Prognostic impact of intra-aortic balloon pump insertion before versus after cardiac surgical intervention in a veteran population

Background

The relative prognostic impact of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) placement before versus after cardiac surgery is not well defined.

Methods

We reviewed data from all cardiac surgical patients who received perioperative IABP support at a veterans' hospital between April 1992 and April 2008. We compared outcomes between patients who received an IABP before surgery (BS, n = 36) and after surgery (AS, n = 28).

Results

The AS group had higher operative morbidity (71% vs 42%) and mortality (43% vs 14%) rates than the BS group (P < .02 for both). Furthermore, survival rates were lower in the AS group than in the BS group at 1 year (50% vs 83%) and 3 years (46% vs 80%) (log-rank test, P < .004).

Conclusions

Patients who require IABP after cardiac surgery may have worse outcomes than patients who receive IABP support before surgery. In both groups, after an early peak in mortality, the midterm outcomes were characterized by a reassuring plateau in the survival rates.     

活动期感染性自然心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的　总结活动期感染性自然心内膜炎外科治疗的经验。方法　自 1996年 10月 1日至 2003年 12月 31日,阜外心血管病医院外科共手术治疗活动期感染性自然心内膜炎 54例。有明确感染诱因的 21例,先天性心内结构畸形 23例,风湿性瓣膜病 1例。术前心功能NYHA分级:Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级 12例,Ⅲ级 7例,Ⅳ级 29例。术前左心室舒张末径 ( 63±11 )mm。发病至手术间隔 8 ~629d(中位数 125d)。行主动脉瓣置换 25例,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣置换 15例,二尖瓣置换 6例,二尖瓣成形 3例,肺动脉瓣置换 1例,单纯心内分流修补 4例。术后应用足量敏感抗生素 6 ~8周。结果手术死亡 5例,死因均为感染,术后即失访 4例,手术死亡率 17% (9 /54)。14例 ( 26% )发生手术并发症。45例随访 6~67个月,平均(31±19)个月。术后心功能NYHA分级Ⅰ级 41例,Ⅱ级 3例,Ⅲ级 1例,左心室舒张末径 (52±8)mm。2例病人接受再次手术,术后康复;有再次手术指征但未手术者 3例。术后晚期意外死亡 1例,抗凝过量致颅内出血 1例。结论　活动期感染性自然心内膜炎经积极的外科治疗能够取得较好的治疗效果。     

人工心脏瓣膜心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 总结人工心脏瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE)的外科治疗。方法 1990年至2003年8月，手术治疗PVE病人21例，其中亚急性16例，急性5例。血细菌培养阳性13例。心脏超声检查主动脉瓣瓣周漏6例，二尖瓣瓣周漏3例，主动脉瓣区赘生物3例，二尖瓣区5例。应用机械瓣再次手术行二尖瓣置换11例，主动脉瓣置换10例，同期行升主动脉假性瘤切除和主动脉修补成形1例。术中均见有赘生物；二尖瓣环脓肿7例，瓣周脓肿3例；主动脉瓣环脓肿8例，瓣周脓肿4例。结果术后早期死亡5例，其中3例死于感染复发，2例死于多脏器功能衰竭；晚期死亡1例。随访4个月至13年，1例PVE再发，内科治疗无效，死亡。结论及时诊断PVE，正确掌握手术时机，彻底清除感染组织和围术期应用大剂量敏感抗生素，是提高PVE手术效果的关键。     

