Comparative antimicrobial activity of an essential oil and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse in vitro

Although laboratory studies are not necessarily predictive of clinical activity; they can help to elucidate mechanisms underlying clinical activity when the latter has been established. In a recent clinical study, an essential oil mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic) was shown to be significantly more effective than an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse (Meridol) in inhibiting supragingival plaque formation. This paper reports the results of laboratory studies comparing the antimicrobial effectiveness of these 2 mouthrinses using a kill kinetics assay and a plaque biofilm kill assay. In both assays, the essential oil mouthrinse was considerably more effective than the amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse. These findings are consistent with the results of the clinical trial and may help to explain the observed differences in clinical activity.     

Effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse on dental plaque accumulation and gingival health

Objective: The aim was to investigate the influence of amine fluoride (AmF)/stannous fluoride (SnF₂) containing toothpaste and mouthrinse on plaque accumulation and gingival health of young adults after 4 weeks use. Subject and methods: Forty‐two young adults (mean age: 28.33 ± 7.19 years) were examined for the Plaque Index (PI; Silness and Löe, 1964 ) and Gingival Index (GI; Löe and Silness, 1963 ) scores, and divided randomly into two groups. Both groups used AmF/SnF₂ containing toothpaste twice a day for 3 min toothbrushing, and one group after toothbrushing rinsed with AmF/SnF₂ containing mouthrinse for 30 s. After 4 weeks the probands were re‐examined. Results: Statistically significant decrease in dental plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) index values were found at the end of the study. The reduction of PI and GI values was significant in all groups but it was higher in the combined (toothpaste + mouthrinsing) group, than using toothpaste only. Conclusion: The regular combined use of AmF/SnF₂ toothpaste and mouthrinse was more effective in the reduction of plaque accumulation and maintenance of gingival health than the toothpaste alone.     

Comparative antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness of a chlorhexidine and an essential oil mouthrinse: 6-month clinical trial

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis effectiveness and the side-effect profiles of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse and a chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and eight qualifying subjects, aged 20-57 years, were randomized into three groups: essential oil mouthrinse (ListerineAntiseptic); 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Peridex); or 5% hydroalcohol negative control. At baseline, subjects received a complete oral soft tissue examination and scoring of the Loe-Silness gingival index (GI), Quigley-Hein plaque index (PI), Volpe-Manhold calculus index (CI), and Lobene extrinsic tooth stain index (SI). Following a complete dental prophylaxis, subjects started rinsing twice daily with their respective mouthrinse as an adjunct to their usual mechanical oral hygiene procedures. One of the rinses on each weekday was supervised. Subjects were reexamined at 3 and 6 months. The treatment groups were compared with respect to baseline demographic and clinical variables. The primary efficacy variables were GI and PI. Intergroup differences for all clinical variables were tested at 3 and 6 months using appropriate statistical procedures. RESULTS: All of the 108 randomized subjects were evaluable at 3 months, and 107 subjects were evaluable at 6 months. There were no statistically significant differences among the three groups at baseline, with the exception that the control group PI was significantly lower than that of the essential oil group (p<0.05) and the chlorhexidine group (p<0.001), and the essential oil mouthrinse group had a significantly greater number of subjects than the control group with body region SI scores > or =1.0 (p=0.021). At 6 months, the essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthrinses produced statistically significant (p<0.001) GI reductions of 14.0% and 18.2%, respectively, and statistically significant (p<0.001) PI reductions of 18.8% and 21.6%, respectively, compared with the control and were not statistically significantly different from each other with respect to plaque and gingivitis reduction. The chlorhexidine mouthrinse group had significantly more calculus and extrinsic tooth stain than either the essential oil mouthrinse group or the control group. CONCLUSION: This 6-month controlled clinical study demonstrated that the essential oil mouthrinse and the chlorhexidine mouthrinse had comparable antiplaque and antigingivitis activity. Insofar as side effects associated with the chlorhexidine mouthrinse may limit patient compliance, it is suggested that each product can have a distinct role in the management of patients with periodontal diseases.     

