次手术切除。所有病例无手术死亡。结论：术前选择性血管造影,田径赛眼声多普勒等检查以明确诊断,合理的Matas训练以及选择适当的术式,对于颈动脉体瘤外科治疗和减少并发症是必要的。     

Preserving the pulmonary vagus nerve branches during thoracoscopic esophagectomy

Background

Pulmonary vagus branches are transected as part of a transthoracic esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy for cancer. This may contribute to the development of postoperative pulmonary complications. Studies in which sparing of the pulmonary vagus nerve branches during thoracoscopic esophagectomy is investigated are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the feasibility and pitfalls of sparing pulmonary vagus nerve branches during thoracoscopic esophagectomy.

Methods

In 10 human cadavers, a thoracoscopic esophagectomy was performed while sparing the pulmonary vagus nerve branches. The number of intact nerve branches, their distribution over the lung lobes and the number and location of the remaining lymph nodes in the relevant esophageal lymph node stations (7, 10R and 10L) were recorded during microscopic dissection.

Results

A median of 9 (range 5–16) right pulmonary vagus nerve branches were spared, of which 4 (0–12) coursed to the right middle/inferior lung lobe. On the left side, 10 (3–12) vagus nerve branches were spared, of which 4 (2–10) coursed to the inferior lobe. In 8 cases, lymph nodes were left behind, at stations 10R and 10L while sparing the vagus nerve branches. Lymph nodes at station 7 were always removed.

Conclusions

Sparing of pulmonary vagus nerve branches during thoracoscopic esophagectomy is feasible. Extra care should be given to the dissection of peribronchial lymph nodes, station 10R and 10L.

     

颈部神经鞘瘤77例的诊断与治疗

目的总结颈部神经鞘瘤的诊断与治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1976-2005年收治的77例颈部神经鞘瘤患者的临床资料。结果根据病史、临床表现特点、辅助检查（B超、CT）以及细针穿刺抽吸活检可作出诊断，本组确诊51例，确诊率66．2％（51／77），误诊26例，误诊率高达33．8％（26／77）。本组77例均行手术切除。术后病理诊断为良性神经鞘瘤。术后并发症有喉返神经损伤6例，Homer征4例，伸舌偏斜3例，颈侧疼痛、麻木2例，上肢放射性疼痛1例。该16例术后随访3～11个月症状均恢复。术中误切迷走神经3例，2例术后有神经功能障碍；误切交感神经1例，术后有功能障碍。2例误切迷走神经及误切1例交感神经者随访3年功能稍有恢复，以后失访。结论B超和CT，特别是细针穿刺抽吸活检有助于诊断。手术切除是有效的治疗方法。     

Substance P and somatostatin content and transport in vagus and sciatic nerves of the streptozocin-induced diabetic rat

Substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SS) are two widely distributed neuropeptides that within the vagus and sciatic nerves are localized predominantly in sensory fibers. The effect of diabetes mellitus on their content or transport in sensory nerves is unknown. With the nerve ligation technique, the peripheral orthograde 24-h transport of both peptides was quantified in the vagus nerve 3 days or 1 mo after induction of streptozocin (STZ) diabetes and in both the vagus and sciatic nerves after diabetes of 3 mo duration. In acute (3-day) diabetics, neuropeptide transport in the vagus was unaltered. After 1 mo, SP transport was significantly increased; content in unligated contralateral nerve was unaltered. Transport of SS was unchanged, and content in contralateral nerve was too low to reliably quantitate. After diabetes of 3-mo duration, transport of both peptides in the vagus nerve was increased in STZ-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats versus both weight- and age-matched controls: SP 474 +/- 17 (N = 10) vs. 358 +/- 32 (N = 13) pg/24 h, STZ-D rats vs. controls, mean +/- SE, P less than .03; SS 29 +/- 4 vs. 20 +/- 3 pg/24 h, STZ-D rats vs. controls, P less than .02. In the sciatic nerve, SP transport and content were unaltered. SS content was significantly reduced: 17 +/- 3 vs. 30 +/- 3 pg/3-mm nerve segment, STZ-D rats vs. controls, P less than .01. SS transport in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats was variably reduced (P less than .07), and transport rates were increased (1.41 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.96 +/- 0.10 mm/h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

闭合性腘动脉损伤的诊治

目的探讨闭合性胭动脉损伤的诊治方法和效果。方法13例闭合性胭动脉损伤患者,10例采取动-静脉吻合和桥接术治疗,2例因肌肉缺血坏死行一期截肢术,1例行保守治疗。结果动-静脉吻合和桥接术10例中血管再通肢体成活9例。血循环重建时间3．5～35h,其中8h以内重建血循环8例,肢体功能恢复良好,1例遗留不同程度的缺血性挛缩,另1例术后26h再次栓塞,保守治疗无效而行二期截肢。保守溶栓治疗成功1例。13例中3例截肢。病残病废共5例,其中1例腓总神经损伤肢体功能部分恢复。结论闭合性胭动脉损伤应尽早明确诊断,在8h内修复者效果好,超过这一时限病残率及截肢率均明显上升。     

