两性离子水凝胶敷料用于压疮创面的实验研究

目的观察两性离子(含磺酸甜菜碱甲基丙烯酸酯,SBMA)水凝胶敷料对大鼠压疮创面愈合的影响。方法取24只SD大鼠,根据压疮缺血-再灌注原理制作压疮模型。按随机数字表法将模型大鼠分为NS组、PEG组和SBMA组,每组8只,去除创面坏死组织后,分别采用生理盐水、含聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PEG)水凝胶和两性离子水凝胶敷料处理创面,干预后第4、7、10、14天观察创面面积,干预后第7、14天观察组织结构及胶原沉积情况、免疫组织化学观察CD31、VEGF、Ki67、CK10表达。结果 SBMA组创面愈合率在各时间点显著高于其他两组(均P<0.05),且PEG组高于NS组(均P<0.05);干预后第7天SBMA组CD31、VEGF表达水平最高(P<0.05),第14天CD31、VEGF表达水平有所下降;上皮组织Ki67表达水平逐渐上升,SBMA组上升最快,PEG组次之,NS组最慢;三组均在第14天出现创面上皮化,相较于其他两组,SBMA组表皮分化程度最高。结论两性离子水凝胶敷料在促进压疮创面血管生成和再上皮化方面具有一定优势,能促进压疮创面愈合。     

不同氧流量对大鼠压力性溃疡创面愈合的影响

目的探讨不同氧流量对大鼠Ⅲ期及以上压力性溃疡创面愈合的影响,为临床压疮局部氧疗提供依据。方法将30只大鼠制作Ⅲ期及以上压疮模型,将成模的24只大鼠随机分为M组、L组、H组各8只,M组局部未作处理;L组及H组局部予以氧疗,氧流量分别为3～5L／min、6～10L／min。每天1次,每次20min,连续4d。肉眼观察并记录各组创面的大小、渗出液情况;每次氧疗后检测局部组织血流量;于治疗第5天检测血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）含量。结果氧疗组大鼠压力性溃疡创面渗出液减少,创面较干燥,且压疮部位肿胀减轻;创面直径较M组显著缩小（P〈0．01）,尤其是H组;VEGF阳性细胞数、局部组织血流量显著高于M组（均P〈0．01）。结论局部氧疗可通过增加VEGF表达,促进压疮创面细胞增殖,增加毛细血管数量,从而改善血液循环,促进压疮愈合。尤以高流量氧疗治疗效果明显。     

皮肤创面无机诱导活性敷料治疗糖尿病合并压疮

目的探讨皮肤创面无机诱导活性敷料治疗糖尿病合并压疮的疗效。方法将53例糖尿病合并压疮患者随机分为观察组（28例）和对照组（25例）。观察组采用皮肤创面无机诱导活性敷料治疗;对照组采用常规换药方法,0．5％碘伏消毒创面．再用无菌纱布包扎治疗。结果两组疗效及愈合时间比较,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论皮肤创面无机诱导活性敷料治疗糖尿病合并压疮安全方便,效果显著。     

银芷肛肠熏洗剂对大鼠痔相近模型iNOS、VEGF、CD68表达的影响

为观察银芷肛肠熏洗剂对大鼠痔相近模型诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、CD68表达的影响,本实验采用肛门外周注射冰醋酸法建立大鼠痔相近模型,造模成功后将50只大鼠随机分为空白对照组（A组）、马应龙金玄痔科熏洗散对照组（B组）和银芷肛肠熏洗剂低剂量组（C组）、中剂量组（D组）、高剂量组（E组）,每组10只,连续给予相应药物7d,于第8天处死大鼠,通过免疫组化染色法评估大鼠痔相近模型创面组织中iNOS、VEGF、CD68水平。结果显示,（1）iNOS：B～E组大鼠创面组织中iNOS阳性细胞率评分明显低于A组,P〈0．01;D、E组大鼠创面组织中iNOS阳性细胞率评分明显低于B、C组,P〈0．01;而B、C组比较差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05。（2）VEGF：B～E组大鼠创面组织中VEGF阳性细胞率评分明显低于A组,P〈0．05或P〈0．01;D、E组大鼠创面组织中VEGF阳性细胞率评分均低于B、C组,P〈0．01;而B、C组比较差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05。（3）CD68：B～E组大鼠创面组织中CD68阳性细胞率评分明显低于A组,P〈0．05或P〈0．01;C～E组大鼠创面组织中CD68阳性细胞率评分均明显低于B组,P〈0．05或P〈0．01。结果表明,银芷肛肠熏洗剂能明显抑制大鼠痔相近模型iNOS、VEGF、CD68的表达,其对痔的治疗作用可能与抑制iNOS、VEGF、CD68表达有关。     

不同氧流量对大鼠压力性溃疡创面愈合的影响

目的 探讨不同氧流量对大鼠Ⅲ期及以上压力性溃疡创面愈合的影响,为临床压疮局部氧疗提供依据.方法 将30只大鼠制作Ⅲ期及以上压疮模型,将成模的24只大鼠随机分为M组、L组、H组各8只,M组局部未作处理;L组及H组局部予以氧疗,氧流量分别为3～5 L/min、6～10 L/min,每天1次,每次20 min,连续4 d.肉眼观察并记录各组创面的大小、渗出液情况;每次氧疗后检测局部组织血流量;于治疗第5天检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)含量.结果 氧疗组大鼠压力性溃疡创面渗出液减少,创面较干燥,且压疮部位肿胀减轻;创面直径较M组显著缩小(P<0.01).尤其是H组;VEGF阳性细胞数、局部组织血流量显著高于M组(均P<0.01).结论 局部氧疗可通过增加VEGF表达,促进压疮创面细胞增殖,增加毛细血管数量,从而改善血液循环,促进压疮愈合.尤以高流量氧疗治疗效果明显.     

