早年创伤经历、状态-特质焦虑与冠心病的相关性研究

目的:探讨早年创伤经历、状态-特质焦虑与冠心病的关系。方法:对51例冠心病患者(冠心病组)、23例非冠心病胸痛患者(非冠心病组)及60名正常对照者(正常对照组)进行早年创伤问卷简表(ETI-SF)及状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)问卷调查并比较分析冠状动脉狭窄与ETI-SF、STAI评分的关系。结果:ETI-SF总分及普通创伤、躯体创伤评分3组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=24.625,F=12.125,F=7.098;P均0.01);冠心病组ETI-SF总分显著高于非冠心病组及正常对照组(F=0.565,F=-0.823;P均0.01);普通创伤分、躯体创伤分、情感虐待分显著高于正常对照组(F=0.588,F=0.469,F=0.436;P均0.01)。STAI中特质焦虑评分3组间差异有统计学意义(F=4.730,P=0.01);冠心病组状态焦虑、特质焦虑得分显著高于正常对照组(F=4.021,F=4.932;P0.05或P0.01)。ETI-SF评分与冠脉狭窄程度正相关(r=0.387,P0.01)。结论:冠心病患者具有明显的焦虑倾向;早年创伤经历与冠状动脉狭窄程度有关。     

早年创伤经历与抑郁症及自杀倾向的相关性研究

目的探讨早年创伤经历与抑郁症及自杀倾向的相关性。方法 2009-12-2012-12我院诊治100例抑郁症患者为研究对象,选取同期100例健康体检者作为对照组,采用早年创伤问卷(ETI-SF)和贝克抑郁自评问卷(BDI)分别对2组早年创伤经历和自杀倾向进行评估,通过Logistic回归性分析早年创伤经历与抑郁症患者自杀倾向的相关性。结果与对照组相比,观察组情感虐待分值明显升高,P<0.05;通过Logistic回归性分析发现,BDI总分和情感虐待均与自杀倾向具有相关性,证实早年创伤经历与自杀倾向有关。结论抑郁症患者多具有早年创伤经历,且与自杀倾向具有相关性。     

早年创伤与双相障碍相关并影响患者的应对方式

目的探讨早年创伤经历与双相障碍的相关性及其对患者应对方式的影响。方法采用病例对照设计,共纳入221例双相障碍患者和154名正常对照。用早年创伤问卷简表评估早年创伤情况,特质应对方式问卷评估应对方式,运用非参数检验、Spearman相关分析和Logistic回归分析早年创伤与双相障碍及其应对方式的相关性。结果双相障碍患者的普通创伤（χ^2=7.161,P=0.007）、情感虐待（χ^222.079,P〈0.001）和性创伤（χ^24.603,P=0.032）3个早年创伤分量表分和总分（χ^24.067,P=0.044）均高于对照组;躯体创伤和性创伤存在性别差异（χ^23.946,P=0.047;χ^216.092,P〈0.001）;双相障碍患者的消极应对方式分值显著高于对照组（Z=-6.890,P〈0.001）;情感虐待与双相障碍的发生及患者采用的应对方式相关（β=1.490,P〈0.001;β=0.739,P=0.035）。结论双相障碍患者有较多的早年创伤,多采用消极的应对方式,情感虐待可影响双相障碍的发生以及患者采用的应对方式。     

