Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase contributes to the early cardiodepressant action of tumor necrosis factor.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) contributes to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced contractile depression. BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor has both beneficial and detrimental consequences that may result from the activation of different downstream pathways. Tumor necrosis factor activates p38-MAPK, a stress-responsive kinase implicated in contractile depression and cardiac injury. METHODS: In isolated hearts from mice lacking the p38-MAPK activator, MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3), perfused at constant coronary pressure or flow, we measured the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and the relationship between end-diastolic volume and LVDP in the presence and absence of 10 ng/ml TNFalpha. RESULTS: Within 15 min at constant pressure, TNFalpha significantly reduced LVDP and coronary flow in outbred and mkk3(+/+) mice. This early negative inotropic effect was associated with a marked phosphorylation of both p38-MAPK and its indirect substrate, HSP27. In hearts lacking MKK3, TNFalpha failed to activate p38-MAPK or to cause significant contractile dysfunction. The actions of TNFalpha were similarly attenuated in MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2)-deficient hearts, which have a marked reduction in myocardial p38-MAPK protein content, and by the p38-MAPK catalytic site inhibitor SB203580 (1 micromol/l). Under conditions of constant coronary flow, the p38-MAPK activation and contractile depression induced by TNFalpha, though attenuated, remained sensitive to the absence of MKK3 or the presence of SB203580. The role of p38-MAPK in TNFalpha-induced contractile depression was confirmed in isolated murine cardiac myocytes exposed to SB203580 or lacking MKK3. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor necrosis factor activates p38-MAPK in the intact heart and in isolated cardiac myocytes through MKK3. This activation likely contributes to the early cardiodepressant action of TNFalpha.     

Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates left ventricular dysfunction by mediating pro-inflammatory cardiac cytokine levels in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus

Aims/hypothesis We investigated the effect of SB 203580, a pharmacological inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), on cardiac inflammation, cardiac fibrosis, and left ventricular function using an animal model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Materials and methods Diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg i.p. for 5 days) in 20 C57/BL6J mice. Diabetic mice were treated daily with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580 (1 mg/kg daily, n=10) or with placebo (n=10) and were compared to non-diabetic controls. Left ventricular function was measured by pressure–volume loops after 8 weeks of diabetes mellitus. The parameters for systolic function were the end systolic pressure–volume relationship (ESPVR) and the left ventricular end systolic pressure. The parameters for diastolic function were the left ventricular end diastolic pressure and the end diastolic pressure–volume relationship (EDPVR). Cardiac tissue was analysed by ELISA for the protein content of the cytokines TNF-α, IL6, IL1-β, and TGF-β1. Phosphorylation of MAPK p38 was analysed by western blot, and the total cardiac collagen content was analysed by Sirius red staining. Results Left ventricular dysfunction was documented by impaired ESPVR and EDPVR. Cardiac cytokine levels and cardiac fibrosis were increased in diabetic animals compared to controls. Treatment with the p38 inhibitor normalised cardiac cytokine levels and improved systolic function, but did not change cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction compared to placebo. Conclusions/interpretation Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK prevents cardiac inflammation and attenuates left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy.     

Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity fails to attenuate contractile dysfunction in a mouse model of low-flow ischemia

OBJECTIVE: The basal activity of p38 MAPK has recently been shown to impair myocardial contractility. This kinase is activated by ischemia and short-term hibernation. We hypothesized that p38 MAPK activation may contribute to the contractile deficit that characterizes low-flow ischemia. METHODS: In Langendorff-perfused isolated C57BL/6 mouse hearts, perfusion pressure was reduced from 85 to 15 or 30 mm Hg for 120 min to induce ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. The effect of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (1 microM/l) on contractile function and p38 MAPK activation was assessed. RESULTS: Reduction in perfusion pressure to 15 or 30 mm Hg was accompanied by stable reductions in coronary flow (83+/-2% and 66+/-2%, respectively) and developed pressure (84+/-2% and 61+/-3%), with minimal infarction (15.6+/-0.69% and 10.6+/-0.98% of LV myocardium, respectively), but marked activation of p38 MAPK (reflected in pHSP27 1092+/-326% basal and 996+/-301% basal, respectively). The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, present during the last 60 min of reduced pressure perfusion, prevented p38 MAPK activation (pHSP27 281+/-92% basal, p=0.01 and 186+/-72% basal, p=0.01) but, despite the presence of a contractile reserve, had no effect on developed pressure. Similarly, early treatment with SB203580 started 5 min after the onset of reduced flow also failed to attenuate contractile dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The p38 MAPK activation that accompanies short-term hibernation does not appear to contribute to the contractile deficit.     