One-year compliance and effects of amine and stannous fluoride on some salivary biochemical constituents and oral microbes in institutionalized elderly

Due to old age and poor general health, the institutionalized elderly have often not been used as research subjects for the investigation of oral health protocols. Because the number of elderly is increasing, they are an important target group for the development of oral hygiene aids. This trial was designed to investigate whether the institutionalized elderly could succesfully use an amine‐fluoride‐ and stannous‐fluoride‐containing mouthwash and toothpaste during a 12‐month period. A dental hygienist visited the subjects weekly, instructed them, and recorded their self‐reported compliance. Plaque and saliva samples were taken at three‐month intervals. Some salivary biochemical constituents reflecting mucosal integrity were analyzed. The carrier status of Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella nigrescens was studied by the polymerase chain‐reaction method, and acidogenic bacteria and yeasts by dip‐slide methods (Orion Diagnostica, Espoo, Finland). Of those 98 subjects originally included, 44 elderly (30 women and 14 men; mean age, 81.7 ± 5.9 yrs) completed the trial. Their observations were positive or very positive regarding the use of mouthwash and toothpaste. The number of residents with P. gingivalis decreased statistically significantly throughout the trial, while the carrier status of the other periodontal bacteria and mutans streptococci remained on the same level. The number of subjects with high counts (≥ 10⁵ cfu/mL) of yeasts decreased during the study: 26.2% at baseline, 9.1% one year later, respectively. Biochemical analyses of salivary immunoglobulins showed no effect on IgA and IgM levels, but IgG reduced significantly. Albumin and other salivary protein concentrations were found to have a decreasing tendency. Thus, the overall effect of the protocol was beneficial with regard to subjects' oral health as measured in this study. The residents were pleased to participate, but the number of drop‐outs was very high, confirming the expected difficulties with the utilization of a group of frail elderly as research subjects.     

Comparative antimicrobial activities of antiseptic mouthrinses against isogenic planktonic and biofilm forms of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

BACKGROUND: Bacteria contained in biofilms have been shown to have a decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial agents compared to those in planktonic form. Thus, in vitro biofilm models have been developed for screening oral antimicrobial formulations in an effort to produce findings more predictive of clinical activity. This study compared the antimicrobial activity of three mouthrinse formulations when tested against isogenic strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), one of which was a clinical isolate which forms tenacious biofilms in vitro and the other of which was a spontaneous variant which always grows planktonically. METHOD: Biofilm-forming Aa strains CU1000 and NJ4300, obtained as clinical isolates, and their respective spontaneous planktonic variants, CU1060 and NJ4350, were grown under standard laboratory conditions and exposed for 15 s to either a negative control (phosphate buffered saline [PBS]), an essential-oil containing mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic [LA]), an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride-containing mouthrinse (Meridol [M]), or a triclosan and PVM/MA copolymer-containing mouthrinse (Plax [P]). The cells were then washed, serially diluted, plated, and incubated for enumeration of viable bacteria. Colony-forming units (CFU)/ml were log10 transformed and the mouthrinse groups were compared to the PBS group using analysis of variance. RESULTS: All 3 mouthrinses produced statisically significant 99.99% reductions (p< or =0.0001) in both planktonic strains compared to the PBS control. Effects on the biofilm forms of the organisms were more variable. Exposure to LA produced statistically significant (p< or =0.0001) reductions in strains CU1000 and NJ4300 of 98.20% and 96.47%, respectively, compared to PBS. M and P produced much smaller reductions which were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study, in which antimicrobial mouthrinses were tested against biofilm-forming and planktonic strains of the same organism, provide a clear demonstration of the resistance to antimicrobial agents conferred by biofilm formation and provide additional support for employing tests using biofilms to more accurately assess the relative activities of antiplaque agents in vitro.     