伴与不伴焦虑症状的难治性抑郁症临床特征的比较

目的 探讨伴焦虑症状的难治性抑郁症的临床特征.方法 将327例难治性抑郁症患者,按照17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)焦虑/躯体化因子≥7分,分为焦虑组(229例)和无焦虑组(98例),比较2组患者的人口学特征和临床特征;对伴焦虑症状的危险因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 焦虑组平均年龄、首发年龄、HAMD17总分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)总分高于无焦虑组[(42.58±11.77)岁vs(36.78±11.84)岁,(34.60±11.66)岁vs(30.04±12.60)岁,(27.83±6.93)分vs(23.39±5.59)分,(21.11±6.61)分vs(13.88±4.68)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).焦虑组和无焦虑组性别(男:女,OR=0.51)、有无强迫症状(OR=3.67)、未成年和成年发病的构成比(OR=0.36)的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).年龄(OR=1.05)、HAMD17总分(OR=1.17)、有自杀观念(OR=2.70)和强迫症状(OR=4.59)与难治性抑郁症伴焦虑症状相关(P＜0.05).结论 伴焦虑症状的难治性抑郁症患者具有年龄较大、女性倾向较高、首发年龄较晚、成年发病的倾向较高、抑郁程度更严重、更可能伴强迫症状等特点;年龄、抑郁严重程度、自杀观念和强迫症状可能是难治性抑郁症伴焦虑症状的危险因素.     

精神障碍患者童年创伤经历及其与文化智力的关联研究

目的:探究精神障碍患者的童年创伤经历及与其文化智力水平的关联。方法:纳入就诊于昆明医科大学第二附属医院精神科的203例精神障碍患者(包括抑郁障碍、焦虑障碍、目前为抑郁发作的双相情感障碍患者),采用童年创伤问卷简化版(CTQ-SF)、文化智商问卷(CIQ)进行调查。根据童年创伤类型对患者进行分组,比较各组间童年创伤和文化智商的关联。结果:忽视组与忽视+虐待组患者的童年创伤经历、文化智商量表总分及各因子分均低于不伴童年创伤组的患者(P均<0.05)。情感忽视与文化智商量表总分、认知因子得分负向关联(β=-0.3、-0.3);躯体忽视与元认知因子得分、行为因子得分负向关联(β=-0.2、-0.2)。结论:与不伴有童年创伤经历的精神障碍患者相比,伴有童年创伤经历的患者的文化智力水平低。情感忽视和躯体忽视与此类患者的文化智力水平有较强的关联性。     

大学生儿童期创伤与抑郁之间的关系:述情障碍的中介作用

目的:探究述情障碍在大学生儿童期创伤与抑郁症状间的作用。方法:采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)以及贝克抑郁量表(BDI)对湖南省某高校4 374名大学生进行调查。结果:伴儿童期创伤组述情障碍与抑郁得分显著高于不伴儿童期创伤组(t=15.48,P0.001;t=12.82,P0.001)。儿童期创伤总分及各维度与述情障碍总分及各维度、抑郁之间显著正相关(P均0.05)。述情障碍在儿童期创伤与抑郁间的中介效应占总效应的28.06%。儿童期创伤中的情感虐待、情感忽视和躯体忽视可以直接预测抑郁(β=0.229,0.123,0.082;P0.001),也可以通过述情障碍间接预测抑郁(β=0.178,0.094,0.035;P0.001)。结论:大学生述情障碍在儿童期创伤与抑郁症状之间具有部分中介作用。     

童年期受虐经历与躯体形式障碍患者认知情绪调节策略、述情障碍及抑郁的关系

目的:探讨躯体形式障碍(SFD)童年期受虐经历与认知情绪调节策略、述情障碍及抑郁的关系。方法:采用儿童期受虐经历问卷(CTQ-SF)、贝克抑郁问卷(BDI)、认知情绪调节问卷-中文版(CERQ-C)、多伦多述情量表(TAS)对109例SFD患者进行评定;以CTQ-SF得分均数为界,将SFD患者分为CTQ-SF高分组与低分组,分析CTQ-SF得分与CERQ-C、BDI、TAS的关系。结果:分别有48例及61例患者归入CTQ-SF高分组与低分组。与CTQ-SF低分组比较,CTQ-SF高分组在CERQ-C中积极重新评价因子分偏低,灾难化、责难他人因子及不适应性策略总分明显偏高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);BDI总分及TASII因子分偏高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。CERQ-C中的不适应性策略总分与CTQ-SF的情感虐待因子及总分呈正相关(r=0.414,0.217;P0.05或P0.01)。BDI总分与CTQ-SF的情感虐待、性虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视因子及总分呈正相关(r=0.220,0.230,0.204,0.281,0.298;P0.05或P0.01);TAS总分与CTQ-SF的情感虐待及躯体忽视因子呈正相关(r=0.188,0.254;P均0.05)。结论:童年期受虐经历与SFD患者认知情绪调节、抑郁情绪及述情障碍有较密切的关系。童年期受虐越严重,认知情绪调节能力越差,更易出现严重的抑郁情绪与述情障碍。     

