哮喘患者血清中IL-4，IL-12，IL-13，IFN-γ，IgE水平的测定及其临床意义

目的 探讨哮喘发作期和缓解期血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-12(IL-12)、白细胞介素-13(IL-13)和干扰素(IFN-γ)与免疫球蛋白E(IgE)的浓度变化及其意义.方法 采用生物素亲合素双抗体夹心和间接ELISA法分别对60例哮喘急性发作期和缓解期患者进行血清IL-4,IL-12,IL-13,IFN-γ和IgE水平的测定.结果 60例哮喘急性发作期和哮喘缓解期患者血清IL-4,IL-13水平均高于正常对照组(P<0.01);而血清IFN-γ,IL-12水平均较对照组(40例)显著下降(P<0.01);哮喘急性发作期患者血清IL-4,IL-13水平高于哮喘缓解期患者(P<0.01),而IFN-γ,IL-12水平均较缓解组显著下降(P<0.01);在哮喘发作期患者血清中IL-4,IL-13水平与IgE含量呈显著正相关,而IL-12,IFN-γ水平与IgE呈显著负相关.结论 细胞因子分泌紊乱、网络失衡是哮喘病急性发作的重要因素,而细胞因子IL-4,IFN-γ,IL-12,IL-13等在其发生、发展中起着重要的调控作用.     

早期免疫干预高危哮喘儿的γ-干扰素、白细胞介素及IgE的变化研究

目的观察高危哮喘儿早期流感疫苗、肺炎疫苗及免疫增强剂斯奇康免疫干预后的γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、白细胞介素5(IL-5)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)及免疫球蛋白IgE水平变化,评价早期免疫干预对预防高危哮喘儿发展为哮喘的意义。方法应用酶联免疫方法测定疫苗干预组、斯奇康干预组及对照组的IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-5、IL-10及IgE水平。结果2y时两干预组的IFN-γ、IL-2水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),IL-10及IgE水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05),疫苗干预组IL-5明显低于对照组(P<0.05),两干预组之间无明显区别。结论早期两种免疫干预治疗方法对预防高危哮喘儿发展为哮喘有一定作用。     

早期免疫干预防治毛细支气管炎后婴幼儿哮喘的研究

目的:评价卡介菌多糖核酸、卡介苗经皮接种治疗对毛细支气管炎患儿日后发生哮喘的预防效果并探讨其作用机制。方法:将128例毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为常规治疗组(常规组)、卡介菌多糖核酸治疗组(A治疗组)与卡介苗治疗组(B治疗组),常规组仅给予常规治疗,而A治疗组与B治疗组在常规治疗的其础上,分别加用卡介菌多糖核酸治疗与卡介苗经皮接种治疗。观察患儿在治疗前、治疗半年后、3岁时的IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IgE的变化,并随访2～2.5年,于患儿3岁时统计各组哮喘的患病率。另设20例健康体检者作为正常对照组。结果:(1)治疗前A治疗组、B治疗组和常规组IL-4、IL-10与IgE均高于正常对照组,IFN-γ低于正常对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.01);A治疗组、B治疗组与常规组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);(2)A治疗组与B治疗组治疗半年后IL-4,IL-10与IgE低于治疗前,IFN-γ较治疗前有升高,其差异有显著性(P<0.01);两组患儿3岁时IFN-γ、IL-10水平与正常对照组无明显差异(P>0.05),IL-4和IgE水平虽较治疗半年后明显降低,但仍高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。(3)...     

毛细支气管炎皮内注射卡介苗干预哮喘发生

目的 观察皮内注射灭活卡介苗对毛细支气管炎后患儿外周血单个核细胞Th1／Th2细胞因子分泌的调节作用，及对病愈后哮喘发作、喘息发作次数的影响。方法 干预组18例在毛细支气管炎愈后1～3d皮内注射灭活卡介苗0．1ml，于干预前、后分别取血分离单个核细胞，培养48h。EILSA测定上清液的IFN-γ(Th1)及IL-4(Th2)水平，并对患儿追踪观察。结果 干预后IFN-γ增高，IL-4降低，哮喘发作次数减少，且发作后症状较轻。结论 皮内注射灭活卡介苗可有效干预毛细支气管炎后哮喘发作。     

毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素-16、干扰素-γ和IgE的测定及意义

目的 探讨毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素-16(IL-16)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和IgE水平测定的意义.方法 对60例毛细支气管炎患儿及26例健康体检婴儿IL-16、IFN-γ和IgE进行水平测定并作相关性分析.结果 毛细支气管炎患儿组血清IL-16、血IgE水平[分别为(88.44±11.7)ng/L、(277.18±103.74)U/mL]与健康组[分别为(25.67±11.47)ng/L、(79.9±58.88)u/mL]比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01),而IFN-γ[(13.83±12.04)ng/L]则明显低于健康组[(24.36±11.8)ng/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL-16水平与IgE呈正相关(r=0.715,P<0.01);IFN-r水平与IgE呈负相关(r=-0.885,P<0.01).结论 毛细支气管炎患儿气道炎症与IL-16的升高、IFN-γ降低有关,提示可针对IL-16、IFN-r在气道炎症中作用采取措施十分必要.     

