急性左心衰竭患者血气及酸碱变化对预后的影响

目的 :探讨急性左心衰竭患者血气变化、电解质紊乱、酸碱失衡与预后的关系。方法 :对 12 4例急性左心衰竭患者首次动脉血气参数 (pH、PaO2 、PaCO2 )、酸碱失衡类型和电解质测定结果 (主要是血清K+)与预后的关系进行分析。结果 :pH <7 3 0者 43例 ,死亡 14例 (14 /4 3 ,占 3 3 % ) ,与 7 3 0～ 7 5 0组比较差异有高度显著性 (P =0 0 0 1) ,其中pH <7 2 0者 16例 ,死亡 11例 (11/16,占 69% ) ,7 2 0～ 7 2 9者 2 7例 ,死亡 3例 (占 11% ) ,两者差异有高度显著性 (P =0 0 0 1) ,pH >7 5 0者病死率甚高 ,达 40 % ;动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 ) <80mmHg、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2 ) >5 0mmHg、K+>5 5mmol/L时病死率均显著升高 ,与对照组比较差异均有显著性 ;酸碱失衡类型中以呼吸性碱中毒并代谢性碱中毒 (呼碱并代碱 )病死率最高 ,其次是呼吸性酸中毒并代谢性酸中毒 (呼酸并代酸 )。结论 :pH值是影响急性左心衰竭患者预后的重要因素 ,pH值越低 ,预后越差 ;低氧血症、二氧化碳潴留、酸碱失衡类型、高血K+与预后有密切关系 ;缺K+增加病死率。     

急性危重病人并发碱中毒769例分析

目的提高对急性危重病人并发碱中毒的认识和救治水平.方法分析了769例急性危重病人的动脉血气、血清电解质参数及临床资料.结果急性危重病人碱中毒的类型依次为呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱)并代谢性碱中毒(代碱)216例(28.1%),单纯呼碱159例(20.7%),呼碱并代谢性酸中毒(代酸)105例(13.6%),单纯代碱93例(12.1%),三重酸碱失衡90例(11.7%),呼吸性酸中毒(呼酸)并代碱64例(8.3%)和代碱并代酸42例(5.5%).769例中PaO2＜8.0kPa(1kPa=7.5mmHg)者386例(50.2%).全组中死亡者316例(41.1%).结论急性危重病人碱中毒是常见的,其中以呼碱并代碱和单纯性呼碱为最常见,通常原发疾病因素引起呼碱或伴有低氧血症.救治原则为积极治疗原发疾病,从纠正原发失衡着手,维持水电解质平衡,对于合并多脏器功能损害的重度碱中毒患者,可行血液透析或血液超滤法快速纠正严重的碱血症和过多的体液负荷.尽快使pH恢复正常至关重要.     

急诊危重患者的酸碱失衡(附1 239例分析)

目的：提高对急诊危重患者并发酸碱失衡的认识。方法：对1239例急诊危重患者酸碱失衡类型进行分析。结果：1239例急诊危重患者动脉血气中1195例（96．45％）伴有8种类型的酸碱失衡,其中呼吸性碱中毒（呼碱）最为常见,为303例（25．36％）;其它依次为：呼碱合并代谢性碱中毒（代碱）202例（16．90％）,呼吸性酸中毒（呼酸）175例（14．64％）,代谢性酸中毒（代酸）162例（13．56％）,呼酸合并代碱126例（10．54％）,呼碱合并代酸101例（8．45％）,代碱73例（6．11％）,呼酸合并代酸53例（4．44％）。1195例酸碱失衡中,单纯性酸碱失衡713例（59．67％）,混合性酸碱失衡482例（40．33％）。结论：急诊危重患者原发疾病常引起呼碱或呼酸,病情的发展或不适当的治疗导致代碱,顽固性休克、严重低氧血症、糖尿病酮症、消化道出血及肾功能衰竭而引起代酸。严重的呼碱并代碱、呼酸并代酸可导致患者出现重度的碱血症、酸血症,而致患者死亡。     

危重病人的血气变化及酸碱失衡的探讨

报告了７５５例危重病人２８５９例次动脉血气和血电解质测定结果，危重病患者酸碱失衡及血电解质紊乱是极常见的。２８５９例次血气分析中２７６８例次（９６．８％）伴有不同类型的酸碱失衡，其中呼碱最常见，其它依次为呼酸、三重酸减失衡、呼碱代酸、呼碱代碱、代酸和呼酸代酸等。２７６８例次酸碱失衡中，单纯性酸碱紊乱１２８３例次，二重酸碱失衡１０９０例次和三重酸碱失衡３９５例次。通常，原发疾病引起呼碱或呼酸，随着病     

三重酸碱失衡的治疗

自1977年阴离子隙(AG)用作判断酸碱失衡以来,临床上首先出现了混合性代谢性酸中毒,即高AG代谢酸中毒(代酸)合并高氯代酸。1981年Narins等应用单纯性酸碱失衡预计代偿公式。作为判断单纯性或二重酸碱失衡的依据。二重酸碱失衡中以代酸合并代谢性碱中毒(代碱)的代偿机理比较复杂,分高AG代酸合并代碱和正常AG代酸合并代碱。如在代酸合并代碱的基础上,又出现呼吸性酸碱失衡时,称三重酸碱失衡(TABD)分呼     

