Caprini静脉血栓风险评估量表预测妇科恶性肿瘤患者手术后静脉血栓形成及风险模型构建

目的:评估Caprini静脉血栓风险评估量表(简称Caprini量表)在妇科恶性肿瘤手术患者中对静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的预测效果,分析妇科恶性肿瘤手术患者术后VTE的危险因素,并构建VTE风险预测模型.方法:采用回顾性队列研究分析中山大学肿瘤防治中心2015年1月至2020年12月诊治的妇科肿瘤患者手术后确诊VTE的...     

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症风险评估模型研究进展

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症（pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism,PA-VTE）包括妊娠期和产褥期发生的静脉系统的血栓形成疾病,由深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis,DVT）和肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）组成的PA-VTE是发达国家孕产妇发病和死亡的主要原因。采用高效、便捷的风险评估模型评估PA-VTE的发病风险并进行分级预防是目前多个国家推荐的主要措施,但由于各国医学水平、经济发展和传统习惯的不同,各国相继开发风险评估模型或根据实际情况对其他国家的风险评估模型进行改良,进而对妊娠期及产褥期VTE风险进行个体化评估,并实施相应的血栓预防策略。通过回顾国内外的PA-VTE风险评估模型,旨在为我国进一步建立孕产妇的VTE防治指南提供依据,为产科医务工作者制定出适合我国产科人群的VTE风险评估模型提供参考。     

妊娠静脉血栓栓塞

妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞是产科危及母体生命安全的严重并发症之一。妊娠期凝血系统的生理变化使孕妇处于易栓状态,若合并先天性抗凝蛋白缺陷,则形成血栓的危险性进一步增加。妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞的治疗以抗凝治疗为主,但由于抗凝药华法令对胎儿有致畸作用,故妊娠期和产褥期静脉血栓的治疗不甚相同。有血栓形成高危因素的妇女,妊娠期应予以预防抗凝治疗。     

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症的治疗进展

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)是导致围产期孕产妇死亡的重要原因之一.在我国,妊娠相关VTE的发病率不断上升,及时有效的治疗是避免患者发生死亡及严重并发症的重要措施.但妊娠妇女作为一类特殊人群,其治疗具有独特性.本文结合国内外的近期指南及相关研究,针对妊娠相关VTE的治疗进展进行综述,为临床相关问题的处理提供参考,以期...     

静脉血栓栓塞、血栓形成倾向、抗栓治疗与妊娠

<抗栓与溶栓治疗:美国胸科医师学会(ACCP)循证临床实践指南>(第8版)于2008年6月在CHEST出版,该指南对血栓栓塞性疾病的相关文献进行了全面的评论性综述,对得到的临床证据进行分级,对抗栓和溶栓治疗的临床实践具有重要的指导意义[1-2].     

妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞症风险评估及预防

目的:评估妊娠期及产褥期女性的静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)发生风险,明确风险因素,并予以针对性预防,为探索妊娠相关VTE风险评估及预防策略提供依据.方法:根据2015年英国皇家妇产科医师学会(RCOG)妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞疾病诊治指南推荐量表,对2018年11月1日至2019年12月31日在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医...     

妇科手术后静脉血栓栓塞症临床分析

目的:探讨妇科手术后静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的发生情况、危险因素及改良Caprini模型的运用。方法:选择四川大学华西第二医院2017年12月至2018年12月期间收治的妇科手术后发生VTE的35例患者为血栓组,另按照1∶4比例选择同期因相同疾病手术未发生VTE的140例患者为对照组。根据改良Caprini风险评估模型(不包括实验室检查结果,如V因子、凝血酶原20110A、血清同型半胱胺酸、狼疮抗凝物等)进行评分,对术后发生VTE的相关因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:①妇科手术患者共13211例,术后VTE发生率为0.26%(35/13211)。②血栓组改良Caprini平均得分高于对照组(5.20±1.83分vs 4.27±1.82分,P=0.011),血栓组改良Caprini评分≥5分的比例高于对照组(62.86%vs 44.29%,P=0.049)。③单因素分析发现妇科手术后发生VTE与年龄、BMI、手术时间及住院天数有关;多因素Logistic回归分析提示BMI≥24 kg/m^2(OR2.862,95%CI 1.277~6.417)、手术时间(OR 1.004,95%CI 1.001~1.008)是妇科术后VTE发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。④采用低分子肝素皮下注射抗凝治疗,同时对血栓所在的下肢制动,35例患者在观察期间均未继发出血。结论:VTE是妇科手术后严重的并发症,术后VTE发生的危险因素包括BMI(≥24 kg/m^2)、手术时间。根据改良Caprini风险度分级采取适当的预防措施,减少临床VTE的发生。     