A comparison of the plaque-inhibitory properties of stannous fluoride and low-concentration chlorhexidine mouthrinses

BACKGROUND: Plaque inhibition by chlorhexidine (CHX) rinses is dose related with a relatively flat dose-response curve above 5-6 mg twice daily. Low dose regimens could therefore reduce local side effects but maintain reasonable efficacy. AIMS: To compare the plaque inhibitory properties of two low-dose CHX rinse products with more conventional levels delivered from proprietary rinses. A secondary outcome was a comparison with a stannous fluoride/amine fluoride (SFAF) rinse product. METHODS: The study was a five-treatments, negative controlled, randomised, single blind crossover design balanced for residual effects, involving 20 healthy subjects in a 24-h plaque re-growth model. On day 1 of each study period, subjects were rendered plaque free, suspended tooth cleaning and followed the appropriate rinse regimen. On day 2, subjects were scored for plaque by index and area. The rinse codes and rinsing regimens were: (A) 15 mg CHX 2 x daily for 30 s (0.1% CHX), (B) 9 mg CHX 2 x daily for 60 s (0.06% CHX), (C) 10 ml SFAF rinse 1 x daily for 30 s, (D) 15 ml placebo 2 x daily for 60 s, and (E) 6 mg CHX 2 x daily for 30 s (0.06% CHX). RESULTS: Average mouth plaque indices and areas were highly significantly different between rinsing regimens. All test rinses were significantly more effective than the placebo rinse. There was a mean dose-response pattern for the CHX rinses, but there were no statistically significant differences between any of the test rinses. CONCLUSIONS: Lower doses of chlorhexidine in rinses can be used to exert plaque inhibition comparable with products used at higher doses and equivalent to benchmark products such as the SFAF rinse. However, the availability of chlorhexidine from formulations has to be considered as in part explaining the results.     

Alcohol-free mouthrinse solutions to reduce supragingival plaque regrowth and vitality. A controlled clinical study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and antibacterial properties of alcohol-free mouthrinses, an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse (ASF) and two triclosan solutions in comparison with a chlorhexidine and a placebo rinse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a double-blind, randomised 5-cell cross-over 4-day plaque regrowth study, 19 volunteers rinsed 2 x a day with 15 ml of each of the distributed solutions. Each test cycle was followed by a 10 days wash-out period. On day 0 of each test week, volunteers received a dental prophylaxis. Thereafter they refrained from all mechanical oral hygiene procedures for the next four days. Plaque regrowth was assessed daily by the plaque index and on day 4 by calculating the plaque area with a computer program after disclosure and photography of the front teeth. The vitality of the plaque was examined on days 1 to 4 by the vital fluorescence technique. RESULTS: 19 participants completed the study. Compared to the placebo the ASF solution showed 15.7% (p>0.5), 30.6% (p<0.001), 40.5% (p<0.001) and 44.7% (p<0.001) reductions on the consecutive days 14 in plaque index and a reduction of 61.9% in plaque area. The decrease of vitality of supragingival plaque was highly significant compared to placebo on every test day ranging between 30.9% and 36.6%. A reduction in plaque index from 19.4% (p<0.01) on day 2, 34.9% (p<0.001) on day 3 and 40.4% (p<0.001) on day 4 concommitant with a reduction in plaque area of 48.9% (p<0.001) was noted for alcohol-free chlorhexidine. Concerning the vitality chlorhexidine reduced the percentage of vital bacteria significantly on every day (16.0% to 24.9%). The reductions in mean plaque index for the 0.15% triclosan solution during the test period were 6.3%, 22.4%, 24.6% and 36% and in plaque area 41.8%. Vitality was significantly reduced at every day compared to placebo. Plaque Index reduction with the 0.02% triclosan increased from 15.3% (day 2) to 31.0% (day 4) and a reduction of 23.6% was seen in plaque area. A significant effect concerning the vitality of the plaque was only found at the first and the last day of the test cycle. CONCLUSION: Alcohol-free mouthrinse solutions were shown to be effective in reducing both plaque accumulation and plaque biofilm vitality compared to a placebo solution.     

