西藏阿里兔热自然疫源地景观特征和影响因素分析

本文分析了西藏阿里野兔热自然疫源地景观特征的影响因素,着重探讨了自然疫源地存在的客观条件及其与自然疫源性疾病的内在关系,为该地区野兔热自然疫源地的深入研究和防治提供参考。     

西藏阿里地区银盾革蜱的分布及与疾病的关系

本文概述了银盾革蜱在西藏阿里地区的分布及与疾病的关系，并证实有该蜱的为４个县，其中３个县存在野兔热自然疫源地。     

福建宁化辛德毕斯热血清学调查

目的 :血清学调查人群和野生动物感染辛德毕斯热情况。方法 :间接免疫荧光试验。结果 :人群、野兔、狐狸、狗存在SiN感染 ,抗体阳性率分别为 12 .86 %、5.88%、14.2 9%、6 .4 5%。结论 :福建宁化林区可能存在辛德毕斯热自然疫源地。     

山东半岛首次土拉弗氏菌病爆发流行调查报告

本文经流行病学、免疫血清学调查和临床观察,首次报告了土拉弗氏菌病在山东半岛的发生和流行。并证实在胶南冷藏厂野兔加工过程形成了生产型爆发,此次疫情短短10天致使该车间86.1%的操作工人显性感染发病,其危害程度在我国居首位。调查结果还阐明,山东境内,主要是有野兔栖息的半岛山区存在着土拉弗氏菌病自然疫源地。     

现阶段甘肃省鼠疫疫情形势与防控策略探讨

甘肃省鼠疫自然疫源地面积大、分布广, 各疫源地鼠疫流行状态不尽相同。有些鼠疫自然疫源地已静息多年, 处于稳定控制状态;有些鼠疫自然疫源地动物间鼠疫流行比较活跃, 每年都能分离到几十株鼠疫耶尔森菌, 动物间鼠疫不时波及人间, 且发生的人间鼠疫病例中重症多, 病程短, 病死率高。近年来, 随着进入鼠疫自然疫源地从事放牧、工程建设等外来务工人员剧增, 主动接触旱獭、野兔、牧羊犬等染疫动物的机会增加, 由此导致人间鼠疫病例增多。除此之外, 非法猎捕、贩运、销售旱獭的行为屡禁不止, 导致一年四季均可发生人间鼠疫。为此, 甘肃省各级党委政府及卫生行政部门, 根据动物间及人间鼠疫流行特征制定了适合本地区的鼠疫防控策略。本文通过探讨现阶段甘肃省鼠疫疫情特征和采取的防控策略, 为今后优化鼠疫防控策略提供科学依据和理论指导。     

福建宁化林区动物感染斑点热群立克次体调查研究

目的 :调查宁化林区动物感染斑点热群立克次体 (SFGR)情况。方法 :鼠类、野兔、野猪、麂、狐狸、狗、牛血清学检测 ,采用微量室温补体结合法 (mCF) ;病原分离 :用鸡胚卵黄囊感染法分离SFGR ,并用mCF、PCR/RFLP技术对分离株进行鉴定。结果 :鼠类、野兔、野猪、麂、狐狸、狗等动物存在SFGR感染 ,其抗体阳性率分别为 11.2 0 %、5 .88%、5 0 .0 0 %、2 0 .0 0 %、5 5 .5 6%、6.67% ,牛血清中未检出SFGR抗体。查出在上述动物体表寄生的蜱类 6属 13种 ,鉴定分类 5 0 0 0余只 ,先后从野兔、麂体表寄生的越原血蜱中分离出 2株SFGR病原体。结论 :从宿主动物、媒介蜱、病原学上进一步证实福建宁化存在斑点热群立克次体自然疫源地。     

鼠疫自然疫源地学说的探讨

首先从我国鼠疫自然疫源地的活跃程度入手,分析了疫源地动物间鼠疫的流行特点；接着从自然疫源性疾病的角度阐述了鼠疫自然疫源地方面的研究进展,包括疫源地的隐伏状态、鼠疫菌的突变改变了动物间鼠疫的流行状态等.提出在人口密集区域的鼠疫自然疫源地干预措施:通过综合防治手段使相对独立鼠疫自然疫源地→基本稳定控制的鼠疫自然疫源地→长期静息鼠疫自然疫源地→逐步缩小的鼠疫自然疫源地→消除鼠疫自然疫源地的可能.     

福建省宁化林区蜱类及宿主感染斑点热群立克次体调查

目的：１９９４～１９９７年间作者对福建宁化已发现的斑点热疫区内进行蜱类及宿主感染调查。方法：分别在鼠类、野兔、野猪、麂、狗、牛等宿主体表捕捉各种蜱类,用鸡胚卵黄囊感染法分离斑点热群立克次体,用微量室温补体结合、免疫萤光及ＰＣＲ／ＲＦＬＰ技术对分离株进行鉴定。结果：分类鉴定５０００余只蜱类共５属１３种。麂、鼠类、野猪斑点热群立克次体感染率分别为１２．５０％,９．４７％,５８．３３％。分别从野兔、麂体表寄生的越原血蜱中分离出斑点热群立克次体。结论：从媒介、宿主、病原学上进一步证实福建存在北亚斑点热疫源地的可能性。     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地的演化动态及环境生态位的生物学特征