感染性心内膜炎手术治疗与疗效观察

目的总结２８例感染性心内膜炎手术治疗的经验。方法全组病例均在体外循环下施行心脏直视手术,瓣膜替换２４例,室缺修补和三尖瓣成形３例,Ｂｅｎｔａｌ术１例。其中植入机械瓣１７例,同种瓣７例。结果早期死亡２例,晚期死亡４例。术后轻度瓣周漏和反流各１例。存活２２例,心功能改善。结论内外科联合治疗感染性心内膜炎后长期生存率与预后均明显优于单纯抗生素治疗;影响其手术疗效的主要因素是感染复发或再感染、严重心力衰竭等;炎症静止期手术治愈率较高。     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的评价外科手术治疗感染性心内膜炎的经验和效果。方法回顾性分析15例感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗方法。先天性心脏病5例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病9例,右心室异物1例。术前超声检查赘生物形成14例,血培养阳性4例。全组病例中行心脏缺损矫正修补5例,主动脉瓣置换术5例,二尖瓣置换术4例。结果全组病例均无术中死亡,1例术后因严重低心排综合征早期死亡,14例治愈出院,随访6个月～4a,预后良好,无复发及死亡病例。结论手术治疗感染性心内膜炎是一种有效的治疗措施,它降低了感染性心内膜炎的病死率。正确掌握手术时机,彻底清除感染病灶,恢复瓣膜功能以及围手术期应用有效抗生素是提高感染性心内膜炎治愈率的关键。     

单纯右心感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 总结分析单纯右心系统感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗及效果.方法 回顾性分析1994年1月至2009年2月接受手术治疗的单纯右心感染性心内膜炎患者28例的临床资料,其中男性18例,女性10例;年龄10～72岁,平均38岁;平均住院35.8 d.所有患者均以间断发热就诊.术前心功能不全(NYHAⅢ或Ⅳ级)14例,肺栓塞或肺炎25例,血培养阳性18例,超声证实心内赘生物形成27例.所有患者均在心肺转流下行赘生物清除、合并心脏畸形的矫治及三尖瓣手术,术后继续使用抗生素治疗2～3周.结果 术后1例患者二次开胸止血,2例患者因呼吸功能不全呼吸机辅助呼吸超过1周,3例发生肾功能不全,11例患者出院前超声示三尖瓣轻度或中度反流.1例患者术后因重度感染、多器官功能衰竭死亡,27例患者治愈出院.随访6个月～15年,患者心功能从术前的Ⅱ～Ⅳ级降到术后的Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,手术后心力衰竭症状明显改善;无复发病例.结论 外科手术可有效治疗由先天性心脏病或右心植入物引起的单纯右心感染性心内膜炎,并取得满意效果.     

感染性心内膜炎急诊外科治疗

目的　报告一组感染性心内膜炎病人行急诊外科治疗的经验。方法　 36例病人中 ,34例次 (94% )有赘生物 ,19例次 (5 2 % )瓣膜穿孔 ,2 9例次 (81% )严重瓣膜关闭不全 ,均在体外循环下行紧急外科手术 ,切除和清除感染瓣膜、组织、赘生物。用 0 2 %呋喃西林、先锋霉素溶液反复冲洗 ;置入机械瓣 ,矫治心内畸形。结果　 33例恢复出院 ,包括 2例术前因进行性充血性心力衰竭、休克 ,心跳骤停 ,在心肺复苏、呼吸机辅助下行急诊瓣膜置换手术者。 3例术后死亡 ,病死率为 8 3%。 1例死于心力衰竭及多器官功能衰竭伴III度房室传导阻滞 ,2例死于严重低心输出量综合征及急性肾功能衰竭。 36例术后病理证实为感染性心内膜炎。结论　感染性心内膜炎出现进行性充血性心力衰竭和感染不能控制时 ,赘生物需接受紧急外科手术治疗 ;紧急手术不会使感染灶扩散 ;置换瓣膜时可选用人工机械瓣膜     

感染性心内膜炎病理解剖和外科治疗特点

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎病理解剖特点与外科治疗经验.方法1990年9月至1999年11月间,连续54例感染性内膜炎病人接受外科手术治疗.全组均符合修正VonReyn感染性心内膜炎诊断标准.男33例,女21例;年龄15～63岁,平均(36.5±11.3)岁.术前血培养36例,阳性21例(58.3%),以链球菌(15例)、葡萄球菌(5例)为主.52例坏死组织或赘生物光镜病理提示,组织坏死、钙化、肉芽肿和淋巴及中性粒细胞浸润.病理改变以赘生物和瓣膜穿孔常见,常累及左心系统瓣膜.瓣膜脓肿和腱索断裂少见.活动期急诊手术18例,其中充血性心衰13例,难治性败血症5例;稳定期择期手术36例.手术原则清除所有感染灶,纠治瓣膜病变及合并畸形.结果本组无手术死亡.术后严重并发症包括败血症2例、多器官功能衰竭2例.随访35例(64.8%),随访期1～85个月,平均(30±25)个月.2例二尖瓣置换术病人分别在术后1年、3年再次感染,死于充血性心衰和败血症.余33例无感染复发,远期疗效良好.术后1年、3年、7年生存率分别为96.6%、89.1%、89.1%.结论感染性心内膜炎早期诊断,适时外科手术和内、外科联合治疗是治疗成功关键.     