Plaque formation and lactic acid production after the use of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 3 wk of daily rinsing with amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF(2)) mouthrinse on plaque formation at buccal and interproximal sites, and on the acid production in plaque, in a randomized clinical trial with 30 participants. The amount of plaque was scored according to Turesky's modification of the Quigley and Hein index. Plaque samples were collected, before and after sucrose rinsing, from the buccal and interproximal surfaces of upper (pre)molars at two baseline visits and on days 2 and 7 after the discontinuation of 3 wk of daily rinsing. Metabolic acid ions were determined by capillary electrophoresis. The results at baseline showed higher lactic acid concentrations in resting interproximal plaque than in buccal plaque, and a higher acid production in response to sucrose challenge in buccal plaque than in interproximal plaque. After 3 wk of use of the AmF/SnF(2) mouthrinse, no significant differences in plaque scores were observed, and the alleged reduction in acidogenicity of dental plaque was not significant on the second day after the last mouthrinse. We conclude that 3 wk of use of AmF/SnF(2) rinse once daily does not result in a reduction of plaque formation or in a reduction of sucrose metabolism in buccal and interproximal plaque after discontinuing the rinse.     

Effect of an essential oil-containing antimicrobial mouthrinse on specific plaque bacteria in vivo

AIM: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse on levels of specific supra and subgingival bacteria in subjects with gingivitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen subjects meeting entry criteria completed this randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Subjects were required to have >or=1000 target organisms per millilitre in pooled samples from two subgingival sites. Following sampling of supra and subgingival plaque, subjects began twice-daily rinsing for 14 days with either an essential oil-containing mouthrinse (Cool Mint Listerine Antiseptic) or a negative control. Supra and subgingival plaque was again sampled on day 15, and the procedure repeated after a 1-week washout period with subjects using the alternate rinse. RESULTS: Compared with the negative control, the essential oil mouthrinse produced significant reductions in supragingival plaque levels of Veillonella sp., Capnocytophaga sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, and total anaerobes ranging from 52.3 to 88.5% (p<0.001 except for Veillonella, p=0.002); respective reductions in subgingival plaque ranged from 54.1 to 69.1% (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Rinsing with the essential oil mouthrinse can have an impact on the subgingival plaque flora. This study provides additional evidence indicating that reduction in supragingival plaque can reduce levels of subgingival plaque.     

Determination of the in situ bactericidal activity of an essential oil mouthrinse using a vital stain method

BACKGROUND: Recent research has indicated that bacteria within a biofilm may undergo changes in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents when compared to planktonic forms. This study was conducted to determine the bactericidal effect of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic) on dental plaque bacteria in situ. METHODS: 1-day-old plaque in 17 subjects was sampled at baseline from the buccal surfaces of diagonally contralateral maxillary and mandibular bicuspids and 1st molars. Subjects were then randomly assigned either an essential oil mouthrinse or a sterile saline negative control and rinsed under supervision with 20 ml for 30 s. 30 min later, plaque was sampled from the remaining contralateral posterior teeth. Subjects repeated these procedures with their respective alternate rinse after 1 week. Pooled plaque samples from each subject at each sampling period were stained with a commercially-available fluorescent stain which fluoresces live and dead bacteria green and red, respectively. The stained plaque specimens were analyzed using computerized image analysis. A separate in vitro study was conducted to determine the relationship between the % red stain per sample and bacterial viability. RESULTS: Analysis of vital stained plaque specimens indicated that following rinsing with the essential oil mouthrinse, 78.7% of bacteria were dead compared to 27.9% following rinsing with the negative control (p<0.001). The in vitro findings demonstrated that the % red stain per sample is reflective of actual bacterial kill. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the findings of previous in vitro and in vivo studies which demonstrated the essential oil mouthrinse to have significant biocidal activity against oral micro-organisms. These studies all support the primacy of a bactericidal mechanism in producing the plaque and gingivitis reductions observed in numerous clinical trials conducted on the essential oil mouthrinse.     