Role of phasic dynamism of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in ischemic preconditioning of the canine heart

Although ischemic stress, including ischemic preconditioning (IP), activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the relationship between p38 MAPK activation and the underlying cellular mechanisms of cardioprotection by IP is not verified in vivo. We examined the effects of the selective p38 MAPK inhibition on the cardioprotective effect of IP in the open-chest dogs. The coronary artery was occluded 4 times for 5 minutes, separated by 5 minutes of reperfusion (IP) followed by 90 minutes of occlusion and 6 hours of reperfusion. We infused SB203580 into the coronary artery during IP and 1 hour of reperfusion, during IP alone, and during sustained ischemia in the IP group. p38 MAPK activity markedly increased during IP but did not additionally increase at the onset of ischemia and was even attenuated at 15 minutes of sustained ischemia, and heat-shock protein (HSP) 27 was phosphorylated and translocated from cytosol to myofibril or nucleus without affecting total protein level at the onset of ischemia compared with the control group. SB203580 treatment (1 micromol/L) only during IP blunted the infarct size limitation by IP (37.3+/-6.3% versus 7.4+/-2.1% in the IP group, P:<0.01) and attenuated either phosphorylation or translocation of HSP27 during IP. Although the SB203580 treatment throughout the preischemic and postischemic periods had no significant effect on infarct size (33.3+/-9.4%) in this model, treatment with SB203580 only during ischemia partially mimicked the infarct size limitation by IP (26.8+/-3.5%). Thus, transient p38 MAPK activation during ischemic preconditioning mainly mediates the cardioprotection followed by HSP27 phosphorylation and translocation in vivo in the canine heart.     

p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对脓毒症大鼠心功能的影响及机制探讨

目的 探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对脓毒症大鼠心功能的影响及其机制.方法 30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、干预组,各10只.模型组和干预组采用盲肠结扎穿刺术（CLP）制备脓毒症大鼠模型.干预组给予p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580干预.干预后1、3、6、12、24h检测各组血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、IL-6水平,24h后行心脏彩超检测各组大鼠的左室射血分数（EF）及短轴缩短率（FS）;并分离左室心肌采用Western blot方法检测p38MAPK蛋白表达.结果 模型组、干预组术后血清TNF-α、IL-6水平迅速升高,于24h到达高峰,但干预组升高幅度小于模型组（P均＜0.05）.术后24h模型组、干预组左心室EF和FS较对照组显著降低（P均＜0.05）.干预组左心室EF和FS下降程度小于模型组（P均＜0.05）.与对照组比较,术后24h模型组、干预组心肌组织中p38MAPK蛋白相对表达量升高,干预组低于模型组（P均＜0.05）.结论 p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对脓毒症大鼠心功能有保护作用,降低TNF-α、IL-6水平可能为其主要机制.     

Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion

BACKGROUND: Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in apoptotic cell death. The role of p38 MAPK in myocardial injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, an extreme stress to the heart, is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Studies were performed with isolated, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Ischemia alone caused a moderate but transient increase in p38 MAPK activity (3.5-fold increase, P<0.05 versus basal). Ischemia followed by reperfusion further activated p38 MAPK, and the maximal level of activation (6.3-fold, P<0.01) was reached 10 minutes after reperfusion. Administration of SB 203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, decreased myocardial apoptosis (14.7+/-3.2% versus 30.6+/-3.5% in vehicle, P<0.01) and improved postischemic cardiac function. The cardioprotective effects of SB 203580 were closely related to its inhibition of p38 MAPK. Administering SB 203580 before ischemia and during reperfusion completely inhibited p38 MAPK activation and exerted the most cardioprotective effects. In contrast, administering SB 203580 10 minutes after reperfusion (a time point when maximal MAPK activation had already been achieved) failed to convey significant cardioprotection. Moreover, inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuated myocardial necrosis after a prolonged reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that p38 MAPK plays a pivotal role in the signal transduction pathway mediating postischemic myocardial apoptosis and that inhibiting p38 MAPK may attenuate reperfusion injury.     