不得不防的妊娠相关血栓栓塞性疾病的预防与处理

妊娠相关血栓栓塞性疾病主要是静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE),包括深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)和肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE),其中DVT占75％～80％,而PE占20％～25％.妊娠是VTE的独立危险因素,妊娠期和产褥期...     

妊娠合并静脉血栓栓塞性疾病20例临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并静脉血栓栓塞性疾病(VTE)的发病特点及诊疗方法.方法 对2006年6月至2011年6月山东大学齐鲁医院妇产科收治的20例妊娠合并VTE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 (1)一般情况:20例妊娠合并VTE患者均为妊娠期发病,发病孕周＜12周6例(30％),孕12 ～28周7例(35％),＞28周7例(35％).20例患者中发病1周内就诊12例,≥1周就诊8例.(2)临床表现:20例患者中18例为深静脉血栓形成(DVT),l例为DVT合并肺栓塞(PE),1例为PE.19例DVT患者中16例累及左下肢,3例累及右下肢,均为突发性下肢肿胀、疼痛.19例DVT患者中17例患肢周径较健侧增粗,平均增粗＞(4.0±0.5)cm;12例血D-二聚体水平升高.19例DVT患者均经静脉彩色多普勒超声检查明确诊断.19例DVT患者的静脉血栓类型为中央型7例,周围型2例,混合型10例.(3)抗凝治疗:给予低分子肝素类药物抗凝,终止妊娠后联合应用低分子肝素和华法林钠,两者至少有3～5d重叠用药时间,根据凝血指标调整凝血酶原时间国际标准化率(PT-INR)在2.0～2.5之后,停用低分子肝素.对于DVT患者,若规范抗凝时间＜30 d,建议分娩或流产前放置下腔静脉滤器(IVCF);若规范抗凝时间≥30 d,产后24h重新开始规范抗凝治疗;对于血栓稳定、无新发PE者于放置IVCF后12 d内取出IVCF.(4)溶栓治疗:一般情况下不推荐使用,尤其是分娩前.对于PE患者,终止妊娠后可考虑使用.对于大面积PE患者予以大剂量溶栓,应用尿激酶每天600 000 U连续静脉滴注3d.(5)临床结局:20例VTE患者中,19例给予低分子肝素抗凝治疗.3例患者置入IVCF,均于术后12 d成功取出IVCF,未出现并发症.20例患者经治疗后症状、体征均缓解,2周后患肢肿痛基本消失,患肢周径较健侧差异在(2.0±0.3) cm.维持至晚期妊娠的18例患者中,行抗凝治疗的17例患者产前检查均无明显异常;剖宫产分娩10例(50％,10/20),经阴道分娩8例(40％,8/20),新生儿无畸形,10分钟Apgar评分均在8分以上.出院后随访1～24个月,2例周围型DVT患者的腓肠肌静脉血栓分别在治疗后4周、8周消失,余17例DVT患者的静脉血栓没有蔓延,肢体症状无反复.2例PE患者出院后3个月复查心脏彩超提示肺动脉压力恢复正常.所有患者在治疗期间未出现症状性PE,无出血并发症,无死亡.结论 低分子肝素抗凝治疗妊娠合并VTE是安全有效的,妊娠合并VTE并非终止妊娠的指征,不需要常规使用溶栓治疗.应严格掌握放置IVCF的指征,必要时行可回收IVCF置入术以预防致命性PE的发生.     