象皮生肌膏对糖尿病皮肤溃疡修复的效果及其机理探究

目的:研究象皮生肌膏对糖尿病模型大鼠皮肤溃疡的修复作用,初步探究象皮生肌膏的作用机理。方法:选取80只清洁级雄性SD大鼠,随机分成4组,正常组、模型组、贝复新组、象皮生肌膏组。各组分别在治疗7、14 d后观察各组皮肤溃疡的修复状况、检测皮肤溃疡组织中IL-6和TNF-α的表达情况。结果:象皮生肌膏组和贝复新组大鼠溃疡创面的修复率较模型组显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而且象皮生肌膏组修复率较贝复新组更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与正常组相比,模型组内IL-6、TNF-α的含量显著增加(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,象皮生肌膏组及贝复新组创面组织匀浆中的IL-6、TNF-α的含量显著下降(P<0.01),且象皮生肌膏组较贝复新组各指标含量下降更明显(P<0.05)。结论:象皮生肌膏可以加快糖尿病皮肤溃疡的修复,其作用机理可能是调控创面炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α的含量,减少炎性细胞的聚集,加快皮肤溃疡创面的修复。     

乌司他丁联合三七总皂甙对急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠血清TTNF-α和IL-1β水平的影响

目的：观察乌司他丁联合三七总皂甙对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎TNF-α、IL-1β水平的影响,探讨中西药联合治疗急性胰腺炎的意义。方法将健康大鼠随机分组,分别测定各组血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β水平,并相互进行比较。结果急性胰腺炎大鼠血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显升高,三七总皂甙、乌司他丁均可以抑制急性胰腺炎大鼠血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β水平,其中以两者联合应用的抑制作用最为明显,均具有统计学意义（P〈O．05）．。结论乌司他丁与三七总皂甙联合治疗能有效抑制急性胰腺炎大鼠血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β水平,对治疗大鼠急性胰腺炎有积极意义。     

老年大鼠皮肤持续受压致隐匿性压疮的机制研究

目的探讨老年大鼠皮肤受压致隐匿性压疮的发生机制,为临床上老年压疮早期干预和预防提供理论基础。方法将12只老年SD大鼠,随机分成对照组和模型组各6只。对照组不受压、模型组承受22.47kPa压力2h后两组大鼠一起实施安乐死。实验终点,肉眼观察受压部位皮肤颜色和形态的变化;光镜观察皮肤肌肉组织病理学变化;检测肌组织中肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO);检测皮肤和肌组织中细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果对照组肉眼观及镜下观均皮肤完整,颜色、结构正常;模型组肉眼观皮肤完整,受压局部出现持续非苍白性发红现象;光镜下复层鳞状上皮变薄,结构层次欠清晰,表皮与真皮部分分离,肌纤维有断裂迹象,轻度水肿,间隙增宽。真皮和肌肉组织中均可见明显炎性细胞浸润。两组SOD、CPK、MPO、AI比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论老年大鼠皮肤持续受压2h以上可导致肌组织无菌炎性反应,引发氧化应激反应和细胞凋亡,使老年大鼠在皮肤完整情况下发生组织和细胞结构改变。     

局部氧疗结合人胎膜治疗压疮

目的探讨局部氧疗结合人胎膜治疗压疮的效果。方法将68例（128处）压疮患者随机分为观察组和对照组各34例,观察组采用局部氧疗结合人胎膜治疗,对照组采用康惠尔溃疡贴或安普贴治疗。结果观察组治疗效果和Ⅰ、Ⅱ期压疮的愈合时间与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）。结论氧疗结合人胎膜治疗可促进压疮创面细胞增殖,加强有氧代谢,提高治疗效果。     

重组人表皮生长因子凝胶（易孚）在压疮创面床准备中的临床观察

目的：探讨重组人表皮生长因子（rhEGF）凝胶（易孚）在手术修复复杂压疮（Ⅲ期与IV期）前期创面床准备阶段的疗效。方法：将80例压疮患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,各组40例,在常规清创及生理盐水冲洗创面后,治疗组将重组人表皮生长因子凝胶（易孚）置于湿纱布上;对照组用碘伏纱布湿敷创面,换药均为1次/天。观察创面床改善情况。结果：实验组的创面床改善时间与手术后恢复时间较对照组明显缩短,差异有显著性。结论：重组人表皮生长因子凝胶（易孚）在复杂压疮创面床准备阶段疗效显著,可促进肉芽组织生长,炎症消失,有利于创面的内源性愈合并增加后续治疗的有效性。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.