计算机化认知训练对慢性住院精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨计算机化认知训练对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究,将80例慢性精神分裂症患者分为两组,每组40例,均服用抗精神病药维持治疗.研究组患者在使用药物治疗的同时合并计算机化认知训练(干预6周),对照组患者单纯使用药物治疗.采用阳性与阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)和精神分裂症认知功能成套测验(MCCB)在干预前后评定患者的精神症状和认知功能.结果 经过计算机化认知训练后,研究组的MCCB中工作记忆训练分与对照组比较改善明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而MCCB中其他项目分及PANSS评分改善不明显,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 计算机化认知训练能够改善慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能,尤其表现在工作记忆上.     

意念与模仿行为训练对精神分裂症患者的效果

目的 探讨意念与模仿行为训练对精神分裂症患者的效果.方法 选择2017年7月～2020年7月期间招募的80例精神分裂症患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各40例.对照组采取药物治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上联合意念与模仿行为训练,比较两组的阳性与阴性症状、生活质量以及认知功能.结果 两组治疗前阳性阴性症状量表(PANSS)、生活质量量表(SQLS)评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),治疗后PANSS评分显著降低,SQLS评分逐渐升高,治疗后研究组PANSS评分显著低于对照组,SQLS评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);两组治疗后MCCB量表各项评分均显著降低,且治疗后研究组认知功能成套测验(MCCB)量表各项评分均低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 意念与模仿行为训练有助于降低患者阳性与阴性症状,提升生活质量,并改善认知功能.     

首发精神分裂症患者的认知功能与脑灰质体积的相关研究（英文）

背景:认知功能损害是精神分裂症的核心症状之一,其恢复程度关系到患者能否重新回归社会。目的:明确精神分裂症认知功能与脑灰质体积的关系。方法:采用画钟测试、连线测试、数字广度测试、听觉词语测试、威斯康星卡片分类测验、言语流畅性测试、语义相似性测验、斯特鲁色词测试对37例首发精神分裂症住院患者(病例组)和30名健康对照组(对照组)进行神经认知功能检测,采用面孔情绪认知任务测试对32例首发精神分裂症住院患者(病例组)和29名健康对照组(对照组)进行面孔情绪认知功能检测,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale,PANSS)评定首发精神分裂症住院患者的精神症状,利用磁共振分别对病例组和对照组进行脑部影像学数据的采集。结果:病例组和对照组在画钟测试、连线测试、数字广度测验、听觉词语测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验、言语流畅性测验、语义相似性测验、斯特鲁色词测验反应时间中,两组间的差异有统计学意义;面孔情绪认知任务测试斜率(Slope)之间有统计学意义;病例组与对照组的脑灰质体积差异比较发现病例组的左侧额上回的灰质体积增加,左侧枕下回、舌回和小脑上部灰质体积减少;病例组神经认知数据与脑影像学数据分析,斯特鲁色词测验中的卡片C正确反应个数测验分数,显示与左侧额上回和右侧额上回、额中回灰质体积负相关;病例组面孔情绪认知任务与脑影像学数据分析,病例组转换斜率数据的相关灰质异常脑区为与右侧颞上回、颞中回,左侧颞中回、颞下回和梭状回灰质体积成正相关。结论:首发精神分裂症住院患者的神经认知功能和面孔情绪认知功能存在广泛性损害,上述结果提示灰质体积异常脑区可能为认知功能障碍的脑结构和功能基础。     

首发精神分裂症患者的脑灰质减少

目的 采用基于体素的形态学(VBM)分析方法对高分辨磁共振图像进行分析,研究首发精神分裂症患者大脑灰质变化,探讨患者脑灰质改变与临床症状之间的关系.方法 对符合CCMD-3诊断标准的首发精神分裂症患者以及健康志愿者各16例进行脑结构核磁共振扫描,并应用VBM进行脑灰质体积分析.所有患者均完成阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估.结果 与健康对照相比,患者组灰质密度降低的脑区有右侧小脑(t=5.17,P＜0.001)、右侧顶上回(t=5.01,P＜0.001)、左侧颞上回至岛叶被盖(t=4.79,P＜0.001)、左侧额中回(t=4.71,P＜ 0.001)、左侧额下回(t=4.70,P＜0.001)、右侧舌回(t=4.62,P＜ 0.001)、左侧海马杏仁体(t=4.11,P＜0.001).患者组左侧Heschl's回的灰质密度与PANSS量表总分(r=-0.509,P=0.044)以及PANSS阳性症状量表得分(r=-0.554,P=0.026)呈显著负相关.结论 首发精神分裂症患者的脑灰质减少以左侧额、颞叶为主,其中左侧Heschl's回灰质变化与患者的精神病性症状有相关性.     