Surgery for infective valve endocarditis in children

Objective: Surgery for endocarditis in children is relatively uncommon. Our aim is to assess operative mortality, recurrent infection, re-operation and long-term survival rates following surgery for infective valve endocarditis in children. Patients: Sixteen consecutive children (ten female, six male, mean age 11.8 years, range 25 days–16 years) undergoing surgery between 1972 and 1999 in Southampton were studied. The aortic valve was affected in five, mitral in four, aortic and mitral in one, tricuspid in five and a pulmonary homograft in one patient. Prosthetic valve endocarditis was present in three. Twelve surgical interventions were emergency and four urgent. Indications for operation included cardiac failure in five, severe valvular dysfunction in nine, vegetations in nine, persistent sepsis in four and embolization in four patients. The offending micro-organism was identified in 13. Valve replacement was performed in 11 and excision of vegetations in two and excision of vegetations and repair in three. Follow-up was complete (mean 11.2 years, range 2 months to 26.3 years, total 179.5 patient years). Results: There was one operative death (6.2%) in a 25-day-old neonate who presented in a moribund condition. Endocarditis recurred in one patient (6.25%). Freedom from recurrent infection at 10 and 20 years was 100.0 and 87.5%. Seven surgical re-interventions were required in four (25.0%) patients with no operative mortality. Freedom from re-operation at 1, 5, 10 and 20 years, was 84.6, 76.1, 76.1 and 60.9%, respectively. Two patients died 15 and 23 years after their first operation. The cause of the late deaths was non-cardiac in the first and unknown in the other. Actuarial survival, including operative mortality, at 1, 15 and 20 years was 93.7, 93.7 and 78.1%. Conclusions: Surgery in children with infective valve endocarditis can be performed with low operative mortality. Although some patients may require re-operation, freedom from recurrent infection and long-term survival are satisfactory.     

The July effect and cardiac surgery: the effect of the beginning of the academic cycle on outcomes

Background

The effect of the time of the academic year on cardiac surgical outcomes is unknown.

Methods

Using prospectively collected data, we identified all (n = 1,673) cardiac surgical procedures performed at our institution between October 1997 and April 2007. Morbidity and mortality rates were compared between 2 periods of the academic year, one early (July 1-August 31, n = 242) and one later in the year (September 1-June 30, n = 1,431). A prediction model was constructed by using stepwise logistic regression modeling.

Results

Morbidity rates did not differ significantly between the early (12.8%) and later periods (15.4%) (odds ratio [OR], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.28; P = 0.3). Additionally, there was no significant difference in operative mortality between the early (1.2%) and later periods (3.5%) (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.07-1.19; P = 0.06).

Conclusions

The early and later parts of the academic year were associated with similar risk-adjusted outcomes. Further studies are needed to determine whether our findings are applicable to other academic cardiac centers.     

瓣膜成形术治疗原发性感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣关闭不全

Ⅱ级3例.结论 二尖瓣成形术治疗感染性心内膜炎二尖瓣关闭不全的疗效较好,术后左心室明显减小.     

Severe cardiogenic shock due to acute onset of an aorto-to-right atrial shunt in a patient with aortic valve endocarditis

INTRODUCTION

Heart failure is the most common cause of death due to infective endocarditis. We report a case of a patient presenting with severe shock due to an infection-associated left-to-right cardiac shunt.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 62-year-old man, who underwent aortic valve replacement five years previously, was admitted to ICU due to acute hemodynamic deterioration. A few days earlier, he had a septic episode with blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus and clinical features of infective endocarditis. In ICU, transthoracic echocardiography revealed shunting from the aortic root to the right atrium resulting in severe cardiogenic shock.

