新生儿和小婴儿Ⅲ型副流感病毒肺炎55例

目的 探讨新生儿和小婴儿Ⅲ型副流感病毒(PIV3)肺炎的临床特点,提高对该病的诊治水平.方法 2005年8月-2007年7月依据肺炎临床诊断标准和实验室间接免疫荧光法诊断并住院治疗的新生儿和小婴儿PIV3肺炎55例,对该组患儿的临床特点进行回顾性分析,包括患儿的性别、年龄、症状、体征、肺部X线特点、实验室检查结果、治疗情况及预后等.结果 肺炎患儿55例中小婴儿占80%(44/55例),新生儿占20%(11/55例).季节分布以春夏最多.城郊病例占74.5%(41/55例),城区病例占25.5%(14/55例).均有咳嗽,刺激性咳嗽或痉挛性咳嗽34例(61.8%),咳嗽同时呛奶39例(70.9%);发热26例(47.3%),多为短期轻度发热;喘息14例(25.5%).肺部细湿啰音20例,其中伴喘鸣8例,有喘鸣音无湿啰音6例,肺部呼吸音粗伴痰鸣音21例.肺外表现主要有轻度吐奶、腹泻;胸片示右肺受累18例,左肺2例,双肺35例.病程1～2周16例,>2～3周28例,>3周11例,病程最长者32d.55例患儿中42例(76.4%)未使用抗生素,患儿均未接受抗病毒治疗.55例均临床痊愈出院,其中35例出院2周内随访,未见到肺部严重受损.结论 春夏是新生儿和小婴儿PIV3肺炎发病高峰,病程长,临床表现为刺激性咳嗽,右肺易受累,并发症少是其主要特征,临床特点和实验室检查相结合有利于准确诊断和治疗.     

小于3月龄婴儿巨细胞病毒性疾病158例临床分析

目的：探讨小于3月龄婴儿巨细胞病毒性疾病的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2010年1月1日至2014年12月31日我院儿科收治住院的158例巨细胞病毒性疾病患儿的临床资料。结果158例巨细胞病毒性疾病住院患儿中,先天性巨细胞病毒性疾病17例(A 组),围生期巨细胞病毒性疾病141例(B 组)。临床表现为咳嗽、呼吸增快、吸气三凹征、抽搐、发热、肝肿大、黄疸等,B 组患儿以咳嗽症状为主,达50.35%,伴喘息者23例,占肺部症状的23.95%(23/96)。A 组患儿肝功能损害伴肝脏肿大者2例(11.76%);B 组肝功能损害53例(37.58%),伴肝脏肿大者13例(9.21%)。158例患儿中累及多脏器损害者42例(26.58%),其中 A 组6例(占本组35.29%),以神经系统合并其他系统损害多见;B 组36例(占本组25.53%),以肺脏合并肝功能损害多见。A 组死亡2例(11.76%),B 组死亡1例(0.71%)。结论婴儿巨细胞病毒性疾病易发生多脏器损害,其中先天性巨细胞病毒性疾病患病率较高,常表现为非特异性多脏器损害症状,预后较差。     

婴儿不同病因所致心力衰竭的临床分析

目的 探讨不同病因所致婴儿心力衰竭的临床特征和诊断.方法 对2003年8月～2007年9月住院的18例心肌疾病心衰,41例先天性心脏病(CHD)合并肺炎心衰及30例肺炎合并心衰患儿临床特征、血清CK、CK-MB变化进行对比分析,对照组为30例肺炎患儿.结果 心肌疾病心衰组有33%存在窦性心动过缓,明显高于CHD肺炎心衰组、肺炎心衰组(P<0.05),CHD肺炎心衰组X线心脏增大、心音低钝发生率明显高于肺炎心衰组(P<0.01),肺水肿、周围灌注不良表现在心肌疾病心衰组、CHD肺炎心衰组,均比肺炎心衰组多见(P<0.05),而肝脏肿大回缩均比较肺炎心衰组慢(P<0.05).3组心衰患儿CK-MB升高,CK-MB/CK异常发生率均高于肺炎对照组(P<0.05),而且,心肌疾病心衰组、CHD肺炎心衰组均高于肺炎心衰组(P<0.05).结论 不同病因所致的心衰临床表现有明显差异,临床上应引起重视.心动过速是心衰的主要依据,但在小婴儿不能单纯以心率不增快而否定心衰,在小婴儿周围灌注不良也是心衰的常见表现.     