p38和CARP的表达与大鼠心肌梗死后心肌重塑的关系

目的探讨p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（p38）和心锚重复蛋白（CARP）的表达与大鼠心肌梗死（MI）后心肌重塑的关系。方法结扎大鼠冠脉前降支致MI,术后2 h存活大鼠随机分为MI组、p38抑制剂SB203580组（SB组）和假手术组（Sham组）。测定各组第1、7和28天左心室质量指数（LVWI）、心肌细胞横切面面积（CSA）。RT-PCR法测定p38和CARP在心脏的表达。结果与Sham组相比,MI组LVWI和CSA在第7、28天时明显增加（P均〈0.05）,各时间点磷酸化p38（p-p38）表达均明显升高（P均〈0.05）,CARP在第1、7天时表达明显升高（P均〈0.05）。与MI组相比,SB组LVWI在第7天时明显降低（P〈0.01）;CSA在第1天时增大（P〈0.01）,第7、28天时明显缩小（P均〈0.01）;p-p38在第1天时表达降低,CARP在第7天表达降低（P〈0.01）。结论MI后早期p38和CARP即被激活,并促进随后心肌重塑的发展,抑制p38可以抑制CARP,改善心肌重塑。     

特异性p38蛋白激酶抑制剂SB203580对小鼠感染肺炎衣原体后细胞因子变化的影响

目的 探讨特异性p38蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对小鼠感染肺炎衣原体后细胞因子变化.方法 使用TLR4基因缺失(C3H/HeJ)小鼠90只,随机分为正常组、感染组和SB203580组,每组再分别按0、1、4、7、14 d分成5小组.正常组鼻内接种二磷酸蔗糖缓冲液,感染组鼻内接种肺炎衣原体约4.0×106 IFU/ml,SB203580组在感染肺炎衣原体后腹腔注射SB203580(100 mg/kg).分别在接种后第0天,第1天、第4天、第7天、第14天预定的时间处死小鼠,取肺组织分别采用Western blot法测p38 MAPK蛋白的表达,用酶联免疫吸附法检测肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素1(IL-1)的表达,同时观察各组小鼠肺组织病理变化.结果 感染组肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1的表达水平在各时间点均高于正常组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),并在第4天出现高峰,14天以后开始下降.SB203580组肺组织中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1的表达水平在各时间点均低于感染组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).同时,SB203580组p38 MAPK蛋白表达强度弱于感染组.结论 p38 MAPK参与小鼠感染肺炎衣原体的炎症反应,特异性p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580能抑制小鼠感染肺炎衣原体后的细胞因子表达,减轻炎症反应.     

硫化氢在p38MAPK信号通路对大鼠肝星状细胞凋亡中的作用

目的探讨硫化氢(H2S)在p38MAPK信号通路对大鼠肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell,HSC)凋亡中的作用及磷酸化P38、Caspase-3蛋白表达的变化。方法实验设对照组(HSC加含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养液)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)组(对照组基础上加DMSO,使其终浓度为0.1%)、NaHS组(对照组基础上加NaHS,使其终浓度为50μmol/L)、SB组(DMSO组基础上加SB203580,使其终浓度为75μmol/L)、SB加NaHS(SB+NaHS)组;采用Hoechst荧光染色检测细胞凋亡;Western blotting法检测磷酸化p38MAPK表达及Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组比较,SB组和SB+NaHS组HSC-T6的凋亡率增加(P0.05),NaHS组p38MAPK磷酸化水平及Caspase-3表达均明显增高(P0.01);与NaHS组比较,SB组和SB+NaHS组细胞凋亡率增加明显(P0.01),p38MAPK磷酸化水平表达降低(P0.01);SB+NaHS组较SB组Caspase-3蛋白表达升高(P0.05)。结论 p38MAPK及Caspase-3在H2S刺激的HSC-T6中表达增强,H2S能促使SB203580诱导的HSC-T6细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与活化p38MAPK的磷酸化途径,进而激活Caspase-3的表达有关。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶抑制剂减少大鼠肝脏炎症细胞因子的表达