DISCUSSION

This case report describes a near fatal complication of infective endocarditis, detected by routine use of transthoracic echocardiography.

CONCLUSION

Our case outlines the relevance of early cardiac surgery strategies in patients with infective endocarditis and we briefly discuss the current literature.     

Crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with infective endocarditis: renal recovery after immediate surgical intervention

A 57-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of acute cardiac failure and acute renal insufficiency. Laboratory data showed elevation of serum immune complex levels and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) titers, with cytoplasmic pattern (C-ANCA) on indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and proteinase 3 specificity (PR3-ANCA) on solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hemodialysis therapy was initiated, and this relieved the symptoms of cardiac failure. Echocardiography revealed three-grade aortic insufficiency and two large floating vegetations on the aortic valve. Considering the risk of embolism, we immediately performed aortic valve replacement and surgically removed the vegetations, subsequently giving antibiotic therapy. Six weeks after the operation, the patient's renal function showed marked improvement and the serological abnormalities, except for ANCA titers, had normalized, resulting in no need for dialysis. A renal biopsy specimen revealed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) with crescents including more than 50% of glomeruli, and granular deposits of IgM, C3, and C1q on immunofluorescence. ANCA titers remained high, but the patient's renal function has been stable, indicating a discrepancy between ANCA titers and his clinical course. In this patient, treatment by immediate surgical intervention, performed during the acute phase with active GN and highly reduced renal function, led to dramatic renal recovery. This case suggests that surgical removal of vegetations in the early stage of crescentic GN may result in a good renal outcome in patients with rapidly progressive GN associated with endocarditis. Although it has been suggested that ANCA may have some relationship to GN in endocarditis, in this patient, its pathogenetic significance is questionable. Received: March 10, 2000 / Accepted: May 23, 2000     

原发性感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗（附102例报告）

回顾性分析原发性感染性心内膜炎１０２例，其中主动脉瓣病变７１例，二尖瓣病变１６例，主动脉瓣与二尖瓣联合病变６例，三尖瓣病变５例，肺动脉瓣病变４例。按照病人术前心功能状态，分为：（１）急性心功能不全组（２５例）；（２）慢性心功能不全组（７７例）。施行主动脉瓣替换术７１例，二尖瓣替换术１６例，双瓣替换术６例，三尖瓣修复成形术５例，肺动脉瓣成形术４例。术后早期死亡９例（８．８％）。９３例生存者随访时间３个月～１６年，平均随访时间４．３年。晚期死亡６例，其中２例为人工瓣膜心内膜炎，复发率为２％。作者对手术时机与手术方式的选择作了讨论，并介绍了围术期处理的经验。     

An alternative surgical approach for aortic infective endocarditis: vegetectomy

We describe a case of successful vegetectomy of the aortic valves for early infective endocarditis. An aortic vegetectomy was performed as an alternative to valve replacement for a 54-year-old man with three vegetations and mild regurgitation in aortic valve due to infective endocarditis. Postoperative clinical course was without signs of recurrent infection after follow-up of 19 months, and transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated aortic valve competence. We would suggest that vegetectomy with valve sparing may be a viable option in the context of early infective endocarditis involved aortic valve in selected patients.     

早期手术治疗感染性心内膜炎的可行性探讨

目的 探讨早期手术治疗感染性心内膜炎(IE)的可行性.方法 1996年6月至2011年7月,135例IE患者接受手术治疗.分为A组(早期手术治疗组,2008年后收治的患者)和B组(传统治疗组,2008年前收治的患者).比较两组患者死亡、治疗后心功能不全、感染复发、出院后栓塞等事件,分析患者生存情况.结果 两组患者一般资料无差异.组间比较,A组患者整体死亡比例下降(9.4％对23.0％,P=0.016);心脏功能衰竭患者比例减少(5.4％对26.2％,P＜0.001);两组患者感染复发比例无差异(0对4.9％,P=0.112;).A组患者手术比例高(67.6％对32.8％,P＜0.001),手术死亡率及再感染发生率未增加(6.0％对15.0％,P=0.222;0对5.0％,P=0.405).结论 早期积极合理的外科治疗可以改善IE患者整体预后.     