目的 研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地的形成、起源、演化动态与环境生态位生物学基本规律,揭示中国鼠疫自然疫源地的形成环境,确定中国鼠疫自然疫源地的起源、演化动态标准.方法 采用之前研究中提出的中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型方法,综合研究中国鼠疫生态地理景观型分型法、中国鼠疫耶尔森菌(鼠疫菌)基因组型分型法、鼠疫菌生物型分型法和中国鼠疫主要宿主、主要媒介的物种分类和地理空间分布.结果 综合上述鼠疫自然疫源地中的多因子,提出中国鼠疫自然疫源地演化动态的理论结果,中国鼠疫自然疫源地最早起源于天山森林草原灰旱獭、长尾黄鼠鼠疫自然疫源地型.中国鼠疫自然疫源地型均起源于该疫源地型.结论 中国鼠疫自然疫源地最早起源于天山灰旱獭、长尾黄鼠森林草原鼠疫自然疫源地.     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅴ.鼠疫宿主生物学特征

目的 研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫宿主生物学特征.方法 应用现代动物分类学技术,鉴定整理中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫宿主种属区系分布,通过微生物学动物生态学综合实验,确定鼠疫主要宿主在鼠疫自然疫源地的分布型.结果 中国鼠疫自然疫源地有鼠疫宿主86种(主要宿主14种、次要宿主和偶然宿主72种).结论 明确了中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫主要宿主分布型生物学特征和生态作用.     

Tularemia--United States, 1990-2000

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella tularensis. Known also as "rabbit fever" and "deer fly fever," tularemia was first described in the United States in 1911 and has been reported from all states except Hawaii. Tularemia was removed from the list of nationally notifiable diseases in 1994, but increased concern about potential use of F. tularensis as a biological weapon led to its reinstatement in 2000. This report summarizes tularemia cases reported to CDC during 1990-2000, which indicate a low level of natural transmission. Understanding the epidemiology of tularemia in the United States enables clinicians and public health practitioners to recognize unusual patterns of disease occurrence that might signal an outbreak or a bioterrorism event.     

Ulceroglandular tularemia: a typical case of relapse

Tularemia is an infectious disease that continues to occur sporadically and in epidemics in the United States. It is characterized as an acute febrile illness with constitutional symptoms associated with skin, glandular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal involvement. Tularemia usually can be treated effectively with streptomycin. Relapse most often occurs when patients are treated with bacteriostatic agents such as chloramphenicol or tetracycline. We present a case of ulceroglandular tularemia distinguished by its relapse after initial streptomycin/doxycycline therapy and subsequent slow response to additional streptomycin.     

A CUSUM framework for detection of space-time disease clusters using scan statistics

Several methods for timely detection of emerging clusters of diseases have recently been proposed. We focus our attention on one of the most popular types of method; a scan statistic. Different ways of constructing space-time scan statistics based on surveillance theory are presented. We bridge the ideas from space-time disease surveillance, public health surveillance and industrial quality control and show that previously suggested space-time scan statistics methods can be fitted into a general CUSUM framework. Crucial differences between the methods studied are due to different assumptions about the spatial process. An example is the specification of the spatial regions of interest for a possible cluster, another is the increased rate to be detected within a cluster. We evaluate the detection ability of the methods considering the possibility of a cluster emerging at any time during the surveillance period. The methods are applied to the detection of an increased incidence of Tularemia in Sweden.     

自然循环工况下堆舱抢修人员辐射安全分析

目的 开展对反应堆自然循环工况下抢修人员辐射安全研究,阐述反应堆舱应急抢修人员辐射防护方法,为应急抢修人员辐射防护和抢修时间控制提供理论参考。方法 针对反应堆自然循环工况下抢修人员辐射情况,利用蒙特卡罗方法进行模拟计算,并结合自然循环工况下反应堆舱实验测量的辐射数据进行验证分析。结果 反应堆外照射模拟计算中子剂量率约为140 μSv/h,γ辐射剂量率为48 μSv/h,实验测量计算抢修人员在30 min堆舱内受到的有效剂量为2.2 mSv。结论 自然循环功率下进堆舱抢修,γ辐射对抢修人员危害大,但在不同的位置维修,防护重点又有不同;佩戴呼吸器,30 min轮流抢修的方式,对抢修人员是安全的。     

Raccoons and skunks as sentinels for enzootic tularemia

We analyzed sera from diverse mammals of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, for evidence of Francisella tularensis exposure. Skunks and raccoons were frequently seroreactive, whereas white-footed mice, cottontail rabbits, deer, rats, and dogs were not. Tularemia surveillance may be facilitated by focusing on skunks and raccoons.     

Endemic tularemia, Sweden, 2003

Tularemia cases have been reported in Sweden since 1931, but no cyclical patterns can be identified. In 2003, the largest outbreak of tularemia since 1967 occurred, involving 698 cases. Increased reports were received from tularemia-nonendemic areas. Causal factors for an outbreak year and associated geographic distribution are not yet understood.     

Tularemia in Children,Turkey, September 2009–November 2012

Tularemia, a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis, is found throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere. It is not well known and is often misdiagnosed in children. Our aim with this study was to evaluate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for 100 children with tularemia in Turkey. The mean patient age was 10.1 ± 3.5 years (range 3–18 years), and most (63%) patients were male. The most common physical signs and laboratory findings were cervical lymphadenopathy (92%) and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (89%). Treatment response was higher and rate of relapse lower for children 5–10 years of age than for those in other age groups. Associated with treatment failure were female sex, treatment delay of ≥16 days, and use of doxycycline. Tularemia is endemic to Turkey, and the number of cases has been increasing among children as well as adults.     

Francisella tularensis peritonitis in stomach cancer patient

Tularemia with peritonitis developed in a 50-year-old man soon after diagnosis of stomach cancer with metastasis. The ascites grew Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, which was identified by sequencing analysis of the 16S rDNA. The infection resolved with antimicrobial treatment. Antibodies detected 4 weeks after onset disappeared after chemotherapy-associated lymphopenia.