Cervico-mediastinal schwannoma of the vagus nerve: resection with intraoperative nerve monitoring

Schwannomas are usually benign, single, encapsulated, slow-growing tumours originating from cranial or spinal nerve sheaths. The vagus nerve involvement at the mediastinal inlet is very uncommon. For anatomical reasons, the resection of cervical and mediastinal schwannoma of the vagus nerve has a high risk of vocal fold paralysis. We describe the case of a 67-year-old female with a cervico-mediastinal schwannoma of the vagus nerve that we removed using the intraoperative neuromonitoring technique. The patient presented with mild hoarseness and complained of discomfort behind the jugular notch. Neck and chest computerized tomography described a 35 × 30 mm solid lesion behind the left clavi-sternal junction; preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology revealed schwannoma. Resection of the mass was performed with a cervical approach and the vagus nerve tumour was completely removed under continuous neuromonitoring (NIM-3^® System), preserving the vagus and the recurrent laryngeal nerve function. Pathology on the resected mass documented A-type schwannoma with “ancient schwannoma” areas. The intraoperative neurostimulation and neuromonitoring approach for the resection of vagus schwannoma are recommended because it may reduce the risk of injury to the vagus and to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.     

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring during Thyroid Surgery: Normative Vagal and Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Electrophysiological Data

Objective Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) remains a significant cause of morbidity during thyroid surgery. Intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) is being applied in many centers to facilitate nerve identification. The aim of this study was to elucidate normative human vagal and recurrent laryngeal nerve electromyograhic (EMG) parameters during standard IONM application. Study Design A prospective IONM study conducted over an 8-month period. Internal review board (IRB) approval was obtained. Settings Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston. Subjects and Methods All patients who were scheduled for routine thyroid, parathyroid, or neck exploration surgery were invited to participate. All patients had a preoperative and postoperative laryngeal examination to assess vocal cord function. Any patient with an abnormal preoperative laryngeal examination was excluded. Results Fifty-eight patients participated in this study. The right and left RLN latencies were similar. The left vagus latency was greater than the right vagus but was not significant. The RLN latency was significantly less than the vagus nerve. The right vagus nerve amplitude was significantly greater than the left. There was no difference between male and female amplitudes for either the RLN or vagus nerve. Conclusion This study highlights the electrophysiological/EMG differences and similarities between the RLN and vagus nerve. Normative amplitude measurements for bilateral RLN and vagus nerve stimulation are presented. There are limited data available in the literature on normal RLN and vagal EMG signals generated during thyroid surgery.     

Pyloroplasty divides vagus nerve fibers to the greater curvature of the stomach. An axonal tracing study.

Recent studies have demonstrated the location in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (dmnX) of nerve cells that project preganglionic efferent vagus nerve fibers to the greater curvature of the stomach. Although it is clear that these fibers are contained within the vagus nerve trunks, the intra-abdominal pathways of these fibers are unknown. When a neurotracer was applied to the right gastroepiploic pedicle, nerve cells in the bilateral dmnX were labeled. If a preliminary anterior or posterior pyloroplasty was performed before the application of the neurotracer, cellular labeling was seen on the right or left side of the dmnX, respectively. Furthermore, division of the anterior Latarjet nerve eliminated labeling in cells of the left dmnX. This study demonstrates that the preganglionic vagus nerve fibers within the right gastroepiploic pedicle traverse an intramural course across the pylorus and are contained in the Latarjet nerve.     

A new treatment of painful amputation neuroma: a preliminary report

Two cases of painful amputation neuroma treated by a new method are described. A vascularized island transfer from a less important finger was used, but the accompanying nerve was divided and its distal end sutured to the proximal end of the nerve in the recipient finger, after excision of the neuroma. Four years and two years later, no clinical evidence of neuroma was present at either amputation stump or donor site.     

保留迷走神经主干门奇断流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的 探讨保留迷走神经主干门奇断流术（ＶＴＰＰＤ）的手术方法及疗效。方法 根据食管下段迷走神经前后主干走行,设计出该术式的游离曲线,在临床上应用２２例,并与同期施行的门奇断流术（ＰＤ）３２例,ＰＤ＋幽门成形术（ＰＤ＋ＰＰ）１６例进行比较。结果 手术死亡率和术后再出血率ＶＴＰＰＤ组均为４．５％,ＰＤ组分别为６．３％和９．４％,ＰＤ＋ＰＰ组均为６．３％,３组无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。胃肠功能恢复时间     

A paraneoplastic syndrome associated with glomus tumors of the skull base? Early observations