The efficacy of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride in the suppression of morning breath odour

BACKGROUND: Breath odour is a complaint encountered worldwide, often linked to microbial overload in the oral cavity. This double blind, crossover, randomised study assessed the efficacy of several antiseptic mouthrinses or slurry vs. a control solution in the prevention of morning bad breath during an experimental period of 7 days without mechanical plaque control. Methods: Sixteen dental students with a healthy periodontium abolished, after a thorough professional cleaning, all means of mechanical plaque control during five experimental periods of 7 days, interleaved by washout periods of at least 3 weeks. During each experimental period, as the only oral hygiene measure, the students rinsed twice a day with one of the following formulations (in a randomised order): a 0.2% chlorhexidine-alcohol mouthrinse (CHX-Alc), a 0.05% CHX + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse (CHX-CPC-Zn), an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (125 ppm F-/125 ppm F-) containing mouthrinse (AmF/SnF2Mr), a slurry of a tooth paste (AmF/SnF2Sl) containing amine fluoride (350 ppm F-) and stannous fluoride (1050 ppm F-) and a placebo solution (placebo). At days 0, 3 and 7, morning breath was scored via VSC level measurements of the mouth air, and organoleptic ratings of the mouth air and tongue coating. At the same visits both the degree of gingival inflammation and the de novo plaque formation were rated. At the end of each period a questionnaire for subjective ratings was completed and microbiological samples were taken from the tongue dorsum, the saliva and the supragingival plaque for anaerobic and aerobic culturing. Results: Although oral hygiene during the experimental periods was limited to rinsing, bad breath parameters systematically improved (P < 0.001) with the three mouthrinses (CHX-Alc, CHX-CPC-Zn, AmF/SnF2Mr), with a superiority of the CHX-CPC-Zn solution when only VSC values were considered (P < 0.003). The AmF/SnF2 slurry and the placebo solution showed only minor changes with time. The three mouthrinses reduced significantly (P < 0.001) the bacterial load (aerobic & anaerobic) in the saliva (>or= 0.5 log reduction with a superiority (P < 0.005) for the CHX-Alc when compared to the two others). Changes in the bacterial load on the tongue dorsum could only be detected for the CHX-Alc solution (0.5 log). The antibacterial effect of the placebo solution and the slurry were negligible. The composition of microflora on the other hand did not reveal significant changes. The de novo supragingival plaque formation was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by the three mouthrinses with a slight superiority for the CHX-Alc solution. The degree of gingival inflammation at day 7 remained low (< 0.16) for all products. The CHX-Alc solution scored significantly worse for the subjective evaluation (questionnaires) concerning taste and sensitivity of tongue). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that morning breath odour can be successfully reduced by the sole twice daily use of CHX-Alc, CHX-CPC-Zn or AmF/SnF2Mr mouthrinses, which all significantly reduced the bacterial load in the saliva and retarded the de novo plaque formation.     

Comparison of the antimicrobial effect of the application of chlorhexidine gel, amine fluoride gel and stannous fluoride gel in debrided periodontal pockets

The clinical and microbiological effect of locally-applied chlorhexidine gel 2%, amine fluoride gel 1.25%, stannous fluoride gel 4% or placebo gel in 40 periodontal pockets of 10 patients were studied. The gels were applied 3 x within 10 min. after mechanical debridement of the pockets. The treatment effect on the subgingival microflora was evaluated by microscopic and culture studies of the subgingival plaque samples. In addition, supragingival plaque, bleeding after probing and probing pocket depth were scored. Examination were carried out before and during a period of 36 weeks after treatment. At the start, the cultured microflora consisted mainly of anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Following treatment, the clinical parameters were significantly reduced. Concomitantly, the %s of spirochetes, motile rods and non-motile rods decreased significantly. A significant decrease was also found in the total anaerobic count, whereas the facultative counts remained at the same level found before treatment. This suggested that the treatment resulted in a mainly facultative subgingival microflora. The % Gram-negative rods showed a significant reduction after treatment, but returned to base line at week 12. Statistical analysis of the bacteriological and clinical examinations failed to demonstrate any significant differences between the 4 treatment groups. Thus, in comparison to the placebo gel, subgingival application of chlorhexidine gel 2%, amine fluoride gel 1.25% or stannous fluoride gel 4% did not augment the effect of mechanical debridement on bacteriological and clinical parameters during the experimental period of 36 weeks. However the indicated treatments resulted in a facultative subgingival microflora which is compatible with the host.     