目的 观察p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)抑制剂SB203580阻断p36 MAPK信号通路,减少脑死亡大鼠肝脏促炎细胞因子表达的作用.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠30只,体质量180～200 g,随机分3组,每组10只.脑死亡组:诱导大鼠及死亡;脑死亡+SB203580组:大鼠脑死亡诱导成功后,经阴茎背静脉注射SB203580(10 mg/kg);两组大鼠脑死亡诱导成功,行人工呼吸6 h后,若平均动脉压大于80 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),则为脑死亡供体,获取肝脏待检.对照组:正常大鼠麻醉后取肝脏待检.逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测肝脏肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α和白细胞介素(IL)-1β的mRNA表达,Western blot检测肝脏TNF α和IL-1 β的蛋白质表达以及磷酸化p38 MAPK的表达.多个样本间比较行One-Way ANOVA分析,SNK法行两两样本间比较.结果 脑死亡组大鼠肝脏出现p38 MAPK磷酸化,磷酸化p38 MAPK的相对表达量比对照组明显增加(0.190±0.004比0.001±0.002),差异有统计学意义(q=172.53,P＜0.01);肝脏TNF α的mRNA和蛋白质表达量分别为0.670±0.012和0.240±0.003,较对照组(分别为0.130±0.013和0.001±0.002)明显增加(q值分别为123.99和243.09,P值均＜0.01);肝脏IL-1 β的mRNA和蛋白质表达量分别为0.560±0.009和0.190±0.003,较对照组(分别为0.160±0.010和0.001±0.002)明显增加(q值分别为135.35和192.23,P值均＜0.01).脑死亡SB203580组大鼠肝脏p38 MAPK磷酸化下降,磷酸化p38 MAPK的表达量(0.120±0.004)比脑死亡组明显下降(q=63.90,P＜0.05),但仍明显高于对照组(q=108.63,P＜0.01);肝脏TNF α的mRNA和蛋白质表达量分别为0.430±0.016和0.180±0.004,较脑死亡组明显下降(q值分别为55.11和61.03,P值均＜0.01),但仍高于对照组(q值分别为68.89和182.06,P值均＜0.01);肝脏IL-1β的mRNA和蛋白质表达量分别为0.270±0.009和0.140±0.004,较脑死亡组明显下降(q值分别为98.13和50.85,P值均＜0.01),但仍高于对照组(q值分别为37.22和141.38,P值均＜0.01).结论 SB203580能抑制p38 MAPK的磷酸化,阻断p38 MAPK信号通路,减少脑死亡大鼠肝脏促炎细胞因子表达,降低肝脏免疫原性.     

p38信号通路在内皮细胞微粒诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞表达细胞间黏附分子-1中的作用

目的观察p38信号通路（P38MAPK）在内皮细胞微粒（EMPs）诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞（HU—VECs）表达细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）中的作用。方法将体外培养的HUVECs随机分组：①EMPs不同时点观察组：用EMPs（终浓度105／m1）分别刺激细胞0、3、6、12、24h;②EMPs不同剂量作用组：分别用终浓度为0、10^2、10^3、10^4、10^5／ml的EMPs刺激细胞24h;③EMPs＋p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580组：在EMPs（终浓度10^5／ml）刺激前,与终浓度为5μmol／L的SB203580共同孵育30min。用蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）测定p38MAPK磷酸化表达,实时荧光定量PCR测定ICAM—1mRNA的表达。结果EMPs可激活p38MAPK,使磷酸化p38MAPK蛋白表达量及ICAM—1mRNA表达量增加,且呈剂量和时间依赖性。p38MAPK特异性拈抗剂SB203580可显著抑制EMPs的此作用。结论p38信号通路可能部分参与了对EMPs诱导HUVECs表达ICAM-1的调控。     

Cellular events during arthritis-induced hyperalgesia are mediated by Interleukin-6 and p38 MAPK and their effects on the expression of spinal mu-opioid receptors

Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) enzymes in nociceptive plasticity has been extensively studied. P38 MAPK enzyme, which can be activated by cytokines, acts as a crucial intracellular regulator of environmental changes. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cellular events during arthritis-induced hyperalgesia that are mediated by interleukin-6 and p38 MAPK, and their effects on the expression of spinal mu-opioid receptors (MORs), in different stages of arthritis in male Wistar rats. Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis (AA) was caused by subcutaneous injection of CFA into the rats’ hindpaw. Anti-IL-6 antibody and p38 MAPK phosphorylation inhibitor were administered during 21 days of study. Spinal MOR, p38, and phosphorylated-p38 (pp38) proteins expressions were detected by Western blotting. Daily treatment with anti-IL-6 antibody and p38 MAPK phosphorylation inhibitor, SB203580, significantly decreased paw edema in AA group. Daily anti-IL-6 and SB203580 administration caused a significant reduction in hyperalgesia in the first week of the study, but increased hyperalgesia in the next 2 weeks in experimental groups compared to the AA control group. Expression of pp38 MAPK protein significantly decreased on the 3, 7, 14, and 21 days in AA+SB203580 and AA+anti-IL6 groups compared to AA group. Additionally, daily treatment with anti-IL6 antibody and SB203580 in AA group caused significantly decrease in spinal MOR expression compared to AA control group. The results of our study can confirm that activated spinal p38 MAPK enzyme may play an important role in cellular IL-6 signaling pathways in hyperalgesia variation during different stages of AA inflammation. Also, it can be suggested that at least a part of p38 MAPK effects on hyperalgesia is mediated by spinal MOR expression variation.     

Reduction of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by the protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 is independent of p38MAPK activity

Insulin increases glucose uptake through translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. We previously showed that insulin activates p38MAPK, and inhibitors of p38MAPKalpha and p38MAPKbeta (e.g. SB203580) reduce insulin-stimulated glucose uptake without affecting GLUT4 translocation. This observation suggested that insulin may increase GLUT4 activity via p38alpha and/or p38beta. Here we further explore the possible participation of p38MAPK through a combination of molecular strategies. SB203580 reduced insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in L6 myotubes overexpressing an SB203580-resistant p38alpha (drug-resistant p38alpha) but barely affected phosphorylation of the p38 substrate MAPK-activated protein kinase-2. Expression of dominant-negative p38alpha or p38beta reduced p38MAPK phosphorylation by 70% but had no effect on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Gene silencing via isoform-specific small interfering RNAs reduced expression of p38alpha or p38beta by 60-70% without diminishing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. SB203580 reduced photoaffinity labeling of GLUT4 by bio-LC-ATB-BMPA only in the insulin-stimulated state. Unless low levels of p38MAPK suffice to regulate glucose uptake, these results suggest that the inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport by SB203580 is likely not mediated by p38MAPK. Instead, changes experienced by insulin-stimulated GLUT4 make it susceptible to inhibition by SB203580.     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶抑制剂SB203580对溃疡性结肠炎肠黏膜肿瘤坏死因子α表达的影响

目的探讨溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者肠黏膜组织中磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38 MAPK）的表达及p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580对活动性UC患者肠黏膜组织TNFα表达的影响。方法30例活动性UC患者被纳入本研究,以15例结肠癌患者的癌旁正常组织作为对照。免疫组化法检测UC患者肠黏膜活检组织中磷酸化p38 MAPK的表达。体外组织培养条件下观察SB203580对UC患者肠黏膜组织TNFα表达的影响,ELISA法检测培养上清液中TNFα含量。结果（1）UC患者肠黏膜磷酸化p38MAPK的表达明显高于正常肠黏膜,A值分别为549．22±32．54、143．52±11．89,阳染面积分别为[（1680．61±115．30）×10^-5、（351．68±12．73）×10^-5]μm^2,P值均〈0．01。（2）与未用SB203580处理的UC组比较,处理后UC肠黏膜组织分泌TNFα的水平明显较低,分别为（549．96±107．63、72．07±20．30）ng／L（P〈0．01）。（3）与未用SB203580处理的UC组比较,处理后UC肠黏膜组织p38 MAPK下游分子活化转录因子-2（ATF2）的活性表达明显减少,A值分别为688．32±47．37、265．82±40．25,阳染面积分别为[（2489．02±193．63）×10^-5、（1213．76±204．77）×10^-5]μm^2,P值均〈0．01,但对磷酸化p38 MAPK的表达无影响,A值分别为480．34±38．87、465．64±38．69,阳染面积分别为[（1536．68±182．16）×10^-5、（1486．26±165．49）×10^-5]μm62,P值均〉0．05。结论p38 MAPK信号传导通路在UC的发病中起着重要作用,阻断该通路可减少炎性细胞因子的释放。提示p38 MAPK信号传导通路可以为UC的治疗提供一个新的靶标,SB203580有可能成为UC治疗的新药物。     