Independent secretion of vasoactive substances by glomus tumors of the skull base is widely recognized. Surgical removal of these tumors often results in an unexplained prolonged postoperative ileus, even in cases in which the vagus nerve is preserved. There is evidence that these tumors may secrete neuropeptides, such as cholecystokinin, in addition to catecholamines. A retrospective analysis of cases of glomus tumors of the skull base operated on at The Otology Group was carried out to correlate preoperative neuropeptide levels, vagus nerve status at surgery, and duration of postoperative ileus. High circulating levels of cholecystokinin associated with these tumors may be responsible for the unexplained phenomenon of prolonged postoperative ileus. The relevance of neuropeptides to the postoperative management of these patients is discussed. Preventive measures that may avert the potentially lethal complications of aspiration and negative nitrogen balance are described.     

保留迷走神经的近端胃癌根治术临床应用

目的探讨保留迷走神经的近端胃癌根治手术的可行性及必要性。方法将2007年5月至2009年5月期间吉林大学第二医院收治的早期及部分T2期贲门癌患者32例．按随机数字表法对其进行前瞻性分组,分别施行保留迷走神经的近端胃癌根治术（保迷组16例）和传统近端胃癌根治术（对照组16例）,比较两组患者的手术时间、围手术期并发症以及术后1年消化道症状、体质量、近期存活率、胃镜及腹部彩超结果。结果保迷组和对照组平均手术时间分别为2．8h和2．5h．术后并发症发生率分别为25．0％（4／16）和31．3％（5／16）,差异均无统计学意义（黔0．05）。经1年以上的随访。两组均无复发和死亡病例。术后1年,保迷组患者餐后不适感（3例）、胆汁反流（3例）、萎缩性胃炎（1例）、胆囊病变（1例）均分别少于对照组（分别为12例、10例、9例和8例）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）;体质量及习惯性腹泻情况保迷组亦优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论对于早期贲门癌患者,施行保留迷走神经的近端胃癌根治术不会降低其近期生存率,且可改善其生活质量。     

Giant intrasacral cellular schwannoma treated with high sacral amputation.

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of a man with a gigantic cellular schwannoma in the sacrum treated with high sacral amputation accompanied by careful nerve root-sparing dissection. OBJECTIVES: To describe the atypical clinical course of an intrasacral cellular schwannoma and the surgical procedure of high sacral amputation performed in a way to prevent needless sacrifice of functionally essential nerve roots. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Fundamentally, a cellular schwannoma is a benign tumor, but the clinical course is atypical. The symptoms are mild and the clinicopathologic features often mislead us to make a diagnosis of malignancy. The occurrence rate of intraosseous cellular schwannoma was reported to be 0.2% of all bony tumors, and the main location was the retroperitoneal space in the pelvis. Forty-one cases of giant intrasacral schwannomas have been reported so far. Among them, large sacral schwannoma with anterior cortex erosion and associated intrapelvic extension was extremely rare. METHODS: The patient presented with a 5-year history of right leg and buttock pain, which did not disturb his daily activities. After a histopathologic diagnosis and a complete set of image studies, high sacral amputation with preservation of uninvolved nerve roots was performed at S1-S2 through a combined anterior and posterior approach. Both S1 nerve roots and the right S2-S3 nerve roots were saved using a threaded saw. The lumbar spine was stabilized to the pelvic girdle using spinal instrumentation with posterolateral fusion. RESULTS: Eighteen months after the tumor was resected the patient had a very good clinical outcome, and there were no radiologic signs of instability or recurrence of the tumor. Locomotor function of both lower extremities and bowel and urinary functions were well maintained. The patient returned to his previous work. CONCLUSIONS: High sacral amputation following a combined anteroposterior approach provided good results without causing any disability. A detailed preoperative planning and careful dissection of uninvolved nerve roots prevented unnecessary neurologic impairment in locomotion and the detrusor and anorectal function.     

Revision and removal of stimulating electrodes following long-term therapy with the vagus nerve stimulator

BACKGROUND

A significant concern about vagus nerve stimulation therapy has been the disposition of the spiral stimulating electrodes once treatment is considered ineffective or is no longer desired. Because the electrodes are wrapped around the vagus nerve, there is the potential for nerve injury during their removal.

METHODS

We attempted removal of the spiral stimulating electrodes from 10 patients who received long-term vagus nerve stimulation therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy. In some patients, replacement with electrodes was also performed for poorly functioning leads.

RESULTS

The mean duration of electrode implantation was 3.7 ± 2.2 years (range 1.1–7.3 years). In seven patients, the old electrodes were removed completely from the nerve. No adverse events occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that the spiral electrodes may be safely removed from the vagus nerve, even after the electrodes have been implanted for several years. The reversibility of lead implantation may enhance the attractiveness of vagus nerve stimulation therapy for patients with medically-intractable epilepsy.