The effect of a dentifrice and mouth rinse combination containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride on plaque and gingivitis: a 6-month field study

AIM: To examine the effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF(2))-containing dentifrice and mouth rinse on plaque formation and gingivitis as compared with habitual oral hygiene procedures with a regular sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 22 general practices participated in this research project. The participants (N=281) were randomly assigned into two groups: the test group received an AmF/SnF(2) dentifrice-mouth rinse combination and the control group received a NaF-containing dentifrice. The patients were requested to brush twice daily for approximately 2 min. The subjects of the test group had to rinse additionally in the evening for 30 s with 10 ml of the mouth rinse. RESULTS: Both groups started with comparable scores of plaque, bleeding and staining. At 6 months, the plaque scores were 0.95 for the AmF/SnF(2) group and 0.99 for the NaF group (decrease of 16% and 10%, respectively). Bleeding scores, although significantly different from baseline, did not show differences between the two regimes. At the end of the experimental period, the overall staining was more pronounced in the AmF/SnF(2) group (41%) than the NaF group (26%). Both plaque reduction and increase in staining seemed to be correlated to the amount of mouth rinse used in the test group. CONCLUSION: In instruction-resistant patients recruited from dental practices, the combined use of AmF/SnF(2) did not decrease gingivitis at a significant level in comparison with the regular regime of two times daily brushing with an NaF-containing dentifrice. However, the above-mentioned combination resulted in greater plaque reduction than that observed with the use of the conventional dentifrice. When used according to the manufacturer's instructions, this effect on plaque scores was more pronounced.     

Effect of a combination of amine/stannous fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse in periodontal maintenance patients

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of using a dentifrice and mouthrinse containing amine fluoride (AmF) and stannous fluoride (SnF(2)) in a group of periodontal maintenance patients. Efficacy parameters were plaque, gingival inflammation, pocket depth and attachment loss. An additional parameter was development of stain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 80 patients who had been treated for moderate-to-severe periodontitis agreed to participate in this study. Subjects received supportive periodontal therapy at regular intervals of 3-4 months for at least a period of 1 year. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: (1). the test group used an AmF/SnF(2) dentifrice and mouthrinse and (2). the control group used a sodium fluoride (NaF)-containing dentifrice and mouthrinse. Clinical assessments were performed at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. RESULTS: The mean plaque index score after 3 months in the test group (0.24) was significantly lower than that in control group (0.34) (p相似文献   

Short-term bactericidal activity of chlorhexidine gel, stannous fluoride gel and amine fluoride gel tested in periodontal pockets

The short-term bactericidal effect of 2% chlorhexidine gel, 4% stannous fluoride gel or amine fluoride gel containing 1.25% fluoride on the subgingival microflora was determined in 40 periodontal pockets of 10 patients. The antimicrobial gels or placebo gel were applied in 5-9 mm deep periodontal pockets 3 times within 10 min. Before and 30 min after the applications, samples were taken of the subgingival microflora for determination of the total number of bacteria as well as the number of black pigmented Bacteroides. Reductions of the total number of bacteria were found in all test groups. The reductions found in the pockets treated with chlorhexidine gel or stannous fluoride gel were significantly greater than the reduction found in the pockets treated with a placebo gel. A significant reduction of black-pigmented Bacteroides was found after treatment with chlorhexidine gel or amine fluoride gel. It is concluded that 2% chlorhexidine gel or 4% stannous fluoride gel has a more than 99% reduction effect on the microflora of periodontal pockets within 30 min after application.     

Effects of 6 months use of an antiseptic mouthrinse on supragingival dental plaque microflora

This study was undertaken to determine whether long-term use (6-months) of an antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic, Warner Lambert Co., Morris Plains, NJ, USA) led to an undesirable succession of oral pathogens or the emergence of resistant microbial forms. Supragingival plaque was collected from 83 subjects before treatment and after either 3 or 6 months use of either the active antiseptic or a 5% hydroalcohol control. Subjects rinsed with their assigned mouthrinse twice daily under supervision. The plaque samples were analyzed for microbial content by darkfield microscopy, culture on a series of nonselective and selective bacterial media, and by recognition of microbial forms by recognition of distinct colony on a nonselective medium. Statistical analysis of the results revealed no significant microbial shifts including no significant increases in presumptive oral pathogens, spirochetes, black-pigmented Bacteroides, Streptococcus mutans, or Candida albicans. Additionally, no detectable rise in either staphylococci or enteric bacteria, potential opportunistic pathogens, was observed.     