老年人肺源性心脏病三重型酸碱失衡的临床研究

目的：探讨老年人肺源性心脏病（肺心病）三重型酸碱失衡的发病情况，为治疗提供依据。方法：应用单纯性酸碱失衡预计代偿公式结合阴离子隙（AG）值的计算，诊断32例老年人肺心病三重型酸碱失衡。结果：316例肺心病患者中，发现三重型酸碱失衡32例，发病率10．1％。呼吸性酸中毒（呼酸）＋代谢性酸中毒（呼酸）＋代谢性酸中毒（代酸）＋代谢性碱中毒（代碱）26例，呼吸性碱中毒（呼碱）＋代酸＋代碱6例。合并多器官损害25例，肾功能不全24例。三重型酸碱失衡时血气表现非常复杂，AG值明显增加（本组16．6－32．1mmol/L，平均为23．87mmol/L），呼酸型三重型酸碱失衡者的pH值多偏酸，呼碱型三重型酸碱失衡pH值多偏碱。结论：老年人肺心病三重型酸碱失衡发生率高，治疗困难，应引起临床高度重视。     

233例肺心病并发呼吸衰竭时酸碱失衡的变化分析

本文回顾性总结我院近5年233例慢性肺心病合并呼吸衰竭时住院病人的血气、电解质资料,运用酸碱失衡预计代偿公式,结合阴离子间隙(AG)判断酸碱失衡类型,结果:呼酸+代碱最多,计111例(占各失衡类型总数的51.15％)、呼酸42例(19.35％)、其他依次为呼酸+代碱代酸22例(10.14％),呼碱13例(5.99％)、代碱12例(5.53％)、呼碱+代碱代酸6例(2.76％)、呼酸+代酸5例(2.3％)、呼酸+代碱3例(1.38％)、代酸3例(1.38％)。并对酸碱失衡的正确判断、肺心病呼衰与酸碱失衡的关系以及引起酸碱失衡的医源性因素进行讨论。本文结果还提示:     

危重病患者的三重酸碱失衡分析

目的　提高对危重病患者三重酸碱失衡 (TABD)的诊断和救治水平。方法　分析了 168例危重病患者的TABD动脉血气、血清电解质参数及临床资料。结果　 168例中呼吸性碱中毒合并代谢性碱中毒并代谢性酸中毒 (呼碱型TABD) 12 1例 (72 0 % ) ;呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒并代谢性酸中毒 (呼酸型TABD) 4 7例 (2 8 0 % )。 168例中pH >7 45者92例 (5 4 8% ) ,pH <7 3 5者 3 9例 (2 3 2 % ) ;PaO2 <80mmHg者 75例 (4 4 6% ) ,其中PaO2 <60mmHg者 41例 (5 4 6% ) ;潜在〔HCO3-〕升高者 113例 (67 2 % ) ;AG >18mmol/L者 168例。全组中死亡者 69例 (4 1 1% )。结论　呼吸性碱中毒伴AG值升高 ,且符合潜在〔HCO3-〕 =实测〔HCO3-〕 +△AG >2 4+ 0 5×△PaCO2 + 2 5 ,可判断为呼碱型TABD ;呼吸性酸中毒伴AG值升高 ,且符合潜在〔HCO3-〕 =实测〔HCO3-〕 +△AG >2 4+ 0 3 5×△PaCO2 + 5 5 8,可判断为呼酸型TABD     

肺心病三重酸碱失衡并多脏器功能衰竭26例分析

三重酸碱失衡 (TABD)是近来提出的一种新型酸碱失衡。它可因并发的呼吸失衡不同 ,而分为呼酸型 TABD(呼酸 +代酸 +代碱 )和呼碱型 TABD(呼碱 +代酸 +代碱 )两型 [1 ]。肺心病急性发作期可并发 TABD,且 TABD患者多脏器功能衰竭(MOF)发生率和死亡率均较高 ,预后极差。本文选择自 1991年以来 ,收治的 310例肺心病患者中发生 TABD并 MOF2 6例 ,分析如下。1　临床资料本组 2 6例 ,男 19例 ,女 7例 ,年龄 6 0～ 78岁 ,平均 6 9岁。所有患者均同步进行动脉血气分析及电解质测定 ,应用单纯酸碱失衡预计代偿公式 [2 ] ,结合阴离子隙 (AG…     

慢性肺原性心脏病与三重型酸碱失衡

分析２９１例慢性肺原性心脏病患者，发现有三重型酸碱失衡２１例（占７．２％），其中呼吸性酸中毒（呼酸）＋代谢性酸中毒（代酸）＋代谢性碱中毒（代碱）１７例，呼碱＋代酸＋代碱４例，绝大部分患者为老年人及多器官损害患者，１６例有肾功能不全。本组资料提示三重型酸碱失衡时血气表现非常复杂，ＡＧ值明显增加（本组最低值为１６．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，最高值为３１．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，平均值为２４．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），呼酸型三重型酸碱失衡者的ｐＨ值偏低，呼碱型三重型酸碱失衡者的ｐＨ多偏高。作者提出：三重型酸碱失衡的治疗原则是维持ｐＨ值正常，兼顾三种原发失衡，对每一种失衡的治疗不能操之过急，治疗的关键在于治疗原发性疾病，避免医源性因素，尤其注意利尿剂、激素等的合理使用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.