Surgical versus medical treatment for infective endocarditis in patients on dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection and causes significant morbidity and mortality. However, the benefit of surgery for endocarditis besides antibiotic treatment in dialysis patients remains controversial. We performed a systematic review of studies published between 1960 and February 2022. Meta-analysis was conducted with a random-effects model to explore the in-hospital, 30, 60, 90, 180-d, and 1-year mortality rates in adult dialysis patients with IE. Sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Confidence of evidence was evaluated by the GRADE system. Thirteen studies were included. The pooled odds ratio of in-hospital mortality was 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30–1.28, p = .17), with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 62%, p < .01). Three studies reported 30-d mortality, and the pooled odds ratio for surgery compared with medical treatment was even lower (0.36; 95% CI: 0.22–0.61, p < .01), with low heterogeneity (I² = 0%, p = .86). With studies on fewer than 30 patients excluded, the sensitivity analysis revealed a low odds ratio of in-hospital mortality for surgery versus medical treatment (0.52; 95% CI: 0.27–0.99, p = .047), with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 63%, p < .01). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant differences between any two comparator subgroups. Based on a very low strength of evidence, compared with medical treatment, surgical treatment for IE in patients on dialysis is not associated with lower in-hospital mortality. When studies on fewer than 30 patients were excluded, surgical treatment was associated with better survival.     

Thirty-day outcomes in the operative management of intestinal-cutaneous fistulas: A NSQIP analysis

IntroductionIntestinal-cutaneous fistulas (ICFs) constitute a major surgical challenge. Definitive surgical treatment of ICFs continues to be associated with significant morbidity. The purpose of this study was to utilize a nationwide database to define the morbidity associated with current treatment strategies in the surgical management of ICFs.MethodsThe 2006–2017 American College of Surgeon National Surgical Quality Improvement datasets (ACS-NSQIP) were used to assess 30-day morbidity and mortality after surgical repair of ICFs. Outcomes for emergent repair were compared to elective repair of ICFs.ResultsOverall, 4197 patients undergoing ICF-repair were identified. Mean age was 55.9 (SD 15.3). Patients were generally comorbid (62.9% were in ASA class III). The observed in-hospital mortality was 2.3%. However, the observed morbidity rate was 47.3%. Of the observed morbidity, 35.6% was due to post-operative infectious complications (superficial surgical site infections (SSI), deep SSI, organ/space SSI, wound disruption, pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI) sepsis or septic shock). The most common infectious complication was sepsis (13.1%). 30-day readmission rate was 15.3% and the 30-day reoperation rate was 11.0%. Emergent repair was associated with a sevenfold increase in mortality (11.9% vs 1.8%, P < 0.001)ConclusionThe management of patients with ICFs is complex and is associated with significant morbidity. Half of patients undergoing surgical management of ICFs developed in-hospital complications.     

Outcomes of circulatory arrest procedures for the treatment of thoracic aortic disease at a veterans facility

Background

The outcomes of thoracic aortic surgery involving hypothermic circulatory arrest at a US Department of Veterans Affairs medical center were evaluated.

Methods

Using the Veterans Affairs Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Program, all thoracic aortic operations performed with hypothermic circulatory arrest between December 1999 and December 2009 were identified (n = 24). Operative mortality and morbidity were evaluated, and survival was assessed by using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Aortic dissection was the underlying disease in 10 patients (42%). Full or hemiarch aortic repair was performed in 16 patients (67%); of these operations, 3 (13%) involved elephant trunk repair. There was 1 operative death (4%). Four patients (17%) had strokes (all but 1 fully recovered), and 1 (4%) had renal failure. The survival rate was 90% at 1 year and 67% at 3 years.

Conclusions

Despite the magnitude and risk of thoracic aortic surgery involving hypothermic circulatory arrest, good outcomes can be achieved when such surgery is performed at an experienced Veterans Affairs center.