妊娠和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞的临床特征及治疗

目的分析妊娠和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)患者的临床特征、治疗方式及妊娠结局。方法本研究为回顾性研究。研究对象为2014年1月至2017年12月山西医科大学附属大医院血管外科收治的81例妊娠和产褥期VTE患者。根据VTE的发生时机,分析妊娠和产褥期发病患者的临床资料。采用t检验、秩和检验或χ^2检验(或Fisher精确概率法)对数据进行统计分析。结果(1)研究对象年龄为(30.9±5.2)岁,20例(24.7%)年龄≥35岁。妊娠期患者41例(50.6%),产褥期患者40例(49.4%)。产褥期发病的患者中,34例(85.0%)发生在产后30 d内。(2)VTE首发症状和体征主要表现为肿胀[43.4%,33/76,剔除5例单纯肺血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)患者]和疼痛(28.9%,22/76),以急性发病为主。血栓范围以周围型为主(61.8%,47/76),其中妊娠期患者多为周围型(80.0%,32/40),而产褥期患者以混合型为主(44.4%,16/36,χ^2=13.417)。血栓部位主要是下肢深静脉(74.1%,60/81),其中妊娠期患者下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)较多(87.8%,36/41),而产褥期DVT合并PTE较多(30.0%,12/40,χ^2=7.961)。累及静脉以肌间静脉最多(72.4%,55/76),其中妊娠期患者主要累及肌间静脉(85.0%,34/40),而产褥期患者累及肌间(58.3%,21/36)、股(58.3%,21/36)、腘(50.0%,18/36)、髂(47.2%,17/36)、胫(44.4%,16/36)和腓(38.8%,14/36)等多条静脉。(3)占比例最高的危险因素是年龄≥35岁(24.7%,20/81);其次是抗凝血酶缺乏(23.5%,19/81)和妊娠期高血压疾病(21.0%,17/81)。不同危险因素在妊娠期和产褥期患者间的分布差异均无统计学意义。产褥期患者D-二聚体水平较高[1029(639~1778)与619(355~1117)μg/L,Z=-3.336,P<0.001]。(4)所有患者均行系统抗凝治疗。24例患者(29.6%,包括妊娠期5例,产褥期19例)因血栓范围广泛而行溶栓治疗。住院时间为(7.3±2.1)d。(5)41例妊娠期VTE患者中,治疗后9例(21.9%)选择引产,其余32例继续妊娠至分娩,包括26例剖宫产,6例经阴道分娩;8例(25.0%)为早产儿,1例(3.1%)为巨大儿。结论孕产妇相关VTE主要发生于妊娠晚期和产后30 d内。其中产褥期VTE累及静脉多、血栓范围广。对于年龄≥35岁、抗凝血酶缺乏或合并妊娠期高血压疾病的孕产妇,要尤其警惕VTE。妊娠期VTE可能影响患者的妊娠结局,要密切观察。     

Absolute and Attributable Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Women on Combined Cyproterone Acetate and Ethinylestradiol

Objective: To achieve absolute risk estimates of venous thromboembolism (YTE) among women on cyproterone acetate plus ethinylestradiol (CPA/EE), and among women on combined oral contraceptives (COCs).Methods: From the Danish National Register of Patients (NRP), 1996 to 1998, the records of 1.1 million Danish women, ages 15 to 44 years, were searched for evidence of VTE. COC use was ascertained through mailed questionnaires. Sales statistics of COCs and CPA/EE were provided through Danish Drug Statistics.Results: During the time frame of the study, 330 women were found to have had VTE while on COCs. Of these women, 67 were on levonorgestrel-containing COCs. Eleven were on CPA/EE. The corresponding absolute risk of VTE was 3.4 (range, 3.1-3.8) per 10 000 women years among the women on COCs, 4.2 (range, 3.2-5.2) per 10 000 women years among women on levonorgestrel-containing COCs, and 3.1 (range, 1.3-4.9) per 10 000 women years among the women on CPA/EE.Conclusion: Our Results suggest the absolute risk of VTE among Danish women on COCs is similar to that among women taking CPA/EE.     