抑郁症和糖尿病共病患者临床特征的研究

目的探讨伴与不伴Ⅱ型糖尿病的抑郁症患者临床特征的差异。方法伴与不伴Ⅱ型糖尿病的抑郁症患者各30例进行1：1配对分组（A组和B组）,使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（24项,HAMD）和简易智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评定两组患者的临床表现,对两组量表评分进行统计学分析。结果A组较B组在HAMD总分以及绝望感、迟缓等因子分增高均十分显著（P均〈0.01）,且焦虑/躯体化、认识障碍、睡眠障碍等因子分均显著增高（P均〈0.05）。A组较B组在MMSE总分以及定向力、回忆等因子分减少均十分显著（P均〈0.01）,记忆力、语言等因子分均显著减少（P均〈0.05）。两组HAMD评分与MMSE评分均呈非常显著负相关。结论抑郁症和Ⅱ型糖尿病共病时患者抑郁症状和认知功能损害均较仅患抑郁症者更为严重,且抑郁症状越严重认知功能损害越严重。     

抑郁症首次发病患者睡眠障碍与认知功能的关系

目的:探讨首发抑郁症患者睡眠障碍和认知功能损害的关系。方法:采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评估378例首发抑郁症患者的抑郁症状,根据是否伴有睡眠障碍分为睡眠障碍组(HAMD总分≥14分且睡眠因子分≥4分)253例和非睡眠障碍组(HAMD总分≥14分且睡眠因子分≤3分)125例;采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop色-词关联测验评估两组认知功能并进行比较。结果:睡眠障碍组RBANS即刻记忆(t=-4.309)、视觉广度(t=-2.321)、注意因子(t=-4.555)、延时记忆(t=-2.282)得分及总分(t=-2.549)、WCST完成分类数(t=-3.459)、学习到学会(t=-2.406)得分显著低于非睡眠障碍组(P0.05或P0.001);错误应答数(t=3.621)、持续性错误百分比(t=3.753)、Stroop色-词关联测验单色时间(t=2.010)、字义干扰反应时(t=2.168)、颜色干扰反应时(t=3.089)显著高于非睡眠障碍组(P0.05或P0.001)。结论:首发抑郁症患者的睡眠障碍与认知功能损害有一定关联;伴睡眠障碍者较不伴睡眠障碍者认知功能损害更严重。     

当前有和无自杀观念的难治性抑郁症临床特征的比较

目的对当前有和无自杀观念的难治性抑郁症患者的临床特征进行对照分析。方法按最近1周有无自杀观念将327例难治性抑郁症患者分为自杀观念组(n=59)和无自杀观念组(n=268),比较其人口学和临床特征,并对自杀观念的危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果自杀观念组的目前年龄、首次发病年龄、17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床大体印象量表(CGI)和HAMD-24的绝望感条目的评分均明显高于无自杀观念组(P0.05),自杀观念组的精神病性症状(OR=4.03,P0.05)、不典型症状(OR=7.53,P0.01)和躯体疾病共病(OR=11.19,P0.01)明显多于无自杀观念组。回归分析结果显示,HAMD-17总分(OR=1.19,P0.01)、绝望感(OR=2.13,P0.01)、不典型症状(OR=1.44,P0.05)和躯体疾病共病(OR=2.84,P0.05)与自杀观念相关。结论有自杀观念的难治性抑郁症具有一定的人口学和临床特征,应对其进行综合评估和干预。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.