Cardiomyocyte differentiation of pluripotent stem cells with SB203580 analogues correlates with Wnt pathway CK1 inhibition independent of p38 MAPK signaling

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells as embryoid bodies (EBs) has been achieved previously with p38alfa MAPK inhibitors such as SB203580 with moderate efficiency of 10–15%. We synthesized and screened 42 compounds that are 2,4,5-trisubstituted azole analogues of SB203580 for efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation. Our screen identified novel compounds that have similar cardiac differentiation activity as SB203580. However, the cardiac differentiation did not correlate with p38alfa MAPK inhibition, indicating an alternative mechanism in cardiac differentiation. Upon profiling several 2,4,5-trisubstituted azole compounds against a panel of 97 kinases we identified several off targets, among them casein kinases 1 (CK1). The cardiomyogenic activities of SB203580 and its analogues showed a correlation with post mesoderm Wnt/beta-catenin pathway inhibition of CK1 epsilon and delta. These findings united the mechanism of 2,4,5-trisubstituted azole with the current theory of Wnt/beta-catenin regulated pathway of cardiac differentiation. Consequently an efficient cardiomyocyte protocol was developed with Wnt activator CHIR99021 and 2,4,5-trisubstituted azoles to give high yields of 50–70% cardiomyocytes and a 2-fold increase in growth.     

p38MAPK途径在淫羊藿甙促成骨细胞分化中的作用

观察淫羊藿甙对体外培养新生大鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)蛋白表达的影响,探讨淫羊藿甙防治骨质疏松症的信号转导机制.结果 显示淫羊藿甙可以在5 min内激活p38MAPK途径,并且可以上调Cbfa1蛋白表达和活性升高,加用p38MAPK途径的抑制剂SB203580后可以部分抑制淫羊藿甙对Cbfa1蛋白和活性的上调作用.

Abstract：

This paper was aimed to investigate the effects of icariin on the expression of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK)protein in rat osteoblasts cultured in vitro, to elucidate the signal transduction of icariin in preventing and treating osteoporosis. The results showed that p38MAPK could be activated by icariin within 5min, and Cbfal could also be upregulated, and SB203580, an inhibitor of p38MAPK pathway, could partly inhibit Cbfal upregulation by icariin.     

联合应用p38MAPK抑制剂对降低结肠癌阿霉素耐药性的影响

目的:探讨p38 MAPK抑制剂通过Akt(蛋白激酶B)有关的信号途径对结肠癌细胞阿霉素(Doxorubicin)化疗敏感性的影响.方法:应用阿霉素(Dox)和p38 MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580及两者联合应用去处理结肠癌HCT-116细胞株.采用MTT[3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐]法检测化疗药物对肿瘤细胞的生存抑制率,Western blot蛋白免疫印迹技术检测化疗药物处理后癌细胞Akt和磷酸化Akt的表达水平.结果:MTT显示阿霉素和抑制剂SB203580对结肠癌细胞均有抑制作用(26.60%,33.87%),后者大于前者,两者相同用量联合后癌细胞抑制率更明显(56.04%).Western blot显带说明阿霉素处理组较联合组的Akt表达水平并无明显差异,而磷酸化的Akt水平较SB203580组和联合组显著升高.亦即抑制剂组和联合组方案可降低结肠癌细胞磷酸化Akt的表达水平.结论:p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580可能通过阻断P13K/Akt信号途径或其他有关Akt的通路以提高结肠癌细胞阿霉素化疗的敏感性.     