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目的研究婴儿食物过敏致上消化道出血的临床表现、内镜下特点及组织病理学改变,以提高婴儿食物过敏致上消化道出血的诊断水平。方法以江西省儿童医院2006年6月至2010年7月住院的35例食物过敏致上消化道出血患儿为研究对象,回顾分析婴儿食物过敏致上消化道出血的临床表现、内镜下特点及组织病理学改变。结果所有患儿均有呕血和轻度-中度贫血,其中嗜酸性粒细胞升高19例,轻度低蛋白血症6例,血清IgE升高20例,血清幽门螺杆菌抗体检测阳性2例;所有患儿血小板计数均正常,肝功能及凝血象检查均正常;3例患儿行血清学食物过敏原特异性IgG抗体测定,其中2例牛奶喂养患儿对牛奶高度敏感,1例母乳喂养患儿对蛋清和(或)蛋黄高度敏感。35例患儿均呈现镜下糜烂性胃炎,且为多发性病灶,其中21例患儿病变以胃底、胃体黏膜多发糜烂为主,14例为胃体、胃窦黏膜多发性糜烂,3例伴胃窦、幽门管水肿,1例食管炎。所有患儿组织病理提示胃黏膜有嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,且均经患儿和母亲食物回避治疗有效。结论婴儿食物过敏致上消化道出血的临床症状无特异性,以牛奶喂养多见,消化道出血是常见的表现之一,内镜下表现以胃黏膜糜烂为主,饮食回避是主要的诊断及治疗方法,且疗效肯定;胃黏膜病理学检查及结合嗜酸性粒细胞计数有助于诊断。     

沙眼衣原体肺部感染的临床特点

目的　研究沙眼衣原体 (CT)肺部感染的临床特点和诊疗措施。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)检测 2 99例住院肺炎患儿呼吸道分泌物中的CT DNA ,其中 62例同时测定血CT IgM。 结果　CT肺炎占同期小儿肺炎的 1 0 .4 % ,1～ 6个月的小婴儿CT肺炎的检出率为 1 4 .8% ,高于 >6个月龄组 6 .7% (χ2 =5 .2 4　P<0 .0 2 5) ;1～ 6个月的无热肺炎中CT肺炎占 2 4 % ,高于有热肺炎组 8.6 % (χ2 =6 .1 1　P <0 .0 2 5)。CT肺炎病程 1 0～ 1 0 1d ,71 %可闻及湿罗音 ,38.7%有哮鸣音 ,45 %白细胞增高 ,X线主要呈支气管肺炎改变。以CT PCR为标准 ,CT IgM阳性一致率 71 .4 % ,阴性一致率 67.3 %。红霉素有效率 85 .7% ,凯福隆为 80 %。结论　CT肺炎多见于小婴儿无热肺炎 ,病程较迁延 ,其他表现缺乏特异性 ,CT IgM诊断CT肺炎特异性不高 ,治疗除红霉素外凯福隆不失为一种选择     

pp65抗原血症检测法诊断婴儿巨细胞病毒感染的研究

目的　探讨pp65抗原血症检测方法（AA）对新生儿和小婴儿巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染的诊断价值。方法　对21例有典型CMV感染症状患儿及42例无典型症状的患儿,进行外周血AA、尿PCR及血清ELISA法IgM检测,比较3种方法的检测结果,结合抗原血症的量化结果及对部分患儿的短期随访,分析AA的临床应用价值。结果　（1）63例中CMV症状性感染15例,亚临床型感染8例。症状性感染组AA、PCR、ELISA阳性检出率分别为93%（14/15）、100%（15/15）和80%（12/15）;亚临床型感染组阳性检出率分别为50%（4/8）,75%（6/8）和38%（3/8）。AA相对于PCR的敏感性为86%(18/21),特异性为100%。（2）症状性感染通常伴高水平抗原血症［(4～206)个/1.5×105多形核白细胞（PMNL）］,亚临床型感染通常抗原血症水平较低［（0～3）个/（1.5×105）PMNL］,症状性感染组抗原血症水平明显高于亚临床型感染组（P＜0.01）。（3）症状性感染组中4例婴儿肝炎患儿恢复期AA转为阴性或低水平。结论　pp65抗原血症检测方法是一种敏感、特异的检测方法,量化结果有助于诊断活动感染及监测病情。     

白细胞轻度升高的上呼吸道感染儿童的病原学分析

目的 研究外周血白细胞计数轻度升高且以中性粒细胞为主的急性上呼吸道感染患儿的病原学,并分析白细胞计数及分类对此类患儿鉴别诊断的临床意义.方法 对33例外周血白细胞计数轻度升高(10.0×109～15.0×109/L)的急性上呼吸道感染患儿,取鼻咽分泌物进行细菌培养、呼吸道常见病毒间接免疫荧光检测及PCR法肺炎支原体抗原检测.结果 33例中有28例(85%)病原检测结果阳性,其中单纯病毒感染12例(43%),单纯细菌感染8例(29%),肺炎支原体感染2例(7%),细菌与病毒混合感染6例(21%).在12例单纯病毒感染中,11例(92%)外周血白细胞总数<13.5×109/L.结论 外周血白细胞计数轻度升高的上呼吸道感染患儿的病原体仍以病毒为首位,其次为细菌;当白细胞总数>13.5×109/L时,病毒感染的可能性较小.     