A Review of Hormonal Contraception and Venous Thromboembolism in Adolescents

BackgroundThe number of adolescents who are prescribed hormonal contraception (HC) for contraceptive and noncontraceptive indications is increasing. Approximately 1 of 4 female adolescents will use some form of HC by age 19 years. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a rare, but life-threatening complication associated with HC use. Although adolescents aged 15 to 19 years have the lowest absolute HC-associated VTE risk, they still account for 5.9% of HC-associated VTE. The absolute HC-associated VTE risk for those younger than 15 years of age is not well described.ObjectiveThe objectives of this report are to describe the current literature regarding HC-associated VTE in adolescents, to review the coagulation cascade and in vivo coagulation, to highlight differences between the adolescent and adult coagulation profiles, to discuss coagulation profile changes related to HC use, and to identify knowledge deficits for future study.ConclusionThe mechanisms and confounding variables that lead to HC-associated VTE in all adolescents are not well understood because many large HC studies exclude female adolescents younger than 18 years of age. Because of the paucity of data in this age group, observational studies and randomized controlled trials of VTE risk in adolescents on varying forms of HC are needed. Studies should include female adolescents across the entire adolescent age span (12-21 years) to better understand HC-associated VTE risk in this population.     

Use of Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Acute Venous Thromboembolic Events in Pregnancy

Objective: To compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes arising from the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractioned heparin (UFH) in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy.Study Design: A retrospective review of the charts of all women treated for acute VTE in pregnancy at the Ottawa Hospital from January 1990 to December 1999.Results: Twenty-three cases were identified, of which 11 were treated with LMWH and 12 with UFH. Maternal and fetal outcomes were similar between the two groups. Hospital length of stay was shorter in the LMWH group. There was no difference in delivery management between the two groups. There was minor bleeding in 2 women in the UFH group and none in the LMWH group. There was one recurrent VTE during treatment in each of the groups.Conclusion: There is no difference in complication rate between LMWH and UFH in the treatment of acute VTE in pregnancy.     

Accuracy Assessment of the Dinamap ProCare 400 in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

Objective. To assess the accuracy of the Dinamap ProCare 400 in pregnancy and preeclampsia, according to the British Hypertension Society protocol. Methods. Ethical approval was obtained. Forty-five women were recruited at two large teaching hospitals. Nine sequential same arm measurements were taken from each woman alternating between the Dinamap and mercury sphygmomanometry. Results. The device achieved an A/A grade (pregnancy) and an A/B grade (preeclampsia). Mean difference (SD) were 1.1(5.8)/0.1(5.7) mmHg (pregnancy) and –0.5(5.4)/0.9(9.5) mmHg (preeclampsia) for systolic/diastolic. Conclusion. The Dinamap ProCare 400 is recommended for use in pregnancy and has good accuracy in preeclampsia, although caution is still advised.     

凶险性前置胎盘的妊娠结局及其与产后出血的高危因素分析

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘(PPP)的母婴结局及其与产后出血的高危因素。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年12月上海市第六人民医院住院分娩的前置胎盘患者181例,PPP患者72例(PPP组,其中发生产后出血34例,非产后出血38例),无剖宫产史妊娠的前置胎盘患者109例(非PPP组)。比较PPP组和非PPP组孕妇的年龄、孕周、孕次、产后出血率、输血率、胎盘植入率、子宫切除率、早产率、新生儿窒息率之间的差异;采用单因素与二项分类Logistic回归分析PPP组发生产后出血的高危因素。结果:PPP妊娠总占比0.44%;PPP组孕妇年龄、孕次、产次、前壁胎盘率、中央型前置胎盘率、胎盘粘连率、胎盘植入率、产后出血量、产后出血发生率、子宫切除率、输血率、早产率均明显高于非PPP组(P0.05),PPP组分娩孕周与新生儿体质量明显低于非PPP组(P0.05)。单因素分析显示:PPP患者产后出血组胎盘粘连率、胎盘植入率、中央型前置胎盘率、二级及以下医院剖宫产史占比、非产程中剖宫产史占比、前置胎盘史占比明显高于无产后出血组(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示:胎盘粘连与中央型前置胎盘是PPP患者产后出血的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:产后出血与早产是PPP主要的不良妊娠结局;对于前次剖宫产史此次妊娠合并中央型前置胎盘或胎盘粘连患者,应警惕产后出血发生;降低剖宫产率是防止PPP发生与减少产后出血的关键因素。