The effects of an essential oil and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse on supragingival plaque regrowth

BACKGROUND: The side effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) have stimulated the search for alternative antiplaque agents such as amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (ASF) and essential oils (EO). The aim of the study was to investigate the plaque-inhibiting effects of two commercially available mouthrinses containing ASF and EO, respectively. METHODS: The study was an observer-masked, randomized, 5 x 5 Latin square cross-over design, balanced for carryover effects, involving 15 volunteers in a 4-day plaque regrowth model. A 0.12% CHX rinse and a saline solution served as positive and negative controls, respectively. On day 1, subjects received professional prophylaxis, suspended oral hygiene measures, and commenced rinsing with their allocated rinses. On day 5, subjects were scored for disclosed plaque. The ASF rinse was tested at two dosages: 10 and 20 ml (ASF-10 and ASF-20, respectively). RESULTS: The ASF and EO rinses showed a significant inhibition of plaque regrowth compared to saline (P <0.0001), but the lowest plaque indices were obtained with the CHX product (P <0.01). There were no significant differences among products containing ASF-10, ASF-20, and EO (P >0.05). There was no correlation between the occurrence of side effects and the use of a particular rinse product (P >0.2). CONCLUSIONS: ASF and EO mouthrinses exerted effective and similar plaque inhibition. The two dosages tested for ASF did not differ in plaque reduction. These findings, together with those from long-term trials, suggest that ASF and EO rinses may represent effective alternatives to CHX rinse as adjuncts to oral hygiene.     

一种香精油漱口水抑制菌斑和牙龈炎症作用的研究

目的评价一种香精油漱口水抑制菌斑和牙龈炎症的作用。方法将67名改良牙龈指数(MGI)≥1.5且改良菌斑指数(MPI)≥2.0的受试者纳入试验,指导其在每天早晚刷牙后含漱20ml香精油漱口水30s,持续13周之后,检查受试者的MGI、MPI和牙龈出血指数(GBI),与基线值进行比较。结果使用香精油漱口水13周之后,与基线值相比,受试者的MGI下降了26.52%,MPI下降了61%,GBI下降了30.65%,差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。结论在日常刷牙的同时,配合使用香精油漱口水能够抑制菌斑和牙龈炎症。     

The effect of herbal,essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthrinse on de novo plaque formation

To cite this article:
Int J Dent Hygiene DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2012.00556.x
Singh A, Daing A, Dixit J. The effect of herbal, essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthrinse on de novo plaque formation. Abstract: Background: Brushing and flossing are the most widely accepted procedures, the ‘gold standard’, for controlling bacterial plaque, but these mechanical methods have limitations. Based on results derived from several clinical trials, essential oil (EO) mouthrinse (Listerine^®) and a chlorhexidine mouthrinse have been accepted by ADA to be used as an adjunct to routine mechanical oral hygiene measures however, both of them are associated with side effects, therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antiplaque efficacy of a new herbal formulation as compared to an EO and chlorhexidine rinse. Materials and method: The study was a single blind parallel randomized controlled trial involving four groups. 48 volunteers refrained from all oral hygiene measures for 4 days, but rinsed instead twice daily with 10 ml of a herbal (HM), EO, chlorhexidine (CHX) or a placebo (PL) solution. Plaque index and plaque area (PA) was assessed on Day 4. Results: The HM and EO showed a significant inhibition of plaque regrowth compared to PL (P < 0.001), but the lowest values of PI and PA were obtained with CHX. Statistically significant difference in plaque parameters was observed when CHX was compared to HM and EO, and HM to EO rinse. Conclusion: The new herbal mouthrinse had a promising plaque inhibitory potential but it not as efficacious as chlorhexidine in preventing plaque regrowth.