耐红霉素肺炎支原体肺炎24例临床分析

目的了解肺炎支原体对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药现状,提高对耐药肺炎支原体肺炎的临床认识和诊治水平。方法对2006年10月至2007年7月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院儿科病房确诊为肺炎支原体肺炎的110例患儿,从其咽部或鼻咽部获取标本,利用肺炎支原体分离培养技术分离培养肺炎支原体并进行药物敏感试验,筛选耐药株;对24例确诊为耐药肺炎支原体肺炎住院患儿的临床特点进行总结和分析。结果肺炎支原体对大环内酯类抗生素有耐药株产生,110例标本中,分离肺炎支原体阳性株26例,耐药株24例,耐药率占92.31%,发病年龄多为学龄儿童,6～14岁占83.34%。持续发热5d伴刺激性咳嗽的患儿占100.00%,肺部无明显阳性体征。外周血白细胞大多正常(占83.33%),但发热期血沉(83.33%)及C反应蛋白(91.67%)都升高。胸片以一侧大片絮状阴影为多见,右侧12例(50.00%)多于左侧6例(25.00%),双侧6例(25.00%)。19例(79.17%)有肺外合并症,伴有渗出性胸膜炎者3例(12.5%)。阿奇霉素平均疗程9.4d。结论临床应认识到耐药肺炎支原体肺炎的存在;避免不合理使用抗生素。     

2009-2010年苏州地区儿童重症人类博卡病毒肺炎的流行病学及临床特点

目的 了解人类博卡病毒(HBoV)感染所致儿童重症肺炎的流行病学及临床特点.方法 对2009年1月- 2010年12月本院PICU 27例重症HBoV肺炎患儿和106例重症RSV肺炎患儿的流行病学和临床特点进行比较分析.结果 重症HBoV肺炎患儿年龄(1.26±0.58)岁,显著大于重症RSV肺炎患儿[(0.49±0.57)岁](P＜0.05).重症HBoV肺炎患儿秋冬季发病占全年的66.7％(18/27例),与重症RSV肺炎患儿的88.7％(94/106例)比较差异无统计学意义;重症HBoV组66.7％(18/27例)的患儿有发热,高于重症RSV肺炎患儿的36.8％(39/106例);40.7％ (11/27)重症HBoV肺炎患儿有喘息,低于重症RSV肺炎患儿的92.5％(98/106例).100％(27/27例)重症HBoV肺炎患儿伴有咳嗽,11.1％(3/27例)伴有腹泻,无抽搐和胃肠道出血发生,66.7％(18/27例)患儿入院时氧合指数低于300 mmHg(1 mmHg =0.133 kPa),14.8％(4/27例)予机械通气,通气时间为(3.93±1.56)d,但无急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)发生,无死亡病例;48.1％(13/27例)患儿CK-MB升高,7.4％(2/27例)患儿肌钙蛋白(cTnI)升高,14.8％(4/27例)患儿AST、ALT升高,44.4％(12/27例)患儿CRP升高;影像学检查77.8％(21/27例)患儿双肺受累,63.0％( 17/27例)表现为肺门周围纹理粗重,88.9％(24/27例)表现为肺气肿,55.6％(15/27例)有小斑片影,14.8％(4/27例)有大范围病灶,14.8％(4/27例)出现肺不张,未出现胸腔积液和肺气漏征象.结论 苏州地区重症HBoV肺炎多见于2岁以下患儿,秋冬季为发病高峰,以发热、咳嗽、喘息和呼吸困难为主要表现,可出现低氧血症,但无ARDS发生,影像学表现以肺气肿和两肺门周围纹理改变为主,较少出现胸腔积液和肺气漏征象.     

血清25-羟维生素D_3水平与婴儿喘息关系及临床意义探讨

目的探讨血清25-羟维生素D3[25-(OH)D3]水平与婴儿喘息的关系及临床意义。方法以2011年10月至2012年5月在苏州儿童医院呼吸科住院的105例下呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测30例婴儿喘息患儿(喘息≥2次)、38例毛细支气管炎患儿、37例普通肺炎患儿血清25-(OH)D3水平,并对部分患儿行血过敏原检测及鼻咽部抽吸物病原学检测。选择同期在该院儿保门诊体检的34例健康患儿作为对照组。比较各组检测结果。结果 (1)婴儿喘息组、毛细支气管炎组、普通肺炎组血清25-(OH)D3水平分别为(55.73±18.16)nmol/L、(68.43±18.63)nmol/L、(70.74±23.56)nmol/L,三组均显著低于对照组(82.99±16.43 nmol/L)(P0.05);婴儿喘息组显著低于毛细支气管炎组、普通肺炎组(P0.05),而后两者间差异未见统计学意义(P=0.609);(2)毛细支气管炎组、婴儿喘息组病毒检出阳性率分别为75.7%和65.5%,显著高于普通肺炎组37.1%(P=0.001),毛细支气管炎组与婴儿喘息组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(3)血清25-(OH)D375 nmol/L组呼吸道病毒检出阳性率及反复喘息发生率均分别高于≥75 nmol/L组(P0.05),而两组患儿血过敏原检出阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.393)。结论病毒感染是婴儿喘息发生的主要因素,而维生素D不足或缺乏可能增加反复喘息发生的风险。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.