p38MAPK信号转导通路在EGF诱导食管腺癌SEG-1细胞表达u-PA中的作用

目的:探讨表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)对人食管腺癌SEG-1细胞尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(urokinase-type plasminogen activator,u-PA)mRNA和蛋白表达的影响及p38MAPK信号转导通路在其中的作用.方法:以相同浓度的EGF(100g/L)按时间梯度刺激SEG-1细胞,应用Western blot法测定各时间点总p38MAPK蛋白、磷酸化p38MAPK蛋白、u-PA蛋白表达,并应用RT-PCR方法检测各时间点u-PAmRNA表达.用p38MAPK特异抑制剂SB203580预处理细胞后,观察上述指标变化.结果:EGF可明显增强SEG-1细胞(u-PA)mRNA和蛋白的表达,并可激活p38MAPK蛋白的磷酸化,具有时间依赖性.SB203580能明显抑制EGF诱导的p38MAPK蛋白的磷酸化,用其阻断p38MAPK信号转导通路后,EGF对u-PAmRNA和蛋白表达的诱导作用受到显著抑制,并且具有剂量依赖性.结论:EGF可通过p38MAPK信号转导通路诱导SEG-1细胞表达u-PA.     

Differential roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38MAPK in mechanical load-induced procollagen alpha1(I) gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: We have previously demonstrated that mechanical loading of cardiac fibroblasts leads to increased synthesis and gene expression of the extracellular matrix protein collagen. We hypothesised that the upregulation of procollagen gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts, in response to cyclic mechanical load, is mediated by one or more members of the MAP kinase family. To test this hypothesis, the effect of mechanical load on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p46/54JNK, and p38MAPK was examined in rat cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS: Peak phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, p38MAPK kinases, and p46/54JNK was observed following 10-20 min of continuous cyclic mechanical load. Mechanical load significantly increased procollagen alpha1(I) mRNA levels up to twofold above static controls after 24 h. This increase was completely abolished by the MEK 1/2 inhibitor U0126, with no effect on basal levels. In contrast, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK, enhanced both basal and stretch-stimulated levels of procollagen mRNA. Consistent with this finding, selective activation of the p38MAPK signalling pathway by expression of MKK6(Glu), a constitutive activator of p38MAPK, significantly reduced procollagen alpha1(I) promoter activity. SB203580-dependent increase in procollagen alpha1(I) was accompanied by ERK 1/2 activation, and inhibition of this pathway completely prevented SB203580-induced procollagen alpha1(I) expression. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that mechanical load-induced procollagen alpha1(I) gene expression requires ERK 1/2 activation and that the p38MAPK pathway negatively regulates gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts. These pathways are likely to be key in events leading to matrix deposition during heart growth and remodelling induced by mechanical load.     

Dichotomal role of inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB 203580 in experimental colitis

BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease is characterised by a chronic relapsing inflammation of the bowel in which proinflammatory cytokines play an important perpetuating role. Mitogen activated protein kinase p38 (p38 MAPK) has been established as a major regulator of the inflammatory response, especially with regard to production of proinflammatory cytokines, but its role in inflammatory bowel disease is unexplored. In this paper we describe the effects of a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB 203580, in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in mice. RESULTS: SB 203580 had a dichotomal effect in TNBS mice. Weight loss of TNBS mice treated with SB 203580 was significantly worse and colon weight on sacrifice was significantly increased in MAPK inhibitor treated TNBS mice (229.2 mg and 289.1 mg, respectively). However, the total number of cells in the caudal lymph node decreased to 188.8 x 10(4) cells in SB 203580 treated TNBS mice compared with 334 x 10(4) cells in vehicle treated mice. CD3/CD28 double stimulated caudal lymph node cells of SB 203580 treated mice showed decreased interferon gamma production but increased tumour necrosis factor alpha production. The concentration of interleukin 12p70 in colon homogenates was significantly decreased in SB 203580 treated mice whereas concentrations of interleukin 12p40, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 10 were similar in vehicle and SB 203580 treated TNBS mice. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal a dichotomy in p38 MAPK action during experimental colitis.