布地奈德雾化吸入对轻中度支气管哮喘患者Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡的影响

目的 探讨布地奈德雾化吸入对轻、中度支气管哮喘患者Th1/Th2细胞因子平衡的影响.方法 将70例轻、中度支气管哮喘患者随机平分为两组,均按上述治疗方法治疗,并分别采用ELISA法检测两组哮喘患者治疗前及治疗后1、2个月的外周血清白细胞介素-5(IL-5)、白细胞介素-12(IL-12)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的水平,对其检测结果进行分析总结.结果 治疗组经布地奈德雾化吸入治疗1、2个月后,患者外周血清IL-5水平较治疗前明显降低,IL-12和IFN-γ水平较治疗前上升(P<0.05).治疗组患者治疗后1、2月外周血清IL-5、IL-12和IFN-γ的水平均较对照组明显好转.结论 布地奈德雾化吸入对轻、中度支气管哮喘患者可有效降低IL-5水平,升高IL-12水平与IFN-γ,并抑制炎症介质释放,调节Th1/Th2 细胞因子间失平衡.     

哮喘患儿血清细胞因子与IgE水平的临床研究

目的探讨白细胞介素4（IL-4）、白细胞介素13（IL-13）和γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）与免疫球蛋白E（IgE）在哮喘患儿急性发作期血清中的变化及临床价值。方法对65例哮喘急性发作期患儿进行血清IL-4、IL-13、IFN-γ和IgE的检测,并与45例健康儿童作比较。结果65例患儿血清IL-4、IL-13、IgE水平均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;IFN-γ水平则明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）;哮喘患儿血清中IL-4、IL-13水平与IgE水平呈显著正相关,而IFN-γ水平与IgE呈显著负相关。结论多种细胞因子分泌紊乱、形成的免疫调控异常可能是导致哮喘患儿急性发作的重要因素,而细胞因子IL-4、IL-13、IFN-1等在其发生发展中起着重要的调控作用。     

不同剂量致敏原对小鼠过敏性哮喘模型特异性抗体和炎性细胞因子的影响

目的 观察不同剂量致敏原对小鼠过敏性哮喘模型血清特异性抗体IgE、IgG2a和白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-5（IL-5）、白细胞介素-12（IL-12）、γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）等炎性细胞因子的影响.方法 45只雌性BALB小鼠随机分为4组,空白对照组腹腔注射不含鸡卵蛋白（OVA）的PBS缓冲液,低、中、高剂量组分别注射含10、100、1 000 μg OVA的PBS缓冲液,第15 ～20天以雾化吸入OVA生理盐水激发致敏,制备过敏性哮喘模型.结果 各给药组均出现不同程度炎细胞浸润,低剂量组最为显著;低、中、高剂量组血清IgE、IL-4、IL-5水平呈递减趋势,组间差异显著（P＜0.01）,且均显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）;各实验组血清IgG2a、IL-12及IFN-γ水平呈递增趋势,组间差异显著（P＜0.01）,且与对照组差异显著（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.结论 不同剂量的OVA可能影响小鼠过敏性哮喘模型所产生的细胞因子类型,低剂量OVA造模的效果最为显著,高剂量OVA可能导致小鼠发生免疫耐受.     

糖皮质激素吸入治疗对哮喘患者血清白细胞介素-4、白细胞介素-8、干扰素-γ和肺功能的影响

目的探讨糖皮质激素吸入治疗对哮喘患者血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)以及肺功能改善的影响。方法 50例急性发作期哮喘患者设为哮喘组,给予普米克(布地奈德气雾剂)及喘康速(硫酸特布他林气雾剂)吸入治疗,症状缓解后停用喘康速。分别检测治疗前后患者血清IL-4、IL-8、IFN-γ水平和1 s用力呼气容积占预测值百分比(FEV1%),并与对照组(同期健康体检者30例)比较。结果哮喘组治疗总有效率为90.00%;哮喘组治疗前IL-4、IL-8水平显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),IFN-γ水平和FEV1%显著低于对照组(P0.01);治疗后IL-4、IL-8均下降,但仍高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),IFN-γ和FEV1%升高,但仍低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论糖皮质激素吸入治疗哮喘疗效确切,可有效降低患者血清IL-4、IL-8水平,升高IFN-γ水平,改善肺呼吸功能。     

温阳益气平喘方对支气管哮喘大鼠组织病理学的影响及Th1／Th2失衡的调节作用

目的 观察温阳益气平喘方对支气管哮喘大鼠肺组织病理学的影响及辅助性T细胞Th1/Th2失衡的调节作用.方法 60只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、温阳益气平喘高剂量组、温阳益气平喘低剂量组、桂龙咳喘宁组、氨茶碱组6组,每组10只.以卵蛋白致敏并喷雾激发制备大鼠支气管哮喘模型,各治疗组均从第1次哮喘激发开始(制模第3周)至处死前每日灌胃给药,4周后处死大鼠,观察肺组织病理学变化,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测肺组织白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)含量及IFN-γ/IL-4比值变化.结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组肺组织IL-4明显升高(P<0.01),IFN-γ有所升高,但差异无统计学意义,IFN-γ/IL-4比值明显降低(P<0.01).与模型组比较,各治疗组均可明显减少支气管哮喘大鼠肺组织嗜酸粒细胞,降低IL-4含量,升高IFN-γ含量及IFN-γ/IL-4比值(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中以温阳益气平喘高剂量组尤为显著,且明显优于氨茶碱、桂龙咳喘宁组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 温阳益气平喘方可通过提高IFN-γ/IL-4比值,恢复Th1/Th2失衡,从而调节免疫功能,减轻嗜酸粒细胞对气道的浸润,控制气道炎症.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.