精神分裂症首次发病未用药患者认知功能的改变

目的:探讨精神分裂症首次发病未用药患者认知功能改变的相关性。方法:124例首发未治疗精神分裂症患者为研究组,同期健康体检者60名作为对照组,采用MCCB、Stoop色词测验对两组的认知功能进行评价,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估症状。结果:研究组患者认知功能各项评分均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);相关因素分析结果显示,首发未治疗精神病患者MCCB总分、Stroop色词测验与患者受教育年限呈正相关,与PANSS总分及各因子分呈负相关;数字广度测试与教育年限呈正相关;与阳性症状分、PANSS总分成负相关。回归分析表明精神分裂症患者认知功能与受教育年限及PANSS总分相关。结论:首发未治疗精神分裂症患者认知功能明显低于正常人,且患者的认知受损程度和其精神病症状有关。     

利培酮对精神分裂症首次发病患者认知功能及生活技能的影响

目的:评估利培酮对精神分裂症首次发病患者认知功能、生活技能改善及影响因素。方法:对首发精神分裂症住院患者105例接受利培酮治疗10周;使用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验中文版(MCCB)、Stroop等测验评估认知功能;加州大学圣地亚哥分校基于任务的生活能力测验(UPSA)评估生活技能;阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估精神症状。结果:与基线比较,治疗后MCCB中连线分数、符号编码、空间广度、数字序列、迷宫、视觉记忆、情绪管理、MCCB总分、Stroop测验得分均提高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);UPSA总分、财务技能、交流技能得分均提高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);Logistic Regression回归分析显示MCCB疗效与基线PANSS总分存在关联(β=0.03,Wald=4.80,P=0.028,95%CI1.003~1.057)。结论:利培酮对精神分裂症首次发病患者认知功能及生活技能均有改善作用,认知功能改善程度可能与临床症状无关。     

稳定期精神分裂症患者精神症状、认知功能与社会功能的相关性

目的探讨稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能、精神症状与社会功能的相关性,以进一步了解社会功能的影响因素。方法以连续入组的方式,在罗定市第三人民医院入组符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-Ⅳ)精神分裂症诊断标准的稳定期患者116例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)及个人和社会功能量表(PSP)分别评定患者的精神症状、认知功能及社会功能。采用线性回归及Logistic回归分析PSP、工作/学习、婚姻状态的影响因素。结果线性回归分析显示,PANSS阴性症状与PSP评分呈负相关(B=-0.323,P=0.004),加工速度、言语学习与记忆、社会认知与PSP评分呈正相关(B=0.270,0.243,0.141,P0.05或0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示阴性症状是工作/学习、婚姻的危险因素(OR=0.863,0.891,P均0.05),加工速度是其保护因素(OR=1.125,1.060,P0.05或0.01)。结论稳定期精神分裂症患者的社会功能可能与阴性症状、加工速度、言语学习与记忆、社会认知密切相关。     

不同病程的稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能比较

目的比较不同病程的稳定期精神分裂症患者的认知功能,为不同病程的患者制定治疗方案提供参考。方法于2013年6月-2016年12月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院连续入组符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-IV)诊断标准的稳定期精神分裂症患者291例,根据病程将患者分为5年、5~10年及10年三组。同时招募健康人群76例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神分裂症患者的精神症状,采用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)评定患者及健康人群的认知功能。结果不同病程精神分裂症患者PANSS阳性症状、阴性症状和一般病理症状评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。三组不同病程的精神分裂症患者与健康人群MCCB各维度评分比较差异均有统计学意义(F=8.985~56.178,P均0.01)。事后比较结果显示,健康人群的信息处理速度、工作记忆、言语学习维度评分均高于各患者组(P均0.05),但患者组组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);在注意/警觉性、视觉学习、推理和问题解决能力、社会认知维度评分上,健康人群病程小于5年组病程5年以上组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论病程5年以上的稳定期精神分裂症患者认知损害比病程5年内的患者更严重。     

精神分裂症伴与不伴糖尿病患者认知功能和生活质量比较

目的比较伴与不伴糖尿病的精神分裂患者认知功能和生活质量的差别。方法对我院诊治的128例精神分裂症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中单纯精神分裂症未合并糖代谢紊乱68例,伴2型糖尿病的精神分裂症60例。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)及健康状况问卷(SF-36)评估患者病情、认知功能及生活质量。结果伴糖尿病精神分裂症组PANSS阴性症状评分及总分显著高于单纯精神分裂症组(P<0.05);2组言语记忆、语义流畅、视觉记忆、迷宫、持续操作、数字序列及符号编码评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);伴糖尿病精神分裂症组SF-36表中躯体疼痛、生理功能、一般健康和精神健康评分显著低于单纯精神分裂症组(P<0.05)。结论伴糖尿病的精神分裂患者认知功能和生活质量损害更为严重。     

长期住院精神分裂症稳定期患者社会功能及影响因素

目的评估长期住院的精神分裂症稳定期患者社会功能及其影响因素,为临床工作中进一步采取措施改善患者的社会功能提供参考。方法纳入长期住院精神分裂症稳定期患者75例,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale, PANSS)、锥体外系副反应量表(rating scale for extrapyramdal side effects,RSESE)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(insight and treatment attitude questionnaire, ITAQ)、精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia consensus cognitive battery,MCCB)和社会功能量表(social functional rating scale, SFRS)分别评估患者的精神症状、锥体外系副反应、自知力、认知功能及社会功能,分析社会功能与临床症状及认知功能的关系,以及其中介效应。结果 SFRS平均(53.6±9.3)分。线性回归分析结果显示信息处理速度(B=-0.428, P0.001)、工作记忆(B=-0.191, P=0.020)、RESES(B=0.918, P=0.002)、PANSS阴性症状(B=0.322, P=0.009)与SFRS关联有统计学意义。Sobel检验结果显示工作记忆(Z=3.367, P0.001)及处理速度(Z=1.995, P=0.046)在PANSS阴性症状与SFRS间存在中介效应。结论长期住院的精神分裂症稳定期患者社会功能损害与阴性症状、信息处理速度、工作记忆、锥体外系副反应密切相关。工作记忆及处理速度在患者症状与社会功能间存在中介效应。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.